The Role of Animals in Emerging Viral Diseases Edited by Nicholas Johnson AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an Imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights, Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. 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ISBN: 978-0-12-405191-1 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals www.tnq.co.in Printed and bound in China 14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedication This book is dedicated to Clive and Jean for a lifetime of support Contributors Andrew B. Allison Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, USA Eric J. Arts Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Miriam B. Casey Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom Sarah Cleaveland Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Elisabeth Fichet-Calvet Bernhard-Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany Conrad Freuling Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany Robert Fyumagwa Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Tanzania Paul Gale Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom David T.S. Hayman Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Jens Jacob Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany Petrus Jansen van Vuren Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa Nicholas Johnson Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom Christopher Kasanga Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania Donald P. King The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom Fredrick Kivaria Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Tanzania Nick J. Knowles The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom xiii xiv Contributors Detlev H. Krüger Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany Tiziana Lembo Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Honori Maliti Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Tanzania Glenn A. Marsh CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia Ralf-Udo Mühle Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Thomas Müller Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany Sarah North Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom Satya Parida The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom Colin R. Parrish Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, USA Janusz T. Paweska Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa; Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Andreas Rang Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany Richard Reeve Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Raphael Sallu Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Tanzania Mathias Schlegel Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany Denis M. Tebit Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Rainer G. Ulrich Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany Ad Vos IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany Philip R. Wakeley Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom Lin-Fa Wang CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Foreword A definition of an emerging disease is one that has newly appeared in a popula- tion or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. These events are commonly described as outbreaks and they impact on human populations through disease and death with great cost to human health and the economy. A report commissioned by The World Bank has calculated that six disease outbreaks alone between 1997 and 2009 resulted in economic losses of US$80 billion.1 Five of these disease outbreaks were caused by viruses (Nipah virus, West Nile virus, SARS coronavirus, High Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Rift Valley fever virus), of which three are considered in this book. All of these viruses originated in animal reservoirs and were spread through complex interactions with particular animal species. The purpose of this book is to explore these interactions with an underlying message that a One Health approach to disease emergence is needed uniting a range of disciplines to detect emerging viruses and implement effective control measures before they impact on human populations. On embarking on the preparation of this book, each contributor was asked to consider the role of animals in the emergence of a particular virus. The choice of viruses selected for inclusion in this book is not significant other than to illus- trate the role of animals in the processes that lead to emergence. It is certainly not a complete or exhaustive list of the range of emerging viruses that challenge human health in the 21st century. However, I think that they do reflect many of the different interactions and interfaces between humans, animals and viruses. Likewise, the order of the chapters in this book has no particular significance as each describes the emergence of a particular virus, and while there will be common themes that will be discussed in the final chapter, each also has unique features. Each chapter has been written by authors experienced in the study of that virus and is a stand-alone piece. An introductory chapter provides an over- view of many aspects of disease emergence, and includes the anthropogenic fac- tors that drive disease emergence. While the majority of the viruses discussed in this book are clearly defined as zoonotic, the first two examples have been included that have a greater impact on livestock and companion animals. These are foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus and canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) 1. People, Pathogens and Our Planet. Report commissioned by The World Bank. Report Number 69145-GLB. http://un-influenza.org/files/PeoplePathogensandOur%20Planet.pdf xv xvi Foreword respectively. Current knowledge suggests that these viruses do not cause sig- nificant disease in humans. FMD has been included because it has the capacity to suddenly emerge and is a constant challenge to those areas that are free of disease. Also it is now recognized as one of the major threats to food supplies in the developing world and in turn is a major driver of poverty. Control of this disease would make a real difference to the lives of millions of subsistence farmers throughout Africa and Asia. The inclusion of CPV-2 is merited by the rapid global spread observed in the