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Pichon-Race-And-Revolution-In-Castros CARLOS MOORE A Memoir RACE AND REVOLUTION IN CASTRO’S CUBA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Moore, Carlos. Pichón : revolution and racism in Castro's Cuba : a memoir / Carlos Moore. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-55652-767-8 1. Moore, Carlos. 2. Race discrimination—Cuba. 3. Cuba—Race relations. I. Title. F1789.A1M66 2008 305.896'07291092—dc22 [B] 2008010751 Photos courtesy of Carlos Moore unless otherwise noted. Page ix: National Memorial African Bookstore, Photographs and Prints Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Interior design: Jonathan Hahn Copyright © 2008 by Carlos Moore All rights reserved Published by Lawrence Hill Books An imprint of Chicago Review Press, Incorporated 814 North Franklin Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 ISBN 978-1-55652-767-8 Printed in the United States of America 5 4 3 2 1 My destiny is to travel a different road. —Claude McKay DEDICATION This book is dedicated to: Evaristo Estenóz, Pedro Ivonnet, and the thousands of black Cubans who heeded their call in 1912 at the expense of their lives. My family, Shawna, Ayeola, Kimathi, Adriana, Rosana, Kimathy. My parents, Sibylin Winifred Rebecca Wedderburn, Gladys King, Vic- tor Theodore Moore, Whitfield Dacosta Marshall. My brothers and sisters of the Moore-Wedderburn-King branch: Richard, Esther, Victor Jr., Franklyn, Martha, Lloyd, Marie, Lawrence. My brothers and sisters of the Marshall-Stewart branch: Regina, Ricardo, Arturo, Mercedes, Dorita, Adys, Leonel. My spiritual family: Maya Angelou, Rex Nettleford, Marcia Lord, Iva Carruthers, Margaret Busby, Patrícia Valdés, Micheline Lombard, Francine Cornely, Alex Haley, Sylvia Boone, Claudia Mitchell-Kernan, Mery Diagne, Lelia Gonzalez, Abdias Nascimento, Walterio Carbonell, Marc Balin, Aimé Césaire, Alioune Diop, Malcolm X, Cheikh Anta Diop. Contents Foreword by Maya Angelou ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Escape! xv 1 The Cuba of My Birth 1 2 My Heroes, the Jorocóns 17 3 Child of Reason: Daddy’s Favorite 23 4 Child of Anger: My Mother’s Blot 31 5 Under Death’s Shadow: A Family in Tatters 43 6 Big Mulatto Returns: The Racial Divide 53 7 Season of Guns: The Merciless Civil War 63 8 Coming to America 69 9 First Steps in the Land of the Free 73 10 My First Love 83 11 The Real Life: My Bohemian Fling 91 12 Leaning to the Left 99 13 What Is a Woman? 107 14 Encounter with Myself 117 15 Twin Stars in My Sky 131 16 White Warrior 139 17 Showers of Blood 149 18 Dancing with the Revolution 163 19 Neither White nor Black 173 20 Nightmare 187 21 An Appeal to Fidel 199 22 Shattered Mirror 217 23 Interned 233 24 The Coldest of Octobers 241 25 Gift from the Orishas 247 26 Adiós, Cuba! 257 27 Frozen Fear 275 28 Return to a Wounded Country 309 29 Shadows of Power 325 30 Exiles Within 339 31 A Return to Self 353 Afterword 363 Notes 369 Index 377 Foreword Maya Angelou Carlos Moore the Cuban, Carlos Moore the rebel, Carlos Moore the brother, and Carlos Moore the world citizen, are the same person. In Pichón, the word in his country that is more negative than the N word in the United States, and the name he was called by his fellow citizens, Carlos Moore reveals himself as a human being who is better than the world that rejected him, and stronger than the world that wanted to see him dead, any way possible. Moore has written an astounding book about revolution, resistance, passion, and compassion. The plot could have been set in Ireland, in China, in Mississippi, or in Algeria. It is an irresistibly human tale. The National Memorial African Bookstore, headquarters of Harlem’s black nationalists during the 1960s, where Carlos Moore had his fateful encounter with Maya Angelou. ix Acknowledgments This book has been in the making since 1982, when my friend Alex Haley convinced me I should write it. He oversaw its slow progress until his sudden death in 1992; thereafter, the manuscript stood in limbo for years. Two defining events committed me irrevocably to finishing it: a near-fatal accident in 1996 while living and working in Trinidad and Tobago and, the next year, the lifting of the official ban on my reenter- ing Cuba by the Castro regime. But the manuscript came to fruition only because Shawna M. Davis, Ayeola Moore, Marcia Lord, Rex Nettleford, Iva Carruthers, Patricia Valdés, Micheline Lombard, and Francine Cor- nely recommitted me to it every time I cast it aside. Over the years, many were involved in helping me arrive at the most effective, truthful way to present my story: Shawna M. Davis, Bobbi Capitaine Weisse, Rose-Ann Mitchell, Irène Assiba d’Almeida, Regula Noetzli, Malissa Sylvester, Marie Brown, Judette Coward, Gail Riley, Elisa Larkin Nascimento, Allyson Seapaul, Frank Clarke, Lee Van Demar, Malaika Adero, Uche Ugbwe, Cheryl Basso, Rawle Gibbons and Mrs. Gibbons, Tonya Williams, Christen Smith, and Anne Sobotta. The tedious transcription work fell on the shoulders of Lillian Indarasingh, Daphne Carter, Cheryl Seebreth, Jill Arneaud-Gibbon, and Gillian Dundas. My friend of always, Margaret Busby, was generous enough to accept editing the manuscript I handed her in 2006. When she handed it back to me, hardly two months later, it was in the form of a lively, beauti- xi xii Acknowledgments fully architectured story that moved even me when I reread it. I salute the master crafter of language that she is. Literary agent Janell Walden Agyeman at Marie Brown Associates fell in love with the manuscript at first sight and took up the task of representation with the discipline and commitment of a soldier. I can- not imagine things working as well, as swiftly, and as competently with- out her in securing the correct publisher and a contract. Janell, know that I will always be grateful to you and to Marie. A warm, insightful, and generous person, Susan Bradanini Betz, acquisitions editor at Lawrence Hill Books/Chicago Review Press, brought fresh vigor to this book project. Her enthusiastic reaction to the manuscript led to a contract with Lawrence Hill Books and to a smooth relation thereafter. I thank her for her enormous capacity for empathy; she is now a part of the Pichón family in my heart. Lastly, I thank Lawrence Hill Books copyeditor Michelle Schoob for her patient, exacting contribution; under her skillful supervision the manuscript metamorphosed into a book that is as free of errors as it could be. My return to Cuba in 1997, after thirty-four years of exile, put an end to the longest and most grueling chapter in my life. I could look back on those frosty years and realize that several times I had been just inches from disaster. I survived the experiences I am about to recount only because a host of decent people took up my defense, stood by me when it was politically unwise to do so, and deflected the big waves that threatened to overwhelm me. My grateful thoughts go out to them: Shawna M. Davis, Ayeola Moore, Marcia Lord, Maya Angelou, Rex Net- tleford, Alex Haley, Sylvia Boone, Micheline Lombard, Patricia Valdés, Margaret Busby, Francine Cornely, Mbisin Soufflot, Mery Diagne, Ndèye Khary Dia, Bobbi Sykes, Jean-Pierre Ndiaye, Ellen Wright, Iva Carruthers, Lelia Gonzalez, Claudia Mitchell-Kernan, Aimé Césaire, Malcolm X, Cheikh Anta Diop, Abdias Nascimento, Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael), Miriam Makeba, Susan Taylor, Robert Jaulin, Charles Rangel, Robert and Mabel Williams, Alioune and Christiane Acknowledgments xiii Diop, Fathou and Pathé Diagne, Lucien and Monique Leconte, Barry and Paulette Chevannes, Jean-Pierre and Juliette Sainton, Elisa Larkin Nascimento, Leslie Manigat, Marta Moreno Vega, Annie and Gilbert Bazabas, Iva and Brun Espiand, Wilkie and Bettye Ferguson, Ola and Françoise Balogun, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti, Robert Jaulin, Durval and Daguima Azevedo, Asha and Kaphra Kambon, Sylviane Diouf, Mariama Djermaköye, Gertrude Gilliard, Shirley Bowen, Mabel Haddock, Aulana Peters, Alioune Sall, André Bernabé, Lucrecia Granda, Patricia Robin- son Murphy, Abbey Lincoln, Max Roach, Pedro Felipe, Mario Cling- ton, Elizabeth Duché, Earl Davis, Jean Girard, Diallo Seydou, Mami Kouyaté, Mohamed Abdul Azziz Iss-Hak, Djibril Tamsir Niane, M. D. Yusufu, Leopold Sedar Senghor, Nebby Crawford-Bello, Mary-Jane Bar- nett, Stanislas Adotevi, Howard Dodson, Rolland Girard, Yves Girard, Thierry Mignon, Bobbi Capitaine Weisse, Raoul Capitaine, Sandra Reed, Geoff Frankson, Nicole Duhamel, Karen Cummings, Althea Jones-Lecoint, Waveny Charles, Alain Januel, Max Michalon, Keith Kernan, Frank Clarke, Julia Mirabal, Miguel Ribalta, Alix Balin, Rose- lyn Alic-Batson, Emile Milne, Luiza Bairros, Silvio Humberto da Cunha Passos, Ivete Sacramento, José Carlos Limeira, Alcima França, Luis Evan- gelista, Ifoma Soyinka, Osvaldo Cárdenas, Antoinette Haughton, Lind- say Eseoghene Barrett. Thanks to these generous and principled people, this story may reach you. In that sense, yes, they are the coauthors of Pichón. Introduction: Escape! At fifteen, I had my first break in life: my Jamaican father took me out of my native Cuba. When the magical day came for us to leave, I could have died of happiness. That day in May 1958, at the Havana airport, my heart pumped wildly as I, my father, and two of my five siblings readied to board our flight to America. I had been nowhere near an airplane before, let alone inside one. America represented everything that I, a poor black boy, could not even dream of having in my own country. For me, “America” rhymed with good government, good schools, well-paying jobs, affluence, unlim- ited opportunities. It symbolized not just power and money but a place where I would finally be treated decently. I yearned for the life that American films and glossy fashion magazines promised.
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