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IAC-18-F1.2.3 Page 1 of 8 IAC-18-A1.6.12 the Search 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Bremen, Germany, 1-5 October 2018. Copyright ©2018 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved. IAC-18-A1.6.12 The search for Life on Mars and in the Solar System - Strategies, Logistics and Infrastructures Jean-Pierre P. de Veraa*, Mickael Baquéa, Daniela Billib, Ute Böttgerc, Sergey Bulatd, Markus Czupallae, Bernd Dachwalde, Rosa de la Torref, Andreas Elsaesserg, Frédéric Foucherh, Hartmut Korsitzkya, Natalia Kozyrovskai, Andreas Läuferj, Ralf Moellerk, Karen Olsson-Francisl, Silvano Onofrim, Stefan Sommern, Dirk Wagnero, Frances Westallh a German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Management and Infrastructure, Astrobiological Laboratories, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] b University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Biology, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [email protected] c German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, [email protected] d PNPI NRC KI, Laboratory of Cryoastrobiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia and Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia, [email protected] e FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Fachbereich 6 - Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Hohenstaufenallee 6, 52064 Aachen, Germany, [email protected], [email protected] f INTA Dpm. Earth Observation, Remote Sensing and Atmosphere, Area of Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation, Crta. Ajalvir, km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz (Madrid), Spain, [email protected] g Free University of Berlin, Institut für experimentelle Physik Experimentelle Molekulare Biophysik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany, [email protected] h CNRS, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, CS80054, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France, [email protected], [email protected] i Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics of NASU, 150, Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] j Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Polargeologie - Polar Geology,, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany, [email protected] k German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany, [email protected] l School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom, [email protected] m Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy, [email protected] n GEOMAR, FE Marine Geosysteme, Forschungsbereich 2: Marine Biogeochemie, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany, [email protected] o Section 5.3 Geomicrobiology, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg C-425, 14473 Potsdam, Germany, [email protected] * Corresponding Author Abstract The question "Are we alone in the Universe?" is perhaps the most fundamental one that affects mankind. How can we address the search for life in our Solar System? Mars, Enceladus and Europa are the focus of the search for life outside the terrestrial biosphere. While it is more likely to find remnants of life (fossils of extinct life) on Mars because of its past short time window of the surface habitability, it is probably more likely to find traces of extant life on the icy moons and ocean worlds of Jupiter and Saturn. Nevertheless, even on Mars there could still be a chance to find extant life in niches near to the surface or in just discovered subglacial lakes beneath the South Pole ice cap. Here, the different approaches for the detection of traces of life in the form of biosignatures including pre-biotic molecules will be presented. We will outline the required infrastructure for this enterprise and give examples of future mission concepts to investigate the presence of life on other planets and moons. Finally, we will provide suggestions on methods, techniques, operations and strategies for preparation and realization of future life detection missions. Keywords: life detection; Mars; icy moons, habitability; space missions IAC-18-F1.2.3 Page 1 of 8 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Bremen, Germany, 1-5 October 2018. Copyright ©2018 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved. Acronyms/Abbreviations Saturn moon Enceladus show cryo-plate tectonics and Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), German cryo-volcanism suggesting an interaction between the Aerospace Center (DLR), European Space Agency surface and postulated subsurface oceans [6,7]. For (ESA), European (-E) and Russian (-R) Exposure example, the Cassini spacecraft has observed gigantic Platform on the ISS (EXPOSE), Instituto Nacional de jets of cryo-geysers (plumes) consisting of salt, water Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Infrared Radiation (IR), and gases, such as CO2, N2 and methane (CH4) that Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Jupiter could serve as major components to form and sustain Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), National Aeronautics and microbial life [8,9]. Even organic substances have been Space Administration (NASA), A Japanese orbital detected [10], but it was not possible to determine their Astrobiology experiment (Tanpopo), Technical origin or possible biogenic relation because of Readiness Level (TRL). instrumental limitations. Therefore, we suggest following two strategies to investigate the potential 1. Introduction presence of life on the icy worlds. One is based on using Mars and the icy ocean moons around Jupiter and a probe within a flyby mission to collect material Saturn (in particular Europa and Enceladus) are prime ejected by the plume. The collected material could then goals in the astrobiological search for life within the be analysed directly (i.e. quasi-in situ) by a set of Solar System [1]. The rationale for expecting life on spectroscopic methods (Raman, IR, mass spectroscopy). other Solar System bodies is the simultaneous presence The second proposed method is a lander mission using of carbon molecules, an energy source, bio-essential an ice mole concept to reach cracks and fissures as well elements and liquid water, either during the past or as possible water pockets within the icy crusts. This present day, for instance periodically on Mars [2] or would search for pre-biotic material or even life, or continuously on Europa and Enceladus [3]. Some remnants of life, ejected by the plumes or accumulated scientists even suggest the presence of constant liquid in the micro-ice-caves through the jets connected to water below the South Pole Ice cap of Mars [4]. these fissure caves, cracks and water pockets. 1.1 State of the art 1.2 Exploration strategies In-situ investigations of Mars by Viking, Pathfinder, Our exploration strategy focuses on using very Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity, as well as orbital specific payloads to address the search for life. On observations from Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Mars, a soil/rock-endoscope-wheel (SoRo-EW) Reconnaissance Orbiter, have documented a diverse equipped with multiple sensors and connected to landscape with a variety of geomorphological features, spectroscopic analysers in a rover would be able to geological structures and mineralogy. To date, the analyse fissures, cracks and micro caves near ancient search for life on Mars has concentrated on looking for hydrothermal environments, or recent water-driven signatures of past life, i.e. fossil biosignatures and active surface areas. On Enceladus, a flyby orbiter prebiotically-relevant systems, because habitable mission is proposed to be equipped with a payload conditions at the surface of the planet existed early in its collecting plume material in a wheel-collector and history. Nevertheless, life could still exist in subsurface analysing it by a multi-spectroscope including Raman, environments protected against harmful radiation, some IR, fluorescence and mass spectroscopy. In addition, an of which may be connected to the surface environment. ice mole for a lander mission to Enceladus or Europa If viable organisms could be transported to micro-caves, could be equipped with miniaturized Raman and IR- fissures and cracks in rocks or in the martian regolith, or spectroscopes. also into areas characterised by frost driven patterns, For the efficiency to interpret the resulting like polygons, or water tracks [5] and slope lineae [2], spectroscopic data of future astrobiology exploration such environments would be of high interest to search missions to the icy worlds of our Solar System the for extant life. ExoMars will be accessing the installation of a unified European and finally world- subsurface or near-subsurface areas through drilling (see wide “biosignature data base” is a prerequisite. This e.g. ExoMars 2020) but here we propose an alternative, means, there is an urgent need to create an international low energy cost solutions, to achieve environmental acknowledged and valid reference data base of measurements (humidity, temperature, etc.) and biosignatures and analogue environments for future investigations of these environments to search for life or space exploration programmes whose objective is the remnants of life. search for extra-terrestrial life. This is still the case for Mars, for which existing databases are incomplete, and Galileo and Cassini have provided important especially
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