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S2012013 En.Pdf Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Dirk Jaspers_Faijer Chief Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) – Population Division of ECLAC Ricardo Pérez Chief Documents and Publications Division This document was prepared under the supervision of Dirk Jaspers_Faijer, Chief of the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); it was coordinated by Paulo Saad, Chief of the Population and Development Area of CELADE - Population Division of ECLAC and Jorge Rodríguez, Research Assistant from the same area. The following staff members and consultants from CELADE - Population Division of ECLAC contributed to the preparation of the document: Mario Acuña, Guiomar Bay, Sebastián Carrasco, Fabiana Del Popolo, Nicolás Diestre, Rodrigo Espina, Daniela González, Ciro Martínez, Jorge Martínez, Miguel Ojeda, Leandro Reboiras, Magda Ruiz, Alejandra Silva, Magdalena Soffia, Fernanda Stang and Miguel Villa. The following ECLAC staff members and consultants were also involved in preparing the document: Rudolf Buitelaar, Luis Mauricio Cuervo, Luis Riffo and Alicia Williner from the Latin American and Caribbean Institute for Economic and Social Planning (ILPES); Javier Meneses and Adrián Rodríguez from the Division of Production, Productivity and Management; Martín Hopenhayn, Carlos Maldonado and Daniela Trucco from the Social Development Division; Ricardo Jordán and Raquel Szalachman from the Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division; and Juan Carlos Ramírez from the ECLAC office in Bogota. Input was also received from Martine Dirven, former Chief of the Agricultural Development Unit of the Division of Production, Productivity and Management. The authors are grateful for the support received from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Distr.: Limited • LC/L.3474(CEP.2/3) • June 2012 • Original: Spanish • 2012-97 © United Nations • Printed in Santiago, Chile 3 CONTENTS Page Chapter I Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter II Concepts, definitions and interlinkages ......................................................................................... 15 Chapter III Migration and spatial redistribution of the population: general trends and specific interrelationships ........................................................................................................ 23 Chapter IV The rural environment: sweeping changes, persistent inequality and emigration .................... 27 A. Rural population trends at the international and regional levels .............................................. 27 1. Natural population growth in rural areas ......................................................................... 34 2. Rural-urban transfers ....................................................................................................... 35 B. Rural settlement patterns .......................................................................................................... 41 1. An analytical approach based on density gradients ......................................................... 41 2. Numerous settlements, disjointedness and the socioeconomic implications ................... 46 3. Peri-urban rural areas: rural-urban interrelationships and how they may shape new types of spatial contexts ........................................................................................... 48 C. Production patterns and the rural economy .............................................................................. 52 D. Poverty and intrarural inequality .............................................................................................. 57 E. Rural-urban differences in access to services, information technologies and education ......... 65 1. Access to drinking water and sanitation .......................................................................... 65 2. Access to and use of information and communications technologies .............................. 67 3. Education ......................................................................................................................... 68 Chapter V The settlement of sparsely populated areas in Latin America ..................................................... 73 A. Introduction and background ................................................................................................... 73 B. Demographic trends and context up to 2000 ............................................................................ 76 C. The recent situation and the outlook for the future .................................................................. 82 Chapter VI Borderlands: territories at stake .................................................................................................... 87 A. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 87 B. Typology of selected border areas in the region by migration patterns ................................... 88 C. The political context and mobility in borderlands.................................................................... 90 D. Outlook for research and policy for border areas: the case of sexual and reproductive health ............................................................................................................ 90 4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities within countries: the role of internal migration ....................................... 93 A. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 93 B. Background to regional inequality in Latin America ............................................................... 96 C. Economic stagnation and demographic stagnation at the regional level: two sides of the same coin? ...................................................................................................... 97 D. Territorial equity, regional development and internal migration: current trends ..................... 99 E. The qualitative effect of migration: an under-explored but crucial facet ................................. 106 Chapter VIII Sustained urbanization: between functionality and urban deficiencies ...................................... 115 A. Introduction: urbanization, territory and sustainable development .......................................... 115 B. Urbanization, migration and development ............................................................................... 117 C. Basic trends in and current status of urbanization .................................................................... 119 D. Urbanization, sustainable development and rural-urban migration ......................................... 122 E. Urbanization, rural-urban migration and urban population composition ................................. 125 F. Urbanization, poverty and urban deficiencies .......................................................................... 130 1. Living conditions, urban poverty and slums .................................................................... 131 2. Basic services deficit ........................................................................................................ 133 3. Urban mobility and transport ........................................................................................... 135 4. Social and community facilities and public space ........................................................... 136 5. Conclusions on urban deficits .......................................................................................... 139 Chapter IX The system of cities: an expanding universe .................................................................................. 141 A. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 141 B. Latin America’s mushrooming system of cities ....................................................................... 141 C. Population size trends in the system of cities ........................................................................... 145 D. Socioeconomic differentials by city size as proxies for Millennium Development Goals indicators ............................................................................. 154 E. Migration patterns by city and class of city ............................................................................. 158 F. Migration draw, sociodemographic characteristics and standard of living .............................. 163 Chapter X Trends, mutations and challenges in large cities ........................................................................... 169 A. Metropolitanization, a hallmark of Latin America ................................................................... 169 B. Situation of major administrative divisions with large cities ................................................... 170 1. Demographic evolution of large cities ............................................................................. 173 2. Figures and debate on the primacy and development of large cities ............................... 175 3. Informality and peri-urban growth ................................................................................... 179 4.
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