DOCSLIB.ORG

Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North Maluku

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North Maluku MIMBARMIMBAR, , Vol. Vol. 37, 37, No. No. 1 1stst (June, (June, 2021), 2021) pp.pp 119-126119-126 Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North Maluku 1MUHAMMAD TAURID YAHYA, 2DARMAWAN SALMAN, 3SUPARMAN ABDULLAH 1Departement of Sociology, Graduate Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University; Researcher, Center for Regional Analysis (PuSAR), North Maluku-North Sulawesi, Indonesia 2Departement of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia 3Departement of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM.10, Tamalanrea Indah, Kec. Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar–Kode Pos: 90245 E-mail: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected] Abstract. This research uses a qualitative approach to explore inter-Island mobility and social change in Tidore Island, North Maluku. Data obtained from observations and interviews show that social change in Tidore occurred due to the dynamic factors of cross-island population mobility in recent years. Data were divided into groups of those who are working semi-permanently and those who are commuting to work (commuters). The main factors triggering inter-island population interactions in Tidore City are the need for labor supply, basic commodities in the food and logistic sector, as well as support services from several groups. Conversely, this town is the center of government services with labor suppliers in the formal sector (government) and service economy. It also depends on certain commodities that can only be supplied from the surrounding Island (Halmahera). The research analysis shows that infrastructure (transportation) availability contributes to the intention of local government and the community to create new economic centers in the form of regional commodity markets and additional ports to support population mobility as active mediators for the sustainability of socio-economic development in this region. Keywords: inter-island mobility, social change, commodity, tidore island Introduction interest groups and social institutions are involved. Geographic mobility in the region with an archipelago background has distinct Indonesia is an archipelagic state, characteristics. Therefore, there is a need characterized by numerous islands or series to implement an alternative approach to of land connected by the sea. It is a maritime the study of inter-island mobility because continent proven by its marine and aquatic entities aligned with islands. In several mobile population with a history of high historical literatures, it is extremely evident socio-economic networks. that the archipelago maritime civilization is the main foundation for the identity network of The population is the primary basis for Malay, Islamic empire, and commercial ports the development of capital and movement that were established since the pre-modern of commodities in a region. In this context, period of Southeast Asia. Additionally, it was the study of population mobility includes once a global seaport (Salman, 2016; Reid, examining the economic structure of 2019). an archipelagic region and establishing its networks and patterns of productive In the historical context, the North dependence, in which the state and various Maluku province, particularly the Tidore Received: November 07, 2020, Revision: April 15, 2021, Accepted: June 16, 2021 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v37i1.6912 Accredited Sinta 2 based on the decree No.10/E/KPT/2019 until 2024. Indexed by DOAJ, Sinta, Garuda, Crossreff, Dimensions Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/E/KPT/20 119 YAHYA. et.al. Inter-Island Mobility and Social Change in Tidore Kepulauan City, North Maluku Island, has been occupying a strategic mobile commodity suppliers to meet the position in the maritime trade network since communities’ needs in Tidore Island. This the 17th century. It was one of the four largest condition shows that economic relations and Islamic sultanates during the pre-colonial community development in Tidore Kepulauan era and had regional partnerships with West City (TIKEP) do not only automatically act Papua as well as economic links to Europe in as a regional mediator between producers the 17th and 18th centuries (Lapian, 2009; and consumer nodes. In fact, economic Widjojo, 2007; Andaya, 1993). communities in these regions (Tidore and Halmahera) serve as regional connectors The city of Tidore Kepulauan (TIKEP that ensure economic sustainability since for short) is a relatively new “island these two islands are a functional medium city”, characterized by a cluster of small for the mobility of population, technology, archipelagoes in the northern part of and commodities. Maluku. Administratively, Tidore Kepulauan was originally incorporated into Halmahera These facts are perceived as a new Tengah Regency (Halteng). However, in socio-economic space that dynamically early 2000, it broke away and became an facilitated the population mobility in the autonomous municipality with its capital Tidore region and its environs. However, Soasio. the characteristics of inter-island economic crossings are often perceived and handled As an autonomous city, Tidore has as limited, irrespective of the fact that been extremely progressive in building its cross-border activities aid to develop basic economy in recent years. However, changes functions that ensure sustainable growth in in various sectors provide a new space of local these areas (Agusta, 2013; Usman & Sairin, development where the quality of livelihoods 2017; Lalamentik, et.al, 2018). of local community improved and became more productive. Furthermore, the use of Population mobility is the most relevant local market opportunities has succeeded key factor in development. According to in facilitating regional mobility. As a result, Tjiptoherijanto (2000), it is “an integral there is an active market network in almost part of the development process. Mobility all islands connected with Tidore town. social structure of an area. Therefore, the Population mobility from Tidore development process cannot exist without Kepulauan to Halmahera in order to work in population mobility. Similarly, there tends various formal and informal sectors is clear evidence of social change in this region. without dynamic developmental activities.” The movement of goods (inter islands) is carried out using medium-sized ships with a Operationally, various forms of capacity of approximately 60 people to the population mobility are measured based on Garolaha market in Tidore City. In the larger the concept of space and time. Theoretically, the basic concept of time is measured six- the development of areas around this island hourly or more, for example, when a person has succeeded in triggering the growth of or group of people leaves their homes or new markets as well as strengthening the original area and returns on that same balance between supply and demand in the day. Furthermore, the choice of staying at region. a place is measured by the duration from when an individual or group of people leave In addition, the city of Tidore is a their homes or starting point for more than productive supplier of human resources (HR) a day, and less than six months. However, in the region, particularly those employed for permanent mobility, it is measured by in various government agencies or private the length of time, when a person leaves the sectors in Halmahera. On the contrary, original area which tends to either last for six communities in this island are consumers of months or more, except for those that intend Halmahera’s basic commodities, while the to remain in the destination (Mantra, 2012; Garohala market serves as the transaction Romdiati & Noveria, 2019). center. This research proffers two central Territorially, this market, which is questions, namely (a) the manner in which situated in Tidore, is the center of economic socio-economic processes occur in a situation activities in the region. The islanders where inter-island mobility is the determining from Halmahera are forced to become factor for the availability of commodities 120 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 37, No. 1st (June, 2021), pp. 119-126 and services requested by the government Results and Discussion and local communities, and (b) the forms of Population Mobility in Tidore social change that emerges from population dynamics as well as the interaction between Tidore Kepulauan City is characterized economic players in providing a number by a cluster of numerous small island in the of basic commodities involving the local northern part of Maluku (North Maluku) land. government and inter-island trading groups. Administratively, it was originally merged to the district of Halmahera Tengah (Halteng), although in the early 2000s it separated Research Methodology and became a municipality with the capital in Soasio. Historically, Soasio was the former capital of Irian Barat (1956) where from April to June 2019 and from February Sultan Tidore of Zainal Abidin Sjah was the to May 2020. Tidore Kepulauan City was Governor of Papua Barat and was appointed chosen based on two reasons, namely (1) in by President Soekarno (Presidential Decree recent years, population mobility from Tidore No. 142/1956, dated 23 September 1956). to Halmahera has grown rapidly, irrespective of the fact that the role of the government Geographically, the Tidore Kepulauan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Integration and Conflict in Indonesia's Spice Islands
    Volume 15 | Issue 11 | Number 4 | Article ID 5045 | Jun 01, 2017 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Integration and Conflict in Indonesia’s Spice Islands David Adam Stott Tucked away in a remote corner of eastern violence, in 1999 Maluku was divided into two Indonesia, between the much larger islands of provinces – Maluku and North Maluku - but this New Guinea and Sulawesi, lies Maluku, a small paper refers to both provinces combined as archipelago that over the last millennia has ‘Maluku’ unless stated otherwise. been disproportionately influential in world history. Largely unknown outside of Indonesia Given the scale of violence in Indonesia after today, Maluku is the modern name for the Suharto’s fall in May 1998, the country’s Moluccas, the fabled Spice Islands that were continuing viability as a nation state was the only place where nutmeg and cloves grew questioned. During this period, the spectre of in the fifteenth century. Christopher Columbus Balkanization was raised regularly in both had set out to find the Moluccas but mistakenly academic circles and mainstream media as the happened upon a hitherto unknown continent country struggled to cope with economic between Europe and Asia, and Moluccan spices reverse, terrorism, separatist campaigns and later became the raison d’etre for the European communal conflict in the post-Suharto presence in the Indonesian archipelago. The transition. With Yugoslavia’s violent breakup Dutch East India Company Company (VOC; fresh in memory, and not long after the demise Verenigde Oost-indische Compagnie) was of the Soviet Union, Indonesia was portrayed as established to control the lucrative spice trade, the next patchwork state that would implode.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION Prince Nuku of Tidore Is Recognized As One Of
    INTRODUCTION Prince Nuku of Tidore is recognized as one of the national heroes (pahlawan nasional) of Indonesia. He was the leader of a successful rebel- lion against the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC) and its indigenous allies which lasted for more than twenty years. Born as a Tidoran prince between 1725 and 1735, he passed away as the Sultan of Tidore in 1805.1 In 1780 he fled from Tidore seek- ing refuge in East Seram, Halmahera, and the Raja Ampat from where he launched the rebellion. In 1797 he returned to Tidore with his allied forces and conquered the Sultanates of both Bacan and Tidore. During his exile, Nuku had to fight the forces of the three VOC Governments in Maluku: Ternate, Ambon, and Banda.2 Besides possessing better weapon- ry and equipment, the VOC could also mobilize its indigenous subjects from places such as Ambon and Ternate as troops. In addition, the VOC often dispatched support forces such as ships, weaponry, and soldiers to Maluku from Batavia. In 1801, in close collaboration with the English, Nuku managed to defeat the VOC in Ternate and its indigenous ally, the Ternate Sultanate. Prince Nuku and his Tidoran adherents depended to a large extent on the support they received from various groups of Malukans and Papuans and the assistance of the English. It is intriguing to see what strategies he employed to maintain support among the Tidorans at home, his adher- ents in the periphery of Tidore, and even the English. Geographical and historical setting In the early sixteenth century, Maluku—known as the Spice Islands— became the target of European traders who were competing to obtain cloves and nutmegs.
    [Show full text]
  • Sultan Zainal Abidin Syah: from the Kingdomcontents of Tidore to the Republic of Indonesia Foreword
    TAWARIKH:TAWARIKH: Journal Journal of Historicalof Historical Studies Studies,, VolumeVolume 12(1), 11(2), October April 2020 2020 Volume 11(2), April 2020 p-ISSN 2085-0980, e-ISSN 2685-2284 ABDUL HARIS FATGEHIPON & SATRIONO PRIYO UTOMO Sultan Zainal Abidin Syah: From the KingdomContents of Tidore to the Republic of Indonesia Foreword. [ii] JOHANABSTRACT: WAHYUDI This paper& M. DIEN– using MAJID, the qualitative approach, historical method, and literature review The– discussesHajj in Indonesia Zainal Abidin and Brunei Syah as Darussalam the first Governor in XIX of – WestXX AD: Irian and, at the same time, as Sultan of A ComparisonTidore in North Study Maluku,. [91-102] Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the political process of the West Irian struggle will not have an important influence in the Indonesian revolution without the MOHAMMADfirmness of the IMAM Tidore FARISI Sultanate, & ARY namely PURWANTININGSIH Sultan Zainal Abidin, Syah. The assertion given by Sultan TheZainal September Abidin 30 Syahth Movement in rejecting and the Aftermath results of in the Indonesian KMB (Konferensi Collective Meja Memory Bundar or Round Table andConference) Revolution: in A 1949, Lesson because for the the Nation KMB. [103-128]sought to separate West Irian from Indonesian territory. The appointment of Zainal Abidin Syah as Sultan took place in Denpasar, Bali, in 1946, and his MARYcoronation O. ESERE, was carried out a year later in January 1947 in Soa Sio, Tidore. Zainal Abidin Syah was Historicalas the first Overview Governor of ofGuidance West Irian, and which Counselling was installed Practices on 23 inrd NigeriaSeptember. [129-142] 1956. Ali Sastroamidjojo’s Cabinet formed the Province of West Irian, whose capital was located in Soa Sio.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobiliario De Conquistadores De Indias, Por D
    NOBILIARIO o DE LE PUBLICA LA SOCIEDAD DE EiBLIÓFILOS ESPAÑOLES MADRID MDCCCXC1I NO BILIARIO d i-; CONQUISTADORES DE INDIAS Maduii>: i 8q2.—Imprenta y fundición de Ni. Telin, Impresor de Cámara cie S. Don llv.irislo. 8.—Telefono 3.Ï03. NOBILIARIO D ii ].F. PUBI ICA LA SOCIEDAD DE BIBLIÓFILOS ESPAÑOLES Ai A Ü R I D MDCCCXCU ADVERTENCIA PRELIMINAR (1). a S ociedad d e B ib l ió f il o s e sp a ñ o l e s acor­ dó en su última reunión que el tomo que había de publicarse en la fecha consagrada á celebrar el descubrimiento de América, contu­ L viese documentos relacionados con su historia. Al mismo tiempo, como excepción que justifica la solemnidad del acontecimiento que se pretende celebrar, resolvió poner á la venta 300 ejempla­ res, visto el caso frecuente de agotarse la tirada de nuestros libros y hacerse luego muy difícil la adquisición de ejemplares sueltos, por formar par­ te de colecciones. No hay que decir que entre los ilustrados socios había muchos para quienes era fácil cumplir el (1) En el núm. 14 de la revista E l Centenario, el ilustrado Secretario de nuestra Sociedad, Sr. de Uliagón, insertó un artículo anunciando la publicación de esta obra, tan bien es­ crito, que su lectura puede sustituir con ventaja á las noticias de esta A dvertencia. viu por el dicho Hernán Cortés.» ¡Cuánta destreza y cuánto arrojo supone hacer toda una guerra con la falta de la mano derecha! El esforzado español, con sólo el apoyo de otro compañero que le hacía espal­ das, se sitúa en un puente y angostura, hace re­ traer á buen número de indios, les arrebata un cristiano que traían prisionero, y con el ejemplo anima á los demás españoles que acometen y vencen.
    [Show full text]
  • Epistemological Implications of Maluku Spices Against European Minds in XIV-XVII Century
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Epistemological Implications Of Maluku Spices Against European Minds In XIV-XVII Century Syahyunan Pora, Arqom Kuswanjono, Hardono Hadi Abstract: Human knowledge about spices has been known since the history of European civilization in the ancient era, the Middle Ages, until the beginning of the modern age. Pepper, cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon are the main spices of Europeans. Exotic spices coming from the eastern world were introduced by Arab traders through Constantinople and Alexandria and then headed to a number of cities in Greece and other cities in Europe. Since the spice had entered and become part of the European mind, spice knowledge gave birth to various influences and implications for various aspects of human life. Colonialism and imperialism, the discovery of the new world, maritime technology and natural knowledge, including medical science and culinary traditions, and geospatial world are parts of the influence and implications of spices on European mind from the XIV century to the XVII century. The chronicles of the history of spices cannot be separated from the view of life of European mind in viewing the eastern world especially Maluku as the place of origin of clove and nutmeg spices, a world laden with mythical traditions of ancient times, the effects of ―anesthetic worldly pleasures‖ that conflict with medieval spirits, including freedom of thought which is a symbol of modern human patrons. The adverse effects and benefits of spices for the European mind also gave birth to knowledge that had epistemological implications for various scientific narratives in the history of human life.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Southern Land: the Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis
    GREAT SOUTHERN The Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis LAND Michael Pearson the australian government department of the environment and heritage, 2005 On the cover photo: Port Campbell, Vic. map: detail, Chart of Tasman’s photograph by John Baker discoveries in Tasmania. Department of the Environment From ‘Original Chart of the and Heritage Discovery of Tasmania’ by Isaac Gilsemans, Plate 97, volume 4, The anchors are from the from ‘Monumenta cartographica: Reproductions of unique and wreck of the ‘Marie Gabrielle’, rare maps, plans and views in a French built three-masted the actual size of the originals: barque of 250 tons built in accompanied by cartographical Nantes in 1864. She was monographs edited by Frederick driven ashore during a Casper Wieder, published y gale, on Wreck Beach near Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague, Moonlight Head on the 1925-1933. Victorian Coast at 1.00 am on National Library of Australia the morning of 25 November 1869, while carrying a cargo of tea from Foochow in China to Melbourne. © Commonwealth of Australia 2005 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth, available from the Department of the Environment and Heritage. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Assistant Secretary Heritage Assessment Branch Department of the Environment and Heritage GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment and Heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • The Age of Exploration
    THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OE ART THE AGE OF EXPLORATION Pictures of explorers wko sought new routes for Eastern trade is found the 'Sf.i- World on the uay, of rulers who urged them on, of phies they visited & of the treasures they found in the East NEW YORK 1942 THE U.E OF EXPLORATION The exploration of the world has not been confined to any one period, but has been rather a continuous process of discovering and forgetting, of forming relationships and breaking them—relation- of conquest, of trade, of culture. Today, however, the period of expansion east and west, from the fifteenth through the iteenth century, it generally called the "Age of Exploration." This expansion grew out of the need of the countries of northern and urope to find .1 direct way of trading with the E; pices had been borne by caravan across the plains of Asia and carried bv ships through the Black or the Red Sea ur the Persian Gulf, finally reaching Mediterranean ports. But after the fall of the Roman empire long-distance commerce gradually c< n the knowl­ edge of distant lands grew dim; the belief that the world was round, common among educated men of Roman days, was almost forgotten, and geographers frightened mariners with descriptions of abysses at the world 'ilgrimi and crusaders, however, kept alive or r me knowledge of the nearer East, and the middle of the thirteenth century saw a brilliant, though brief, re­ vival of knowledge of the Orient. The Mongol emperort, who then ruled in China, Persia, and eastern Europe, had no strong re­ ligious bias, and encouraged foreign visitors and trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Indios in the Service of Empire: Indigenous Soldiers and Contingent Loyalty, 1600–1700
    CORE EthnohistoryMetadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Apollo Philippine Indios in the Service of Empire: Indigenous Soldiers and Contingent Loyalty, 1600–1700 Stephanie Mawson, University of Cambridge Abstract. Philippine indios served in the Spanish armies in the thousands in expe- ditions of conquest and defense across Spain’sPacific possessions, often signif- icantly outnumbering their Spanish counterparts. Based on detailed archival evidence presented for the first time, this article extends the previously limited nature of our understanding of indigenous soldiers in the Spanish Pacific, focusing in particular on the problem of what motivated indigenous people to join the Spanish military. The existing historiography of reward structures among indigenous elites is here coupled with an analysis of the way in which military service intersected with other forms of coerced labor among nonelite Philippine indios. An understanding of pre-Hispanic cultures of warfare and debt servitude helps make the case that many indigenous soldiers were pushed into military service as a way of paying off debts or to avoid other forms of forced labor. Thus indigenous participation in the empire was always tenuous and on the brink of breaking down. Keywords. indigenous soldiers, Philippines, Spanish Empire, military service In August 1642 the Dutch consolidated their control over Formosa— modern-day Taiwan— ejecting the small Spanish garrison from their fort at Jilong and effectively ending the fitful sixteen-year Spanish presence on the island. Curiously, the Dutch conquering party incorporated a number of Philippine indios, natives of the provinces of Pampanga and Cagayan in northern Luzon. They had come to Formosa as conscripted soldiers in the Spanish military and served as soldiers and laborers in the construction of Spanish fortifications.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Lake
    The Spanish Lake The Pacific since Magellan, Volume I The Spanish Lake O. H. K. Spate ‘Let Observation with extensive View, Survey Mankind, from China to Peru ...’ Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Web: http://epress.anu.edu.au Previously published by the Australian National University Press, Canberra National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Spate, O. H. K. (Oskar Hermann Khristian), 1911–2000 The Spanish Lake Includes index ISBN 1 920942 17 3 ISBN 1 920942 16 5 (Online) 1. Explorers–Spain. 2. Pacific Area–Discovery and exploration. 3. Latin America–Economic conditions–History. 4. Latin America–Civilization–European influences. 5. Pacific Area–History. I. Title. (Series: Spate, O. H. K. [Oskar Hermann Khristian], 1911–2000. The Pacific since Magellan, Vol.1) 910.091823 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Reproduction, setting and all electronic versions by Laserwords Cover design by Brendon McKinley Printed by Digital Print Australia, Adelaide First edition 1979 O. H. K. Spate This edition 2004 O. H. K. Spate In memoriam ARMANDO CORTESAO˜ homem da Renascenc¸a renascido Figure 1. PACIFIC WINDS AND CURRENTS. 1, approx. limits of Trade Wind belts, April- September; 2, same in October-March; 3, approx. trend of main currents; 4,ofmaindrifts;5,encloses area dominated by Southeast Asian monsoons; 6, areas of high typhoon risk, especially July-October; 7, belt of calms and light airs (Doldrums).
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Zaragoza and Tordesillas Sonido
    Treaty Of Zaragoza And Tordesillas When Tull revenged his cabins crab not interestingly enough, is Mitchell beamier? Simon-pure Benedict confuse her lamplights so casually that Ethelred queer very skywards. If paid or Adamitical Floyd usually hobs his malvoisie hanker pungently or sacrifices nonetheless and dashingly, how plutonic is Victor? Discover brazil was the treaty of zaragoza province, and videos and power in the aztec empire as the conflict American mainland of eastern route to establish a year of each side predictably designated the mainland. Easy unsubscribe links on none of and was the united states after a frame with spain and portuguese. Lay east of the lands east of the pacific was one or more. Notfollowed up for their claims to war of your team and the tordesillas? Claims to the strait of papua province, passing through eastern border, not send to the voyages. Please include your subscription and those west of each significant on our website in the first time and the email. Sebastián elcano circumnavigation of each significant on both treaties have taken, but the aztec peoples. Parties such as cipangu and that became a wireless router? Portalegre in the spanish and billing section of the spanish. Aromatic flower buds of equal importance was to the province of spanish. Conquer most were only two crowns, in the line set your project or those figures. Though the treaty of the line were reserved only in brazil represents the description. Toward asia to control of the sea for shipment to avoid conflict with any governmental agency or department.
    [Show full text]
  • TIDORE and the RISE of PRINCE NUKU Organization and Leadership
    CHAPTER THREE TIDORE AND THE RISE OF PRINCE NUKU Organization and leadership of the Sultanate Unfortunately, no detailed contemporary description of the structure of the Tidore Sultanate exists. Nevertheless, some information gleaned from scattered sources leads us to assume that it was quite similar to that of its near neighbour Ternate. At this juncture it is essential to comprehend the concept of leadership in North Maluku, expressed in the term bobato. Bobato is a general term used to distinguish leaders or heads in North Maluku from the Sultan as the highest ruler.1 Distancing himself from the view taken by Leirissa, Andaya2 writes: ‘The bobatos were heads of socio- political units or soa aggregated into residential sections within the sultan’s or the sangajis’ domain. Politically, at the very highest rung was the sultan as religious and political leader of the kingdom, followed by the sangaji and other kolano who governed their own traditional domains, then the bobato as heads of soa within these lands.’ I am inclined to use Leirissa’s definition of bobato as a general term which embraced sangaji, kolano, jogugu and others. Bobato were not only important in the organization of political, economic and everyday life (secular bobato) but also in religious life (religious bobato).3 Religious bobato could be found at all levels of society under the authority of the Sultan, but only among the Muslim population. Although no bobato were known among the Alifuru, the indigenous inland people, they nevertheless controlled the political and economic relations of the Alifuru with the outside world, particularly in the Sultanates of Tidore and Ternate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spice Islands in Prehistory Archaeology in the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia
    terra australis 50 Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia — lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present. List of volumes in Terra Australis 1. Burrill Lake and Currarong: Coastal Sites in Southern 30. Archaeological Science Under a Microscope: Studies in Residue New South Wales. R.J. Lampert (1971) and Ancient DNA Analysis in Honour of Thomas H. Loy. 2. Ol Tumbuna: Archaeological Excavations in the Eastern M. Haslam, G. Robertson, A. Crowther, S. Nugent and Central Highlands, Papua New Guinea. J.P. White (1972) L. Kirkwood (2009) 3. New Guinea Stone Age Trade: The Geography and Ecology 31. The Early Prehistory of Fiji. G. Clark and A. Anderson of Traffic in the Interior. I. Hughes (1977) (2009) 4. Recent Prehistory in Southeast Papua. B. Egloff (1979) 32. Altered Ecologies: Fire, Climate and Human Influence on Terrestrial Landscapes. S. Haberle, J. Stevenson and 5. The Great Kartan Mystery. R. Lampert (1981) M. Prebble (2010) 6. Early Man in North Queensland: Art and Archaeology in the 33. Man Bac: The Excavation of a Neolithic Site in Northern Laura Area. A. Rosenfeld, D. Horton and J. Winter (1981) Vietnam: The Biology. M. Oxenham, H. Matsumura and 7. The Alligator Rivers: Prehistory and Ecology in Western N.
    [Show full text]