Greeting We are proud to host the third Students Archaeology Symposium of Bamberg „SABA´16“ at the Otto-Friedrich- University Bamberg, Bavaria. Already since 2010 we have offered the oppurtuni- ty for European students of archaeology to present their theses. A special point of „SABA“ is the large spectrum of variegated archaeological disciplines, which are also teached at Bamberg University: Prehistory, Archaeology oft he Roman Provinces, Medi- eval and Post-Medieval Archaeology and Data Processing in Geoarchaeology as well as Islamic Archaeology. In this connection students get an idea of final papers of other BA- and MA-Students as well as the oppurtunity to exchange with all participants and to gain experiences, in keeping with the motto „For students from students“. In conclusion we are glad to announce an international conference with a wide range of presented issues, which took place from 31st of March to 2nd of April 2016. To conclude, we hope that you enjoy reading this conference transcript. The organisation team of SABA´16 (Bamberg, March 2016) Table of contents/ Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 Greeting/ Grußwort Block: material goods The earliest evidence of wheels and wagons in Neolithic Central Europe and Early Bronze Age of the Northern Pontic areas (3500–2200 BC) / Der früheste Nachweis von Wagenrädern im neo- lithischen Zentraleuropa und im Frühen Bronze Zeitalter der Schwarz-meerregion (3500 – 2200 v. Chr.). Sarah Bockmeyer , Manchester 5 Schötz-Schulhaus Hofmatt. A pit with ceramics from the elder Late Bronze Age at the Wau- wilermoos/ Schötz-Schulhaus Hofmatt. Eine Grube mit Keramik der älteren Spätbronzezeit am Wauwilermoos. Johannes Reich, Bern 11 Textiles and other organic adhesions of swords from Hallstatt-period of the Frankfurt region/ Textilien und weitere organische Auflagen auf hallstattzeitlichen Schwertern aus dem Frankfurter Raum. Elke Sichert, Marburg 17 The castle Oberinach, Canton Lucerne (CH) – an evaluation of the excavations./ Die Burg Ober- rinach, Kanton Luzern (CH) – Eine Auswertung der Ausgrabungen. Marco Hostettler, Bern/ Zürich 25 Block: burials Women Warriors? Female burials with Weapons in the Black Sea area / Frauen als Krieger? Frauengräber mit Waffenbeigaben in der Schwarzmeerregion. Despoina Vovoura, Thessaloniki 31 Where have all the children gone... Hallstatt period children burials in southern Germany/ Sag mir, wo die Kinder sind... Hallstattzeitliche Kinderbestattungen im süddeutschen Raum. Julia Daub, Würzburg 37 A comparative research between Macedonian tombs and the Scythian kurgans / Vergleichende Forschungen an makedonischen Gräbern und skytischen Kurganen. Peli Plika, Thessaloniki 44 Table of contents/ Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 The child in the cellar – a burial in the vicus of Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt/ Das Kind im Keller – eine Bestattung im Kastellvicus von Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Sarah Roth, Tübingen 50 Block: cult Hunting magic and theurgy in the paleolithic?/ Jagdzauber und Magie im Paläolithikum? Satria Quaijtaal, Berlin 56 Burials with artificial skull deformations from the Migration time/ Völkerwanderungszeitliche Grabfunde mit künstlicher Schädeldeformation. Astrid Schmölzer, Graz 64 Block: defense architecture Defensive Architecture in the Black Sea Region during the Age of Justinian I. / Verteidigungsar- chitektur in der Schwarzmeerregion zu Zeiten von Justinian I. Andreas Petratos. Thessaloniki 70 Medieval towers in Svaneti, Georgia, and their analogies on the other sides of the Caucasus / Mit- telalterliche Türme in Svaneti, Georgien, und deren Analogien auf der anderen Seite des Kauka- sus. Maciej Wierzbicki, Krakau 76 Block: architecture and settlement Keeping up with the Joneses: How to represent like an Attalid / Haltet es mit den Jones: Wie sich Attaliden darstellten. Stefan E.A. Wagner, Erlangen 82 The Bronze Age settlement on the Grepault near Trun. A contribution to the Bronze Age settle- ment history in the Central Alps/ Die bronzezeitliche Siedlung auf dem Grepault bei Trun. Ein Beitrag zur bronzezeitlichen Siedlungsgeschichte in den Zentralalpen. Mirco Brunner, Bern 86 Roman period features in Wetzlar-Dalheim and the Germanic presence in the middle Lahn area/ Fundkomplexe der Römischen Kaiserzeit aus Wetzlar-Dalheim und die germanische Besiedlung an der mittleren Lahn. Roman Zabolotnîi, Bamberg 92 Table of contents/ Inhaltsverzeichnis 4 Roman technology medieval used: in the presumably oldest watermill “mule de Werden” (first mentioned 1318) found aground the River Lahn near Wetzlar / Römische Technologie mittelal- terlich genutzt: in Hessens vermutlich ältester Wassermühle „mule de Werden“ (Ersterwähnung 1318) in der Lahn bei Wetzlar. Detlef Peukert, Marburg 98 Block: trade Trade during the 4th century in Germania based on finds from gravejards/ Handel im 4. Jh. n. Chr. in Germanien. Auf der Grundlage ausgewählter Grabbefunde. Andrea Ideli, Heidelberg 106 Block: archaeology and politics Romans behind the Iron Curtain: Exhibitions on Classical, Celtic and Roman Archaeology in a Hungarian County Museum, 1949-1989 (King Stephen Museum, Székesfehérvár) / Römer hinter dem Eisernen Vorhang: Ausstellungen der klassischen, keltischen und römischen Archäologie in einem ungarischen Landesmuseum, 1949 – 1989 (König Stephan-Museum, Székesfehérvár). Zoltán Pallag, Budapest 112 Medieval Archaeology in terms of nation building in theWestern Balkans since 1990: The situa- tion in Bosnia-Herzegovina/ Die Mittelalterarchäologie und die Nationenbildung auf dem West- balkan seit 1990: Die Situation in Bosnien-Herzegowina. Karsten Bracker, Bamberg 124 Acknowledgement/ Danksagung Sarah Bockmeyer, Manchester 5 The earliest evidence of wheels and wagons in Neolithic Central Europe and the Early Bronze Age of the northern Pontic areas (3500 – 2200 BC) by Sarah Bockmeyer (MA thesis) Introduction Wheels emerge around 3500 BC almost simultaneously in different areas of the world. In Central Europe they appear in three different areas: northern Germany and Poland, southern Germany with northern Switzerland and in the Carpathian Basin. At the same time we find early evidence for the emergence of the wheel in the Near East and the northern Pontic Areas, north of the Cau- casus (fig. 1). The question as to where the wheel originated has long been asked but has been answered in dif- ferent ways (Bakker, Kruk, Lanting et al. 1999: 778) not all of which are necessarily conducive to developing a strong narrative. New finds and new radiocarbon results now allow a new perspec- tive on the matter. The evidence can be divided into direct and indirect indicators for the knowledge and usage of the wheel; direct being represented by actual wheel or axle finds and indirect evidence being derived from models, petroglyphs, pictograms, etc. (Hayen 1980/81: 193) with a third distinction to make: Vehicles with four wheels are called wagons, vehicles with two wheels carts. Figure 1 Map of 'wheel provinces' after Schlichtherle 2002 fig. 30. (1) Flintbek, (2) Züschen, (3) Bronocice, For a better overview and to make my point clearer I (4) Zurich, (5) Federsee, (6) Stare Gmajne, (7) Buda- kalász, (8) Uruk shall divide the evidence into two phases, given that there seems to be a natural division around the turn of the 4th to the 3rd millennium BC. So I will deal with the evidence of the 4th millennium for all above mentioned regions before continuing with the 3rd millennium BC. At the end of this I will briefly present the evidence from the 4th millennium in the Near East as this is not actually an area I was dealing with during this study. The 4th millennium BC The earliest direct evidence is mostly found in two different areas, southern Central Europe and the northern Caucasus although one example was found in northern Central Europe as well. Sarah Bockmeyer, Manchester 6 In southern Central Europe, or more precisely the northern Alpine lakes, there are a few direct finds from the 4th millennium BC; most notably bipartite disc wheels that are held together by slide-in profiles and have a rectangular axle hole (fig. 2). This means that the wheel was fixed onto the axle which rotated underneath the cart. Wagons were most likely not possible with this construction as the axle had to be loaded to not roll away from underneath the vehicle (Schlichtherle 2004: 302). In northern Central Europe wagon tracks underneath a megalithic long barrow in Flintbek, Schleswig- Holstein of the Funnel Beaker Culture (TBK) prove the usage of wagons in that area between 3420 – 3385 calBC (Mischka 2011: 747). It is the only direct evi- dence that can be dated so early. Three burials that contained wheels are known from the Majkop Culture in the northern Caucasus. The wheels were placed on the grave and generally in poor Figure 2 Schematic figure of a bipartite wheel. After Schlichtherle 2002, fig. 10 condition (Trifonov 2004: 168, 173, ref. 1). It cannot be said with certainty in which phase of the Majkop Culture the wheels belong; they therefore could date to c. 3500 BC or later around 3300 BC. The current state of research however assumes that the wheels belong to the older phase of the Majkop Culture (Häusler 1980/81: 169). Partially contemporary with the Majkop Culture, in the same area and following into the 3rd mil- lennium BC are the Jamnaja- or Pit grave Cultures. Here, burials containing wheels are more common in the 4th millennium BC. Up to seven wheels but usually four wheels are placed around the pit-grave, normally one on each corner of the grave which led to the assumption that the graves are representative of