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Ecological Sanitation in Uganda University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2015 Ecological Sanitation in Uganda: Promotion through Demonstration Facilities and Potential for Ascaris Reduction by Free Ammonia Inactivation Using Stored Urine John Thomas Trimmer University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Scholar Commons Citation Trimmer, John Thomas, "Ecological Sanitation in Uganda: Promotion through Demonstration Facilities and Potential for Ascaris Reduction by Free Ammonia Inactivation Using Stored Urine" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5834 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ecological Sanitation in Uganda: Promotion through Demonstration Facilities and Potential for Ascaris Reduction by Free Ammonia Inactivation Using Stored Urine by John T. Trimmer A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Sarina J. Ergas, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: James R. Mihelcic, Ph.D. Nancy Y. Romero-Daza, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 20, 2015 Keywords: Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets, pathogen reduction, A. lumbricoides, sustainability, East Africa Copyright © 2015, John T. Trimmer DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Tom and Deb Trimmer, for exemplifying the dedication, perseverance, and mindful service that I try to emulate in my life, for quietly and confidently supporting all of my endeavors, and for allowing Uganda to steal me away for three years. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the support of a number of people. First, I would like to thank Dr. Sarina Ergas for her critical input and guidance. Thanks also go to Dr. James Mihelcic for his assistance and his direction of the Peace Corps Masters International program. I would also like to thank Dr. Nancy Romero-Daza for serving on my thesis committee and for her support. During my three years as a Peace Corps Volunteer, I was fortunate to have many dedicated people around me. A great deal of thanks goes to Brick by Brick Uganda, my host organization, for welcoming me, for its commitment to sustainable development, and for the funding it provided for this research. I would like to thank Max Ssenyonga, Brick by Brick’s program coordinator, for being a great friend and acting as my adoptive father while I lived in Kalisizo. Thanks also to Prossy Nakayiba and Suzan Kyambadde. It was a joy to find these two strong and dedicated women at the office each day. Dr. Marc Sklar, Brick by Brick’s founder and executive director, provided a great deal of encouragement and guidance, and his interest in more sustainable forms of development was inspiring. Robert Ssekubugu and Neema Nakyanjo, both of whom are qualitative researchers working at Rakai Health Sciences Program, a health research institute based in Kalisizo, were crucial partners in the research discussed in Chapter 3, helping to develop qualitative research tools, conducting focus group discussions and interviews, and analyzing the collected data. Finally, I would like to thank all of the Peace Corps Volunteers with whom I served. They provided an incredible network of inspiration and encouragement. No one can truly understand an undertaking like Peace Corps service as well as another volunteer. Without the amazing friendships of those volunteers, my service would have been a very different, and much more difficult, experience. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 0965743 and 1243510. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION – A COUNTRY ON THE MOVE ........................................................................ 1 1.1. National Trends: Population, Urbanization, Agriculture, and the Environment ..................... 1 1.2. Kalisizo: Sanitation in a Small Town ....................................................................................... 5 1.3. Research Goals and Objectives .............................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2: GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW – SANITATION FROM A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE ..................... 9 2.1. Conventional Approaches to Sanitation and the Need for Change ........................................ 9 2.2. The Case for Ecological Sanitation ....................................................................................... 14 2.3. Ecological Sanitation in Uganda: a Brief History .................................................................. 17 2.4. Treatment Processes in Eco-San Systems ............................................................................ 19 2.4.1. Primary Treatment: Composting.......................................................................... 20 2.4.2. Primary Treatment: Dehydration ......................................................................... 23 2.4.3. The Problem of Persistent Pathogens .................................................................. 25 2.4.4. Secondary Treatment Options ............................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 3: ECO-SAN PROMOTION THROUGH SCHOOL-BASED DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES ................ 32 3.1. Literature Review: Sanitation Promotion Strategies ............................................................ 32 3.1.1. Sanitation Marketing: Supply and Demand ......................................................... 33 3.1.2. Additional Dimensions of Eco-San Systems: Seeing is Believing .......................... 35 3.1.3. Demonstration Facility Location: Households or Institutions .............................. 38 3.2. Research Methods ............................................................................................................... 40 3.2.1. Brick by Brick Uganda’s Eco-San Pilot Project in Kalisizo ..................................... 41 3.2.2. The School Communities ..................................................................................... 41 3.2.3. Implementation of the Pilot Project .................................................................... 43 3.2.4. Assessing Eco-San Promotion through Demonstration Facilities in Schools ........ 44 3.2.5. Qualitative Data Collection .................................................................................. 45 3.2.6. Qualitative Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 49 3.2.7. Ethical Considerations ......................................................................................... 49 3.2.8. Physical and Chemical Testing ............................................................................. 50 3.3. Results ................................................................................................................................. 51 3.3.1. Participant Demographics .................................................................................... 51 3.3.2. The Views of the Control Community and Outside Operators ............................. 53 3.3.3. The School Communities before Installation of Demonstration Facilities ........... 60 3.3.4. The School Communities after Installation of Demonstration Facilities .............. 63 3.3.5. Assessment of Schools’ Operation of UDDT Facilities .......................................... 69 i 3.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 71 3.4.1. Improved Knowledge as a Result of Demonstration Facilities ............................. 71 3.4.2. Improved Attitudes as a Result of Demonstration Facilities ................................ 72 3.4.3. Agricultural Reuse and Handling of Fecal Products.............................................. 75 3.4.4. Advantages of Demonstration Facilities in Institutional School Settings ............. 76 3.4.5. Recommendations for Expansion ........................................................................ 78 3.5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 4: AMMONIA TREATMENT OF COLLECTED FECES USING STORED URINE ................................. 85 4.1. Literature Review: Ammonia Treatment for Ascaris Egg Inactivation .................................. 85 4.1.1. Ammonia Equilibrium Chemistry ........................................................................
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