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MASARYK UNIVERSITY Antonín Čermák and Czechs in Chicago MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Antonín Čermák and Czechs in Chicago Final Thesis Brno 2016 Supervisor: Author: Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. Mgr. Martina Zálešáková 1 Declaration I hereby declare that I have worked on this thesis on my own and that I used only the sources mentioned in the bibliography. I agree with storing of this work in the library of the Faculty of Education at the Masaryk University Brno and making it accessible for study purposes. …………………………………………… Mgr. Martina Zálešáková 2 Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my supervisor Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. for his valuable advice, tolerant approach, kindness and patience he provided to me during my work. 3 Abstract The diploma thesis attempts to outline the Czech immigration to the United States especially to one of its biggest American cities, Chicago. The thesis also deals with explanation of related terminology such as assimilation and acculturation. On an example of a Czech American immigrant, Antonín Čermák, is throughout the work demonstrated the process of assimilation and acculturation. On his personality is clearly visible fluent adaption to the new American culture while also retaining his affection for the native culture. The thesis further highlights the effort of many Czech Americans to preserve their heritage such as the Czech language and Czech national traditions holding considerable number of activities throughout the year. Key words Immigration, immigrant, Czech Americans, assimilation, acculturation, Americanization, heritage, melting pot, salad bowl, push factors, pull factors. 4 CONTENT INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 6 1. IMMIGRATION.......................................................................................... 8 1.1 Push and pull factors and means .............................................................. 8 1.2 From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl .............................................................10 1.3 History of immigration to the USA and Chicago ................................... 11 1.4 The Czech immigration to the USA ........................................................12 1.5 Waves of immigration .............................................................................14 1.6 Antonín Čermák´s immigration to the USA ............................................15 2. ASSIMILATION ........................................................................................ 16 2.1 Acculturation and Americanization ....................................................... 17 2.2 Assimilation and acculturation ................................................................19 2.3 Preservation of the Czech language and Czech customs........................ 20 2.4 Czech cultural traces in Chicago ........................................................... 22 3. ANTONÍN ČERMÁK ............................................................................. 26 3.1 Čermák and his political career............................................................. 26 3.2 The mayor of Chicago (1931-1933) ..................................................... 27 3.3 Čermák versus Al Capone ..................................................................... 28 3.4 Čermák´s assassination and his funeral ................................................. 28 3.5 Perceptions of Antonín Čermák by media.............................................. 29 3.6 Perceptions of Antonín Čermák by a historian .......................................30 3.7 Antonín Čermák´s assimilation to the USA............................................ 32 CONCLUSION........................................................................................... 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................... 36 ELECTRONIC SOURCES...................................................................... 37 APPENDIX ................................................................................................ 40 5 INTRODUCTION The term migration and immigration has been one the most frequent topics of recent days and last few years. Hardly anyone would not notice what has been happening in Europe these days, the situation or state, which has been often called the European immigration crisis. Current situation in Europe can serve as clear evidence that migration, that is the movement of people from place to place, has been sort of natural need of human beings. What has been happening nowadays is not something unusual or extraordinary. In fact going back to history such examples were also visible in other parts of the world. The North American continent can serve as a great example as it was facing several immigration waves in the past. Even these days many people from various parts of the world long for moving and living in its northern parts, such as in the United States or Canada. This final thesis focuses on Czech immigration to the United States particularly to Chicago area. The immigration with the following process of assimilation and acculturation is throughout the work demonstrated on an example of Antonin Čermák, a Czech immigrant, who for his greatest achievement, the position of a Mayor of Chicago, could be certainly labelled as one of the most successful Czechs outside the Czech Republic. The thesis has been divided into three subsequent parts. In the first part the thesis explains the term immigration and states the main reasons for people leaving the Czech lands for the United States. The difficulty which Czech and all the other immigrants had to face as well as the many obstacles they had to overcome in an effort to adapt to the American culture will be covered in this section as well. As regards the immigrants in America, the explanation of the melting pot reference followed by a salad bowl or mosaic metaphor is also part of this section. A brief history of immigration to the United States is not omitted as it focuses mainly on Chicago area. Chicago, the largest city of the state Illinois, is then introduced in connection with the Czech minority living there in the past and now. 6 The next part concentrates on the process of assimilation and its different perception by several experts on the topic. In this section is also further explained other related terminology such as acculturation and Americanization. One of the subchapter bearing the name Preservation of Czech language and Czech customs along with the following one Czech cultural traces in Chicago aim to show the persistent interest of many Czech Americans in Czech culture and their native language. Various cultural events being organized by Czech-American countrymen will not be omitted as they are observed in order to preserve and remind roots of the homeland. The last chapter of the thesis deals with the personality of Antonín Čermák, his political career and relationship with Al Capone, how he adopted to the process of assimilation, to which category of immigrants he belonged and the perceptions of his personality by media and a historian. A part of this thesis is a summary table illustrating perception of Antonín Čermák by various media sources which is attached to this thesis in the Appendix. 7 1 IMMIGRATION The topic of this work, as the title of the thesis says, is very closely connected with the term immigration. The main character Antonín Čermák, born in the Czech Republic came into America along with his parents at his very early age. Due to the fact that he was born outside the USA, he is considered an immigrant even though he spent almost all of his childhood and the rest of his life in the USA. Immigration is related to the term migration – the movement of people from one country to another. (Senker 2008:6) This term describes the movement of people from their own country to settle permanently in another. These people are immigrants to their new country, and emigrants in their native country. Senker defines two groups of immigrants: - Legal immigrants have permission to settle in their new country - Illegal immigrants (also called undocumented migrants) live in the new country illegally, according to immigration law (ibid., p. 6) 1.1 Push and pull factors and means There are many reasons why people migrate. Some migration experts talk about “push and pull” factors. Push factors are those that make people leave their country. Perhaps they have little chance of making a good living. Their country may be affected by natural disasters, such as famine or floods, or by problems such as conflict, civil war, or political persecution. The decision to migrate is difficult and painful. It means leaving behind family and friends and travelling to an often-unknown destination. It is also expensive, so the decision is not taken lightly. (Senker 2008:7) Relatively few people leave their countries even if they are in a desperate situation – the poorest people are seldom the ones to move because they cannot afford to travel. (ibid., p7) Pull factors are those attracting, or literally pulling migrants to a new country. People may hope for a better standard of living and improved healthcare and education services, or they may want to live in a country with more freedoms – to escape from persecution and danger. They may desire a better life for their children. A huge wealth 8 gap between More Developed Countries and Less Developed Countries is one of the basic reasons for migration. For example, most
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