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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 107 517 SE 019 206 AUTHOR Hogerton, John F. TITLE Atomic Fuel, Understanding the Atom Series. Revised. INSTITUTION Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Div. of Technical Information. PUB DATE 64 NOTE 46p. AVAILABLE FROMUSAEC Technical Information Center, P. 0. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 EDP.S PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Economics; *Energy; *Fuels; Natural Resources; *Nuclear Physics; Pollution; Production Techniques; Padiation; Radioisotopes; Scientific Research; Utilities; Waste Disposal; Wastes IDENTIFIERS AEC; Atomic Energy Commission; *Nuclear Energy; Power Plants ABSTRACT This publication is part of the "Understanding the Atom" series. Complete sets of the seriesare available free to teachers, schools, and public librarians whocan make them available for reference or use by groups. Among the topics discussedare: What Atomic Fuel Is; The Odyssey of Uranium; Production of Uranium; Fabrication of Reactor Fuel Elements; Processing ofSpent Fuel; The Cost of Atomic Fuel; Atomic Fuel as an Energy Resource; and Atomic Fuel Utilization. A listing of books, reports, articles and motion pictures related to atomic fuels is included.(BT) U S DE PAR THE NT OF NEAT Th EoucA,00ra a WELFARE Wai-6473 NATIONAL INSTITUTE DT EDUCATION , - t fttA T.f f tt T ^,S , - , s- . .f P VrY 't ( Et f T PLrf .)"j4f.;\ViTr.4*"" TA.; 'A,Z 7.Pt a ospItce ray - 4.4=--, This is made available by ERDA United States Energy Research 0 and Development Administration rt Technical Information Center Oak Ridge. TN 37830 O The Understanding the Atom Series Nuclear energy is playing d vital role in the life of every man, woman, and child in the United States today. In the years ahead it will affect increasingly all the peoples of the edrtn. It is essential that all Americans gain an understanding of this vital force if they dre to dischargi thoughtfully their responsibilities db citizens and if they are to realize fully the myriad benefits that nuclear energy offers them. The United States Atomic Energy Commission provides this boDklet to help you achieve such understanding. ff.41g4, - 4 -10Z- Edward J. Brunenkant, Director Division of Technical Information UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman James T. Ramey Wilfrid E. Johnson Dr. Clarence E. Larson f") atomic fuel by John F. Hogerton CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 1 :'THAT ATOMIC FUEL IS . ....... 3 Fissionable and Fertile Materials 3 Natliral and Enriched Fuel - 4 Solid vs. Fluid Fuel ...... 4 Fuel Utilization THE ODYSSEY OF URANIUM PROOUCTION OF URANIUM . 6 Mining . 6 lilhnq 8 Refining . 9 Enrichment . .10 FABRICATION OF REACTOR FUEL ELEMENTS . .14 Chemical Cw,I,Prsion 15 Fabrication .16 PROCESSING OF SPENT FUEL . 19 Why Reprocessing Is Needed 19 How Reprocessing Is 0 one ..... 22 Radioactive 'Vaste Storage . 23 THE COST OF ATOMIC FUEL 25 Atomic Fuel vs Fossil Fuel Costs 25 Approximate Breakdown of Atomic Fuel Costs 27 ATOMIC FUEL AS AN ENERGY RESOURCE 28 U S. Energy Trends ....... 28 Fossil Fuel Reserves . .29 Atomic Fuel Reserves 32 ATOMIC FUEL UTILI/ATION 33 Converter Reactors . 33 Breeder Reactors ....... .34 The Logistics of Atomic Fuel Utilization . 35 The Strategy of Power Reactor Oevelopment 37 IN CONCLUSION 37 SUGGESHO REFERENCES . 38 United States Atomic Energy Commission Division of Technical Information Library of Congress Catalog :ard Number 64.60759 1963, 196 l(Rev.) ABOUT THE COVER The cover photograph show s the characteristic geo- metric arrangement of the fuel coreof a power reactor, in this casethe Ex- perimentalBoiling Water Reactor at Argonne NationalLaboratory. Itis a CO96.0 view looking down into the reactor ves- sel with the vessel head removed. The glow, known as Cerenkov radiation, is given off by the irradiated fuel. Courtesy Argonne National Laboratory ABOUT THE AUTHOR John F. Ilegerton is a chemical (B.K., Vale, 1911) and nuclear engineer whohas worked in the atomic indastr.% from its br ginning. lie is now anindependent consultant. Mr, liogerton was coauthor of the final report onthe wartime gaseous diffusion project atOak Ridge. lie also served on the Manhattan Project Editorial AdvisoryBoard, which coordinated the w toting of the multivolume NationalNuclear Energy Series. the first edition of the Atomic EnergyCommission's four- volume RtadoP Handbook was edited by Mr. llogerton.For the American of Mechanical Engineers, hecontributed to A Glossary of Terms in Nuileal Science and Technologyand wrote the widely used booklet Uranium, Plutoniumand Industry. For the AEC he wrote the 195t+ Genera Conferencecommemorative volume, Atoms to, Pcmc 1958: a one-volume encyclopedia, The Atomic Luc; gy Deskbook, published in 1963, andNuclear Reactors, a pre- eding booklet in this series. Portions of this pamphlet have been ad iptedfront Report Numberof Empire State Atomic Devek,1 meat Associates, Inc ,with the kind perimmon of Chit organization atomic fuel By John F. Hogerton INTRODUCTION If you lived next to a large coal-firedpov... you might well wake up several morningsa wt.t.*<. ...e sound of a freight train rumblingin to deliver fuel. Certainly you would be aware of a big supply operation,for such a plant consumes several thousand tons of coala day. But if you lived next to an atomicpower plant you prob- ably wouldn't even notice the arrival,every year or so, of a few truck loads of atomic fuel. The difference in the scale of supplyoperations reflects the difference in energy content betweenconventional and atomic fuels. One cubic foot ofuranium has the same en- ergy content as 1.7 million tons of coal, 7.2million barrels of oil, or 32 billion cubic feet ofnatural gas. In today's atomic power plants only avery small fraction of the po- tential energy value of the fuel is extractedin a single cycle of operation (see later discussion), buteven so a truck load of atomic fuel substitutes formany trainloads of coal. Let's make the same point in anotherway. A useful rule of thumb to remember is that forevery gram of atomic fuel actually consumed (i.e., made to undergonuclear fission), approximately one "megawatt-day" of heatis released. *A megawatt is 1000 kilowatts. To speakof a megawatt-day of heat means that heat is generated ata rate of 1000 kilowatts over a period of 21 hours. 1 1111114.11.11...., ow...AWL;r14 d ilt 01 110 =ha Irapt), erg ,rel It m( qt to) Man Maw, reactorTlw plastic ittt t;orrr Mr rrl( Ir for a e, nr,loppoel; tool looalloo; I '1 When allowances ale made for losses inconverting the heat to electric power,. this correspondsto au output of about 7000 kilowatt-hours ut electricity --enoughto take care of the averag, tannly's household needsfor something like two years. In a modern coal-tired powerplant, seven-tenths of a pound of coal is consumed perkilowatt-hour of elec- rical output.It thus takes 70000.7 or 4900 pounds (2.5 tons) of coal to do the work that can bedone with each grain of atomic fuel consumed. Still another illustration is the factthat our atomic- powered submarines are capable of cruisingseveral times around the world on a single fuel loading.Even Jules Verne, who had the imagination to write :'o.fit,f11,«/1;(« OW( r11H 2 st ft a century ago, did not foresee so concentrated an en- ergy source. To return to the atomic power plant in your neighborhood, if you happened to get a glimpse of some of the fuelas it was being unloaded, what would you see? You would see something that might surprise you, namely a number of long and beautifull:, m-de metallic objects called "fuel ele- ments." Inthis booklet we will find out why atomic fuel takes this form, how it is produced, what it costs, and what sort of energy restive it represents. And in thesepages you will find the key to the promise of atomic power. WHAT ATOMIC FUEL IS Fissionable and Fertile Materials By atomic fuel' we mean, in this booklet,fuel for a nu- clear reactor, for reactors are themeans by which the energy of nuclear fission is harnessed. Atomic fuel consists basically ofa mixture of fissionable and fertile materials. The essential ingredientis a fission- able material, a material chat readily undergoes nuclear fission when struck b, neutrons. The only naturally avail- able fissionable material is Iranium-235,an isotope of ura- nium constituting less than l`c (actually 0.71'4) of the ele- ment as found in nature. Almost all the rest (99.2) of the naturaluranium ele- ment is the uranium-238 isotope, which is of interest tous for a different but related reason. For when neutronsstrike uranium-238 a fissionable material is generallyformed, namely plutonium-239. So, although naturaluranium actually contains only a little fissionable matter, almost all of itcan be converted to fissionable matter. rills noel,forerunner of today's science fiction, deals with the Noyage of the Nautilus, a futuristic craft pov,ered byelectro- chemical means. 1hatonlic-pov,ered UPSNautilus isits name- sake. tt ma% also apply to the heat source in isotope gen- cialot ()I "Ill1( kat' Litt( 1 rem Ilere heat C0111(, 11'0111I adlOaC- t.1%(' di e.11. :)t.'eP(//1( fr1) Ow 161(11m,..otopes, a companion booklet in thr, ,ei f-Foi Info' illation on this stMject see h 1?«1( tut a com- panion booklet in thissetter. 3 Because it has the property of being convertible to a fis- sionable material, uranium-238 is called a fertile material. A second substance that has this property is the element thorium. Its fissionable derivative is still another isotope of uranium, uranium-233.4' Natural and Enriched Fuel It is possible to achieve a self-sustaining fission reac- tion with the natural mixture of uranium-235 and uranium- 238, so that natural uranium can be used as a reactor fuel.
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