MIMBARMIMBAR, , Vol. Vol. 37, 37, No. No. 1 1stst (June, (June, 2021), 2021) pp.pp 119-126119-126

Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North

1MUHAMMAD TAURID YAHYA, 2DARMAWAN SALMAN, 3SUPARMAN ABDULLAH

1Departement of Sociology, Graduate Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University; Researcher, Center for Regional Analysis (PuSAR), -North Sulawesi,

2Departement of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia 3Departement of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM.10, Tamalanrea Indah, Kec. Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar–Kode Pos: 90245 E-mail: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract. This research uses a qualitative approach to explore inter-Island mobility and social change in Tidore Island, North Maluku. Data obtained from observations and interviews show that social change in Tidore occurred due to the dynamic factors of cross-island population mobility in recent years. Data were divided into groups of those who are working semi-permanently and those who are commuting to work (commuters). The main factors triggering inter-island population interactions in Tidore City are the need for labor supply, basic commodities in the food and logistic sector, as well as support services from several groups. Conversely, this town is the center of government services with labor suppliers in the formal sector (government) and service economy. It also depends on certain commodities that can only be supplied from the surrounding Island (). The research analysis shows that infrastructure (transportation) availability contributes to the intention of local government and the community to create new economic centers in the form of regional commodity markets and additional ports to support population mobility as active mediators for the sustainability of socio-economic development in this region.

Keywords: inter-island mobility, social change, commodity, tidore island

Introduction interest groups and social institutions are involved. Geographic mobility in the region with an archipelago background has distinct Indonesia is an archipelagic state, characteristics. Therefore, there is a need characterized by numerous islands or series to implement an alternative approach to of land connected by the sea. It is a maritime the study of inter-island mobility because continent proven by its marine and aquatic entities aligned with islands. In several mobile population with a history of high historical literatures, it is extremely evident socio-economic networks. that the archipelago maritime civilization is the main foundation for the identity network of The population is the primary basis for Malay, Islamic empire, and commercial ports the development of capital and movement that were established since the pre-modern of commodities in a region. In this context, period of Southeast Asia. Additionally, it was the study of population mobility includes once a global seaport (Salman, 2016; Reid, examining the economic structure of 2019). an archipelagic region and establishing its networks and patterns of productive In the historical context, the North dependence, in which the state and various Maluku province, particularly the Tidore

Received: November 07, 2020, Revision: April 15, 2021, Accepted: June 16, 2021 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v37i1.6912 Accredited Sinta 2 based on the decree No.10/E/KPT/2019 until 2024. Indexed by DOAJ, Sinta, Garuda, Crossreff, Dimensions

Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/E/KPT/20 119 YAHYA. et.al. Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North Maluku

Island, has been occupying a strategic mobile commodity suppliers to meet the position in the maritime trade network since communities’ needs in Tidore Island. This the 17th century. It was one of the four largest condition shows that economic relations and Islamic sultanates during the pre-colonial community development in Tidore Kepulauan era and had regional partnerships with West City (TIKEP) do not only automatically act as well as economic links to Europe in as a regional mediator between producers the 17th and 18th centuries (Lapian, 2009; and consumer nodes. In fact, economic Widjojo, 2007; Andaya, 1993). communities in these regions (Tidore and Halmahera) serve as regional connectors The city of Tidore Kepulauan (TIKEP that ensure economic sustainability since for short) is a relatively new “island these two islands are a functional medium city”, characterized by a cluster of small for the mobility of population, technology, archipelagoes in the northern part of and commodities. Maluku. Administratively, Tidore Kepulauan was originally incorporated into Halmahera These facts are perceived as a new Tengah (Halteng). However, in socio-economic space that dynamically early 2000, it broke away and became an facilitated the population mobility in the autonomous municipality with its capital Tidore region and its environs. However, Soasio. the characteristics of inter-island economic crossings are often perceived and handled As an autonomous city, Tidore has as limited, irrespective of the fact that been extremely progressive in building its cross-border activities aid to develop basic economy in recent years. However, changes functions that ensure sustainable growth in in various sectors provide a new space of local these areas (Agusta, 2013; Usman & Sairin, development where the quality of livelihoods 2017; Lalamentik, et.al, 2018). of local community improved and became more productive. Furthermore, the use of Population mobility is the most relevant local market opportunities has succeeded key factor in development. According to in facilitating regional mobility. As a result, Tjiptoherijanto (2000), it is “an integral there is an active market network in almost part of the development process. Mobility all islands connected with Tidore town. social structure of an area. Therefore, the Population mobility from Tidore development process cannot exist without Kepulauan to Halmahera in order to work in population mobility. Similarly, there tends various formal and informal sectors is clear evidence of social change in this region. without dynamic developmental activities.” The movement of goods (inter islands) is carried out using medium-sized ships with a Operationally, various forms of capacity of approximately 60 people to the population mobility are measured based on Garolaha market in Tidore City. In the larger the concept of space and time. Theoretically, the basic concept of time is measured six- the development of areas around this island hourly or more, for example, when a person has succeeded in triggering the growth of or group of people leaves their homes or new markets as well as strengthening the original area and returns on that same balance between supply and demand in the day. Furthermore, the choice of staying at region. a place is measured by the duration from when an individual or group of people leave In addition, the city of Tidore is a their homes or starting point for more than productive supplier of human resources (HR) a day, and less than six months. However, in the region, particularly those employed for permanent mobility, it is measured by in various government agencies or private the length of time, when a person leaves the sectors in Halmahera. On the contrary, original area which tends to either last for six communities in this island are consumers of months or more, except for those that intend Halmahera’s basic commodities, while the to remain in the destination (Mantra, 2012; Garohala market serves as the transaction Romdiati & Noveria, 2019). center. This research proffers two central Territorially, this market, which is questions, namely (a) the manner in which situated in Tidore, is the center of economic socio-economic processes occur in a situation activities in the region. The islanders where inter-island mobility is the determining from Halmahera are forced to become factor for the availability of commodities

120 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 37, No. 1st (June, 2021), pp. 119-126 and services requested by the government Results and Discussion and local communities, and (b) the forms of Population Mobility in Tidore social change that emerges from population dynamics as well as the interaction between Tidore Kepulauan City is characterized economic players in providing a number by a cluster of numerous small island in the of basic commodities involving the local northern part of Maluku (North Maluku) land. government and inter-island trading groups. Administratively, it was originally merged to the district of Halmahera Tengah (Halteng), although in the early 2000s it separated Research Methodology and became a municipality with the capital in Soasio. Historically, Soasio was the former capital of Irian Barat (1956) where from April to June 2019 and from February Sultan Tidore of Zainal Abidin Sjah was the to May 2020. Tidore Kepulauan City was Governor of Papua Barat and was appointed chosen based on two reasons, namely (1) in by President Soekarno (Presidential Decree recent years, population mobility from Tidore No. 142/1956, dated 23 September 1956). to Halmahera has grown rapidly, irrespective of the fact that the role of the government Geographically, the Tidore Kepulauan sector seems dominant and at the same time City has a towering contour with the sea mediates this movement daily, (2) Tidore overlaying its environments. Several islands City is primarily involved in the circulation such as Maitara (the Island photographed of goods originating from Halmahera Island, on a thousand rupiah banknotes), Mare, and therefore, this study is aimed to determine part of the Halmahera mainland are also the process of supply and demand as well as administratively regarded as an integral part the establishment of labor, and the impact of of Tidore City. The sea surrounds this area, social changes in these two islands. and in the north it is bordered by Halmahera Barat Regency, in the south by Halmahera In this study, a qualitative approach Selatan Regency, in the east by Halmahera Timur and Halmahera Tengah Regencies, and in-depth interviews, as well as analyzing and in the west by City. According to secondary sources obtained from the the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Tidore Kepulauan City (2018), it has a population of applied is consistent with the qualitative approximately 99,337 (Aryanti, 2018; BPS, study framed by Creswell’s (2013) which 2018; Danindro, 2017). stated that “qualitative research procedures simply mean viewing a subject matter from Nowadays, the various sectors and multiple perspectives”, in which a number of infrastructure are physically improved in outlooks tend to compete with each other at on the economy as well as on local human complement each other. These differences resources. There are also a number of changes aid in understanding the analyzed situations, in public aspirations and participation in local particularly during the interview, which was development. Furthermore, the use of public concern as the conditions for progressivity is informants were interviewed, and it was becoming more effective. discovered that 26 of them were government The population mobility from Tidore employees, while 19 of them were traders. to Halmahera Island in order to work in Each group has had a mobility experience for various formal sectors is a manifestation of approximately 5 to 20 years. the dynamics of development in this region. The native Tidore language was Conversely, the movement of goods in actively used in the interview to acquire small boats that conveys approximately 20 accurate data and for the informants to be people to the Garolaha market is a proof of at ease. The government employees were development in this Island. interviewed with an Indonesian accent, or in The indigenes of Tidore are producers some instances, the Malay-Tidore language of human resources in Halmahera Island was adopted. where they are employees in various agencies in the region. In addition, the individuals residing in Halmahera Island are consumers of the services rendered in the government bureaucracy. Consequently, the

Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/E/KPT/20 121 YAHYA. et.al. Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North Maluku indigenes of Tidore are consumers of the They eat 3 times a day and the cost basic commodities supplied from Halmahera of one meal is IDR. 20,000, thus the total Island to the Garolaha market, which serves expenditure on food for 1 trader is within as the center point for economic activities. the range of IDR. 180,000. This is extremely contradictory, particularly when they The indigenes and residents of choose a commuter where they stay 7 to 8 Halmahera Island become producers who hours in the destination area (market and boarding house) and spend approximately This shows that economic relations and IDR. 40,000 to 50,000 for one meal (at the community development in the Tidore market). Meanwhile, for the ticket price Kepulauan City (TIKEP) are not only based on (transportation), each passenger pays producers’ or consumers’ relationships, but relatively IDR 200,000 to IDR 300,000 per also as the center for achieving sustainable person, depending on the number of items growth. they intend to deliver. Furthermore, daily income (of inter-island traders) is relatively between IDR. 500,000 and 700,000, -. In Population Mobility and Commodity accordance with this data, it is evident that Circulation transportation is extremely expensive, while The introduction of a new mode of the daily cost of living in a boarding house transportation (speed-boat) in 2000 has also drains their expenses. been a triggering factor for the increased The data is also consistent with the theory explored by Scott and Marshall in Tidore and Halmahera. Informant B (57 (2005) which argued that commodities are years), a trader, stated that: the determining factor in various market “Nowadays, buying and selling in activity since they detect the market Tidore is different. In order to make mechanisms regulated by economic actors, sales on Tuesday, in the past, one had the establishment of interaction patterns, to leave the house on Sunday because they had to adjust to the schedule price decision. However, technology is an of wooden motorbikes. Likewise, additional resource to the circulation of when their goods in the market are goods. sold out, they are unable to go home immediately because they have to wait is ultimately followed by the determination for the motorbikes as well. At present, of labor, the production process, and it is better (since) there are several organization, in which geographical, cultural, speed boats and they do not have to and marketing factors are economically rush or wait too long.” considered. This leads to two possibilities: a market formed because it is driven by Based on interviews with several demand (buyer-driven) or because the traders in local market, changes in mobility power of producers boosts supply (producer- patterns occurred due to the boarding or driver). This pattern is a common indication overnight commuter model. This change has of coastal and inter-island economic relations, although it occurs based on the amount of expenditure for their daily different organizational capacity and the needs in the boarding house is far greater reason for that is highly dependent on the than that of commuters. They spend only on primary commodities that drive the local sea transportation, while their food and other economy (Kamuli & Amin, 2018). needs are covered in their daily household On a daily basis, the circulation of expenses. goods and economic patterns of services in This research also discovered that the society needs to be perceived as a “social dimension of time in inter-island mobility is process” involving non-economic factors. In the case of Tidore Kepulauan City (TIKEP), employees and traders. Furthermore, it is very clear that changes in the scale of assuming the traders are in a destination local development, modernization process, for three days, the total expenditure is including urbanization policy are profound calculated as follows: factors (Trigilia, 2002). Conversely, several conditions,

122 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 37, No. 1st (June, 2021), pp. 119-126 patterns, and actors are involved in to 120,000 per person. On the contrary, the “circulation of goods”. In the inter- those who prefer a monthly contract system island economic context, North Maluku spend approximately IDR 1,100,000 to IDR is geographically renowned for being the 2,200,000 per person monthly. Generally, producers of certain commodities as well as they only eat once during lunch because they ancient marketing networks involving cross- prefer to eat breakfast and dinner at home. generational actors accompanied by certain Empirically, almost all actors, both emotional-historical ties. Conceptually, the market is the engage in other business activities to boost determining factor for detecting the scale and their income. The government employees circulation of goods. However, the natures of depend on their monthly salaries, while goods or commodities are based on human demands. In fact, geographic conditions selling their agricultural products in Tidore or and the structure of demand changes from Halmahera. person to person and from groups to groups in the society. Therefore, it is very clear that “the market unites commercial activities” Social Change and Mobility: (Plattner, 1989). In addition, historically, Market Network and Permanent according to Plattner (1989), commercial Employment practices were formed due to the role of government in uniting several “economic, According to Himes and Moore, three religious, and political” interests at one dimensions of social change are required point in time and space to accommodate for the survival of every community, namely agricultural growth. structural, cultural, and interactional dimensions. Based on this perspective, In Tidore, even during a pandemic attention is paid to these dimensions when crisis, inter-island mobility was 100% viewing the occurrence of circular mobility increased. However, since the beginning in Tidore Kepulauan City (Narwoko, 2007; Martono, 2014; Romdiati & Noveria, 2019), changes in the mobility of traders’ groups, namely (a) market relocation, and (2) the Consequently, change is always Covid-19 pandemic. Market relocation required in every community because it causes the cross-island traders to wait serves as a marker of progressivity, and several weeks in order to be able to trade each group plays a number of roles. In due to the development of market facilities by the local government. within a certain period (Sztompka, 2010). Consequently, during the Covid 19 In addition, these alterations affect the pandemic, cross-island traders in North essential elements of life. The dynamics of Maluku were not allowed to enter and exit the island community, particularly those the local Tidore market for approximately experiencing high mobility, need to embrace two weeks because the government closed the changes in their environment, daily all access and exit. The goal is to reduce the adaptation, and working culture (Smelser & number of positive cases, as similar policies Haferkamp, 1992). were applied in several of Indonesia’s regions. Uniquely, the traders move about by Inter-island mobility actors possess delivering their agricultural products through a certain social status and image in motorboat to trusted collectors in the local accordance with their respective areas Tidore market to be sold to their customers. of origin. This is based on their lifetime Their fate is different when compared to achievement, and when they gather with government employees because despite not other community groups, they feel a sense going to work during the pandemic, they of prestige. Furthermore, they possess loads received their monthly salary. of experiences and relationships. However, government employees Changes in work structure and patterns also experience economic dilemmas, for of mobility have an impact on the image of local residents which is an important cultural such as in Halmehara or Tidore, their achievement. The task of those in the personal expenses for daily needs (food and government sector further enhances their transportation) can range from IDR 70,000 social position because they are perceived

Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/E/KPT/20 123 YAHYA. et.al. Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North Maluku as loyal servants of the country and are government employees have a capacity of 12 respected because their monthly income is to 16 passengers. However, they generally guaranteed. Likewise, cross-island traders ply a motorboat with a size of 28 GT (Gross are perceived as successful because they Tonnage). The distance to the destination tend to improve their household economic is approximately one hour. The group of conditions, have managed to acquire traders usually rent a 5 GT motorboat to business experiences, and have engaged in go to their destination (inter-island market) extensive interactions. with a capacity of 4 to 6 people along with a number of agricultural products to be sold Generally, social changes that occur in the markets. The duration of the trip is in each group are caused by direct or relatively 2 to 3 hours. indirect factors. The major push factors in inter-island mobility are trade relations and educational needs, while the availability of Motorboat Passengers commodities, markets, employment, and (From and To Tidore Island, 2013- aspirations to improve income is regarded as 2018) the pull factors. Passengers Year Besides the main factors, there are Arrival Departure trigger conditions that cause an increase 2013 31,883 24,683 in the number of people involved in the 2014 41,177 18,860 transportation of inter-island commodities. 2015 56,624 28,903 The availability of a 24-hours infrastructure 2016 23,963 23,492 is a supporting resource for inter-island 2017 44,470 28,976 passers-by (commuters). However, due to 2018 37,082 34,918 the relatively low price of the wooden-motors 9 boat, it remains popular transportation in the region. One disadvantage of this boat is that its operating schedule is not as speed-boats. Mobility actors use a similar mode of Generally, inter-island transportation transportation. The government employees is the basic infrastructure that boosts usually rely on the 28 GT of Dowora Idaman development. The availability of various Boat. Asides from being affordable, the transportation modes is extremely important departure time is shorter than the regular in islands because it provides access for speed boat. Therefore, they get to their residents to support economic mobility. Practically, mobility aims to mediate that are usually late, the speed boat is an economic interactions that trigger the alternative. realization of goods and services as well Financially, actors who do not engage as creates avenues for people to socialize. in additional businesses have their source of An adequate and suitable transport system income only from their jobs as government causes isolated islands to become exposed as employees or traders. However, in accordance well as obtain new resources that accelerate with the circular mobility pattern, they their welfare. In the context of population mobility changes in the economic scale of inter- in Tidore Island, sea transportation is the island traders have been proven to increase most crucial mode. Conversely, variations in modes of marine transportation determine obvious in Tidore, although in the long term, the smoothness of tasks, development of the this condition tends to be largely determined market, and trade networks. by the capacity of commodities exchanged as well as the rational actions of each The route for both government group in handling every market opportunity employees and traders is relatively similar. The difference is the operating schedule of the motorboats serving groups of employees Shifts in cultural values are persistent (usually operate from morning to evening). and tend to foster new cultural patterns which Meanwhile, for those serving traders, the are properly adopted by local communities. operating schedule is from morning to In this instance, the circular mobility pattern afternoon (local market hours). is increasingly being selected by residents engaged in the trade and educational sector The speed boats boarded by

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(Romdiati & Noveria, 2019). Parallel to this continues to develop, particularly in concept, the circular mobility pattern in Tidore directly provides cultural changes commodities. Furthermore, the demand for which are evident in the relationship between government jobs (government employees) fellow families that respect and care for each conditions their daily adaptation where they other. ultimately select a circular mobility pattern as the best option. This regional condition is the cultural basis for the structural sustainability Conclusion of economic development in Tidore and Halmahera Island towards a better future. Economic activities tend to correspond to human mobility, which leads to certain relationships and basic requirements in each References locality or regionality in terms of functions of the economic actors (producers, distributors, Agusta, A. (2013). Faktor-Faktor Yang and consumers) and goods and services. Mempengaruhi Mobilitas Penduduk Ke Therefore, in the study of economic sociology, Desa Kota Bangun Dua Kecamatan Kota the structure formed is the result of “social Bangun Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara” interaction” that includes the dimensions of Jurnal Pemerintahan, Vol. 1 (2). 862- culture, institutions, rationality, and even 874. history. Andaya, L. Y. (1993). The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern The migration from Tidore Island to Period. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Halmahera is referred to as circular mobility. Press. This condition offers a meaningful economic Aryanti, F.D. (2018). Statistik Daerah Kota contribution to the two dominant circular BPS Kota Tidore groups in the region, namely traders and Kepulauan. government employees. It also implies Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2018). Kota that the shorter the duration to the actors’ . (government employees and traders) BPS Kota Tidore Kepulauan. destination, the lesser the amount of money Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research they spend on their daily needs. This fact Design:Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif is the strategic ground for population and dan Mixed. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. commodity dynamism in Tidore Islands Danindro, B.A.D. (2017). Indeks Town. Pembangunan Manusia Kota Tidore Changes in mobility patterns are Kepulauan. Tidore: BPS Kota Tidore largely determined by the resilience and Kepulauan. adaptation degree of actors to a number of Kamuli, S., & Amin, B. (2018). Woman and regional conditions in North Maluku, including Organizational Capabilities in Seaweed motivation, transportation schedules, cost Production in North . Mimbar: of living, and kinship moments. During this Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 34 (1), adaptation process, the volume of trade 1-10. commodities, workload, consumer networks, Lalamentik, L.G.J., & Pandey, S.V. (2018). the readiness of inter-island markets, and Analisis Pergerakan Angkutan Barang government regulations are playing a role as Dari Kota Bitung”. Jurnal Sipil Statik, 6 the determining factors. (1), 57-66. Lapian, A.B. (2009) [1987]. Orang Laut Actors of inter-island from Tidore who Bajak Laut, Raja Laut: Sejarah Kawasan work in the government and business sectors Laut Sulawesi Abad XIX. Jakarta: KITLV- tend to boost their social and economic Komunitas Bambu-FIB UGM dan Jurusan images in the community. They are being Sejarah FS Unpad. respected and perceived as a diligent and Mantra, I. B. (2012). loyal group with lots of experience and Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. extensive networks. This impression exists Martono, N. (2014). Sosiologi Perubahan in Tidore and Halmahera as the primary aim Sosial: Perspektif Klasik, Modern, of circular mobility. Posmodern, dan Poskolonial. Jakarta: Finally, adaptation is an obvious factor that triggers the mobility of people and Narwoko, J.D., & Suyanto, B. (2007). commodities in Tidore. This phenomenon Sosiologi: Teks Pengantar & Terapan.

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