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Genetic Concepts on the Formation of the Austrian Magnesite and Siderite Mineralizations in the Eastern Alps of Austria Walter Prochaska

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Genetic Concepts on the Formation of the Austrian Magnesite and Siderite Mineralizations in the Eastern Alps of Austria Walter Prochaska www.geologia-croatica.hr Genetic concepts on the formation of the Austrian magnesite and siderite mineralizations in the Eastern Alps of Austria Walter Prochaska University of Leoben, Department of Geological Sciences, A-8700 Leoben, Austria 31-38 9 Figs. doi: 10.4154/gc.2016.03 ABSTRACT Article history: A consanguineous origin of the sparry siderite and magnesite mineralizations of the Eastern Received October 15, 2015 Alps has been repeatedly discussed in the past, often without the back-up of sound scien- Revised and accepted January 21, 2016 tific arguments. Here, it is shown that the characteristics of these mineralizations including Avaliable online February 29, 2016 structures, fluid parameters, timing etc. are amazingly similar suggesting in fact the genetic linkage of these deposits. The siderite as well as the magnesite mineralizations of the Eastern Alps exhibit metaso- matic-epigenetic structures of lens-shaped orebodies with dolomitic alteration rims as domi- nant features. The basic chemical characteristics of the ore forming fluids in these mineraliza- tions are those of highly fractionated hypersaline fluids exhibiting all the features of residual bittern brines. Fluid invasion and mineralization structures strictly depend on the original li- thology of the host rocks, mainly carbonatic sedimentary rocks. In Late Triassic times, these buried evaporitic brines were mobilized either by magmatic/metamorphic processes in the underlying crystalline units or by the superimposed sedimentary upload of the Triassic plat- form carbonates thus leading to magnesite formation. Initially these residual, bittern brines were completely free of Fe and rich in Mg suitable for the formation of magnesite. Deeper Keywords: siderite, magnesite, and more extensive circulation of these fluids and their interaction with the host-rock, re- mineralizing fluids sulted in the uptake of Fe and the formation of siderite. 1. INTRODUCTION 750.000 tpa (ranked 5th worldwide) and is mined from 10 diffe- Numerous magnesite and siderite mineralizations of various rent deposits. sizes can be observed in the Eastern Alps of Austria (Fig. 1), Similar mineralizations occur in Upper Carboniferous strata some of them were of considerable economic importance and of the Gemeric units of Slovakia, which can be directly com- were exploited. The minerogenetic map of Austria exhibits pared to the Greywacke Zone. The discussion about the genesis their locations. of these magnesite and siderite mineralizations throughout pre- Today, only one siderite mine, the Erzberg siderite deposit, vious decades is very similar to the controversial views of the situated in the province of Styria, is in operation. The present Austrian examples and reflects the changing opinions concern- Austrian iron production is about 750.000 tpa (Fe-content) and ing these mineralizations throughout the history of their investi- is exclusively produced from this mine. gation. The well-developed Austrian magnesite industry is of world- It is beyond the scope here to give a complete review of the wide importance, and is to a large extent still based on the Aus- innumerable publications on the siderite and magnesite deposits trian mines. Magnesite production in Austria is approximately of the Eastern Alps, so only a brief summary is given. However, Figure 1. Part of the minerogenetic map of Austria showing the Fe- and magnesite mineralizations of the Greywacke Zone (WEBER, 1997). Vol. 69/1 during recent decades some considerable progress was made in 1995; PROCHASKA, 1997). These authors generally postulate the understanding of these mineralizations using modern scien- an epigenetic origin, nevertheless there is no unanimous opinion tific methods. Therefore the main focus of this paper is to dis- concerning the most important metallogenetic features, the tim- cuss the results obtained by the investigation and characteriza- ing of the hydrothermal event, and the origin of the hydrother- tion of the chemistry of the fluid inclusions forming these mine- mal fluids. ralizations. Furthermore, direct radiometric age determination Similarly, there is no consensus on the genetic model and not of the carbonate minerals of the hydrothermal events during re- even about the principal mechanisms for magnesite mineraliza- cent years contributed substantially to the revised models of ore- tion. Starting soon after the discovery of the world´s first mag- formation. nesite deposits in the Eastern Alps after 1850, syngenetic Finally, on the basis of these new results, an attempt is made models (e.g. RUMPF, 1873; LEITMEIER, 1917) and epigenetic to demonstrate that there is a genetic link between the carbo- models (e.g. KOCH, 1893; VACEK, 1903; REDLICH, 1907) nate-hosted sparry magnesite and the siderite mineralizations of were published. Starting in the 1950s, a general trend towards the Eastern Alps. The arguments are mainly based on the inves- syngenetic and early diagenetic models can be observed (De tigations of the fluid chemistry from inclusions that allow chara- LLARENA, 1953; LEITMEIER & SIEGL, 1954). NIEDER- cterization of the ore forming fluids showing an overall evapo- MAYR (1989) argued for synsedimentary or early diagenetic ritic signature of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for these genesis for magnesite mineralization in the Permian series of the mineralizations. Another crucial aspect for the genesis of both Eastern Alps and extended this model to the alpine sparry mag- siderite and magnesite deposits is the timing of the mineralizing nesites. event. POHL & SIEGL presented an extensive overview of the The focus of this paper is on the magnesite and siderite mine- magnesite mineralizations of the Eastern Alps in 1986. ralizations of the Palaeozoic series of the Eastern Alps. The im- MÖLLER (1989) edited a monograph on magnesite summariz- portant siderite/haematite iron-ore province of Hüttenberg- ing the recent geochemical and mineralogical facts on the “mag- Waldenstein in the Austroalpine Crystalline Complex is not dis- nesite problem”. During more recent years, new fluid inclusion cussed in this paper. This iron-ore province is related to hydro- and isotope data for the sparry magnesite deposit of the Eastern thermal processes in connection to young tectonic activity with- Greywacke Zone provide strong evidence for formation of the out any relation to the mineralizations in the Palaeozoic series magnesite deposits by metasomatic replacement due to infiltrat- discussed here. ing salinar residual brines which originated in the Upper Perm- ian/Lower Triassic (e.g. PROCHASKA, 2000; PROCHASKA, 2. GENETIC MODELS PROPOSED IN THE PAST 2001; PROCHASKA & HENJES-KUNST, 2007). These obser- vations are considered to be of fundamental importance not only It is far beyond the scope of this chapter even to list the enor- for the genetic aspects of carbonate-hosted sparry magnesite mous amount of papers, published on the Austrian siderite and deposits but also hinting towards a consanguineous origin of the magnesite mineralizations since the start of modern geoscien- magnesite and siderite deposits of the Eastern Alps in general. tific investigation in approximately 1850. Therefore only the Very recent results obtained by radiometric age dating of the general trend in the genetic opinion is referred to and discussed. carbonate formation provide proof for Triassic ore formation Opinions concerning the genesis of the siderite mineraliza- (HENJES-KUNST et al., 2014; PROCHASKA & HENJES- tions of the Greywacke Zone are inconsistent (cum. cit. TOLL- KUNST, 2009). MANN, 1977), and discussion about this topic is a longstanding Earlier workers, especially PETRASCHECK (1926, 1932) in tradition. Different genetic models, including a synsedimentary his classic work on the metallogenetic zonation in the Eastern origin or an eoalpine vein-type and a metasomatic mineraliza- Alps, already mentioned a consanguineous origin of the alpine tion type have been proposed in the past. Early workers (e.g. sparry magnesite mineralizations and the siderite deposits as SCHOUPPE, 1854; VACEK, 1903) on this topic favoured syn- proposed here. Also other early investigators (REDLICH, 1907, genetic models, and at the turn of the century epigenetic models 1909; CLAR, 1956; FRIEDRICH, 1959, etc.) generally argued for the Erzberg type mineralization were proposed. for hydrothermal fluids of different origin like magmatic or More recent research concentrated on the investigation of metamorphic fluids of alpine (Neogene) age. Nevertheless these structural and geochemical features and also on comparative concepts never gained general acceptance at that time. studies (e.g. POHL, 1986) of the siderite mineralizations. In the 1970s, syngenetic models were favoured for the Erzberg mine- ralizations mainly because of the findings of minor banded ore 3. GEOLOGIC POSITION AND STRUCTURAL structures that were interpreted as primary sedimentary ore FEATURES OF THE MAGNESITE AND bands (BERAN, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979a, 1979b; BERAN & SIDERITE MINERALIZATIONS THALMANN, 1977, 1978). Following these arguments The magnesite and siderite mineralizations occur in the SCHULZ et al. (1997) described ore textures of the Erzberg de- Greywacke Zone, which is the Palaeozoic basement of the posit and postulated a marine-synsedimentary origin for the Mesozoic platform carbonates of the Upper Austroalpine mineralization. Recently an epigenetic genesis for siderite mine- nappe. Fundamental overviews of the geology and tec- ralization in the Greywacke Zone was reintroduced
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