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Unit 9 Photo Editing UNIT 9 PHOTO EDITING Structure 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Learning Outcomes 9.2 What is Photo Editing? 9.3 History of Photo Editing 9.4 Digital Workflow 9.5 Basic Image Editing 9.5.1 Types of Graphics 9.5.2 Photo Editing Software 9.5.3 Editing Tools 9.5.4 Digital Image File Formats 9.6 Digital Art 9.7 Ethical Issues 9.8 Let Us Sum Up 9.9 Key Words 9.10 Further Readings 9.11 Check Your Progress: Possible Answers 9.0 INTRODUCTION In this unit you will learn about the what and how of Photo Editing. You will be introduced to basic image editing techniques employed during the era of film photography and will be taken through its evolution over the years, till today, the era of digital photography. You will also read about various features of a photo editing software and their uses in photo editing. You will also be apprised of the process that is followed in order to edit digital photographs. Lastly, we shall discuss the impact and the socio-psychological repercussions arising due to photograph manipulation around the world in the social media along with other ethical issues. 9.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES After going through this unit, you will be able to: ● discuss the evolution of photo editing; ● describe the use of various features of a photo editing software; and ● ascertain the use and impact of photo editing in digital era. 9.2 WHAT IS PHOTO EDITING? You may recall seeing images in newspapers with text on them. These could be advertisements or simple posters or banners. It is understood that the text has been added to the photograph digitally. This is a basic example of photo editing. Simply put, when an image is changed, altered or even tweaked, it is defined as photo editing. One may attribute photo editing to the digital era, while the truth is that the film medium was also not untouched by ways MJM-027_NEW SETTING_5th Proof.indd 137 05-05-2021 12:30:47 Digital Photography of photo editing. From changing the composition of chemical washes to softening the photograph with use of filters, photo editing has been used to make the photograph more suitable for whatever purpose it was clicked. 9.3 HISTORY OF PHOTO EDITING You may recall seeing old family portraits, of your grandparents. They looked different from what your parents said about them. The eyebrows looked darker, skin more porcelain like, and moustaches more waxed. Ever wondered why? Earlier, before the advent of computers, people used to edit the photographs by hand. While some methods employed the exposure techniques like burning and dodging, some photographs were pasted by exposing two negatives together, or by double exposure. Paint, ink pens and air brushes were used on some to paint or darken the hair, brows and eyes and clear the skin. The airbrushing technique led to the software which is used today to be named so as well. Paint was used to highlight or darken few areas in the photograph. Few filters were used in front of the enlargers in order to expose the negative differently. Traditional prints could be altered while exposing, or by scratching the negative manually. These were also called darkroom manipulations. Some also included bleaching portions of the photograph to colouring certain parts of the photograph by hand to resemble a painting. Earliest examples include a composited photograph of Abraham Lincoln, using his head from one portrait, and body of another famous person from another portrait. Image Source: Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commonshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manipulated_ portrait_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1860%27s).jpg Figure 1: Compositing Lincoln’s face over a photograph A lot of world leaders used photography as propaganda, for e.g. Russian leader Stalin frequently edited his political contemporaries in and out of the photographs to suit the party inclinations. John Heartfield manipulated photographs by using a technique called 138 MJM-027_NEW SETTING_5th Proof.indd 138 05-05-2021 12:30:47 photomontage. His manipulated photos worked to critically analyse the Photo Editing Nazi propaganda with the help of media platforms. Photo editing as we know today was made possible by Adobe Photoshop. Photoshop was launched in 1987. Since then, it has become so popular that the word ‘photoshop’ has started meaning photo editing in general. This software is used till date by the professional photo editors as well. The first open source image editing software General Image Manipulation Program or GIMP was launched in 1995, making image editing accessible to everyone. Today various software such as Darktable, Digikam and Photivo are available as open source. These software enable editing in various formats and also help in organizing and sharing the photographs over social media as well. In 2011, the photo editing app Fotolr Photo editor was released on the android app store, making photo editing possible even for the masses. Today all smartphone cameras allow for Automatic Image Enhancement, which removes the need for basic editing. It clears and brightens the skin and darkens eyes and hair along with adding few more filters. Check Your Progress 1 Note: 1) Use the space below for your answers. 2) Compare your answers with those given at the end of this unit. 1. What were the tools used to edit photographs in the film era? .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. 2. Write a short note on Photoshop. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. 9.4 DIGITAL WORKFLOW Digital photography has made photo editing much simpler and accessible to all today. Every photographer today has to now follow a digital workflow in order to edit, display and archive the photographs. One may personalize this workflow according to his/her own need. Here we shall discuss the workflow step by step. 1. Capturing the photograph – you would have learnt about this step in the previous chapters. Scanning hard copies of old photographs also digitizes them and helps in taking them through further steps. 2. Transferring or Dumping the photographs – Digital technology allows for formatting and using the same chip again and again for photography. This makes losing the captured photographs very easy. Thus you must transfer the photographs after each shoot onto a hard 139 MJM-027_NEW SETTING_5th Proof.indd 139 05-05-2021 12:30:47 Digital Photography disk, in a desktop or laptop. One may also create separate folders and name the photographs accordingly. The entire series may be named sequentially after that, like Cityscape1.jpg. Cityscape2.jpg, etc. This makes indexing and finding photographs later easier. 3. Editing the photographs – we shall discuss this in detail in next section. 4. Displaying photographs – Nowadays you can share photos through a pen drive, CDs and other memory cards. You may also share it through mail or upload through social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. You may also upload them on websites such as Flickr and create an online gallery for oneself. Today you can also change the privacy settings and control who can watch these photos and who cannot. Photos can also be used in other media formats, like using them in desktop publishing to be printed in some magazine, or incorporated in a film or a video, or make a montage to be played on any screen. 5. Archiving photographs – While social media archives these photographs automatically, one may create another backup in a hard disk for future storage. While photos shot on film used to yellow over time, digital photographs stay the same over years. Digital photography was initially shunned by film photographers but over the course of time, it has gained acceptance. Similarly, photo editing was also looked down upon by the eminent names of the field, but today not only retouching is justified, but digital art is also rising as a new field of expression and creativity. 9.5 BASIC IMAGE EDITING Here, in this section, we shall discuss basic image editing including types of graphics, photo editing software, editing tools, their uses and various file formats of digital images. 9.5.1 Types of Graphics Firstly let us discuss what are graphics. Graphics are images created or converted digitally. There are primarily two types of graphics: Vector and Raster Graphics. Vector graphics : These are mathematical representations of the lines and curves present in an image. These types of graphics are used to create logos and other graphics that need to be independent of resolution. As a result, they do not pixelate when enlarged. These type of images can be enlarged to any proportion or size without getting pixelated or losing definition. Adobe Illustrator is used for creating graphics of this type. Raster Graphics: these are pixel based images which have a predefined resolution. They are altered pixel-by-pixel in image
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