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Wine Grape Cultivar Performance in the Four Corners Region of New

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Wine Grape Cultivar Performance in the Four Corners Region of New intermountain western United States, Wine Grape Cultivar Performance in the Four the region is bounded by several Corners Region of New Mexico in 2010–12 mountain ranges with peaks greater than 2900 m and is of varied topog- raphy from mountain foothills, ex- Kevin Lombard1,4, Bernd Maier2, Franklin J. Thomas1, pansive mesas, to narrow fertile river Mick O’Neill1, Samuel Allen1, and Rob Heyduck3 valleys. The La Plata, Animas, and San Juan rivers provide irrigation water to small-scale valley-bottom farms in ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. freeze damage, grapevine, high-elevation viticulture, these respective valleys. Navajo Lake interspecific Vitis sp. hybrid, V. vinifera (63.1 km2 and fed by the upper San Juan River) provides irrigation wa- SUMMARY. Commercial wine grape (Vitis sp.) production in northwestern New Mexico and the greater Four Corners region is now supported by four wineries. The ter to the greater than 80,000 acre challenges of growing grape vines in northwestern New Mexico include cold winter Navajo Agricultural Products Indus- temperatures and killing spring frosts exacerbated by a semiarid climate and try farm, a Navajo Nation commercial elevations exceeding 1700 m. Nineteen nongrafted European wine grape (Vitis farm entity located on a mesa top vinifera) and interspecific hybrid wine grape cultivars were planted in 2007 and south of Farmington, NM. Regional evaluated between 2010 and 2012. Among European wine grape cultivars, Agria, climate is high desert, semiarid (due Malbec, Sangiovese, Viognier, Mu¨ller-Thurgau, and Sauvignon Blanc performed to nearby mountainous rain shadow poorly or failed altogether. Interspecific hybrid cultivars Baco Noir, Kozma 55, effect) with a mean annual precipita- Leon Millot, Chardonel, Seyval Blanc, Siegfried, Traminette, Valvin Muscat, and tion of 8.16 inches (207.264 mm) Vidal Blanc showed greater adaptability to a high-elevation intermountain western U.S. site, yielding on greater than 71% of their vines in each year (except Kozma 55 (Smeal, 2006). Daily diurnal tem- which only produced on 38% of its vines in 2012 due to severe spring frost damage). perature variation is extreme, easily We speculate that fruit-bearing shoots on these vines arose from latent buds that swinging 20 °C. survived when primary buds were killed from spring frost events. Once vines were Cultivar evaluation research is established, grape berry sugar and pH appeared to be within acceptable ranges an important step in determining (3-year mean above 21% soluble solids and juice pH of 3.2), suggesting regional commercial viability of grape cultivars potential to produce favorable wines within acceptable commercial wine grape in various mesoclimates of poten- production ranges. Selection of sites without considerable frost risk and other tial production regions. In the in- mesoclimate variances is critical when considering vineyard establishment at high- termountain western United States, elevation locations. viticultural performance has been evaluated primarily at low-elevation renaissance in locally pro- region, that portion of the south- sites such as Prosser, WA, elevation duced, locally branded foods western United States where the 270 m (Davenport et al., 2008; Keller A is occurring in the Four Corners state boundaries of New Mexico, et al., 2005; Mills et al., 2006); Arizona, Colorado, and Utah con- Summerland, BC, Canada (interior), Thanks to Jeremiah Baumgartel, Don Hyder, Richard verge. Growers again view fruit crops, elevation 454 m (Reynolds et al., Heerema, Dawn Vanleeuwen, and other peer re- including wine grape, as a profitable 2004); and Parma, ID, elevation viewers for their helpful critique of this manuscript. specialty crop to propel a local agri- 750 m (Fallahi et al., 2005; Shellie, We also thank Dave Arnold (Wines of the San Juan, Turley, NM), Henry Street (Ponderosa Valley Vineyards cultural/tourism economy. Current 2007). High-elevation trials have and Winery, Ponderosa, NM), Bart Wilsey, Paulo private grape acreage in the entire been reported for Reno, NV, eleva- D’Andrea (Luna Rossa Winery and NM Vineyards, Deming, NM), and Double A. Vineyards (Fredonia, Four Corners region is 20 ha, but tion 1373 m (Evans et al., 2005) NY) for their support of this project. Thanks to the is supported by at least four boutique and Grand Junction, CO, elevation Navajo Agricultural Products Industry for soil/compost wineries with vineyards, and the num- 1414 m (Caspari and Montano, 2012; analysis. Thanks to Jerry Dangl and the University of California Plant Foundation Laboratory (Davis, CA) ber of small test vineyards established Hamman, 1993; Hamman et al., for assistance with the DNA analysis. Thanks to the in the area is increasing. 1998). Northwestern New Mexico NMSU-Agricultural Experiment Station (Las Cruces, Northwestern New Mexico has geography and climate closely re- NM) and San Juan College (Farmington, NM) for salary and funding support. Thanks to Aiessa Wages high-elevation geography and a cli- sembles Grand Junction, CO’s, and and Latisha Yazzie for help in the vineyard during mate typical of many parts of the northwestern New Mexico growers summers. Use of trade names does not imply endorsement of the products named nor criticism of similar ones not named. Units 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Science Center at Farmington, New To convert U.S. to SI, To convert SI to U.S., Mexico State University, P.O. Box 1018, Farmington, multiply by U.S. unit SI unit multiply by NM 87499-1018 0.4047 acre(s) ha 2.4711 2Extension Viticulture Specialist, New Mexico State 29.5735 fl oz mL 0.0338 University Cooperative Extension Service Viticulture 0.3048 ft m 3.2808 Specialist, P.O. Box 30003 MSC 3AE, Las Cruces, 2.54 inch(es) cm 0.3937 NM 88003 25.4 inch(es) mm 0.0394 3John T. Harrington Forestry Research Center, New 0.4536 lb kg 2.2046 Mexico State University, P.O. Box 359, Mora, NM 1.1209 lb/acre kgÁha–1 0.8922 87732 2.5900 mile2 km2 0.3861 4Corresponding author. E-mail address: klombard@ 1 ppm mgÁkg–1 1 nmsu.edu. (°F – 32) O 1.8 °F °C(°C · 1.8) + 32 • October 2013 23(5) 699 VARIETY TRIALS often reference viticultural work con- cultivars tested were in replicated and 2007; J. Dangl, personal communica- ducted there. As a whole, these stud- unreplicated plots. Moreover, no tion). Rootstocks were not used in this ies from low- and high-elevation sites commercial wineries existed in the trial because of the extreme risk of share some similarities with north- area when earlier research was con- winterkill below the graft union at our western New Mexico and offer some ducted, nor was information made high-elevation site. cultivar performance information for widely available as peer-reviewed Vines were planted 3 July 2007 semiarid conditions. work. Historical minimum and max- on 4-ft spacing between vines and Like Grand Junction, north- imum temperature means recorded 12 ft between rows in a north-south western New Mexico has high solar at the ASC-Farmington range from orientation, totaling 1 acre. Vines irradiation, which amplifies minimum– 19 to 41 °F (–7.2 to 5.0 °C) in were trained to the cordon wire be- maximum temperatures (Hamman Januaryto60to91°F (15.8 to tween 2007 and 2009 growing sea- et al., 1998). However, northwest- 32.8 °C) in July (Smeal et al., 2006), sons as single trunks using a two-wire ern New Mexico is 300 m higher suggesting a suitable climate for wine vertical trellis (simple curtain) system. in elevation than Grand Junction. A grape production. Considering large This was accomplished by training mean temperature decline (tempera- informational gaps and renewed in- a single cane to the cordon wire ture lapse rate) of 0.65 °C for every terest in grapes, growers are request- located 5 ft aboveground, bending 100 m increase in elevation (Wallace ing up-to-date information on cultivar and tying it along the fruiting wire and Hobbs, 2006) can be assumed adaptability to northwestern New 4 ft in length and allowing shoots to and temperature lapse rates vary across Mexico’s mesoclimates. This report droop over a foliage support wire high-elevation, complex terrain, lee- describes grapevine production per- located 12 inches above the cordon ward and windward slopes, and valley formance of 19 nongrafted red and wire. Drip lines with 1.5 LÁh–1 emit- floors (Minder et al., 2010; Rolland, white wine grape cultivars. ters spaced every 2 ft provided irriga- 2002). Given these site-specific fac- tion to vines, primarily between tors, cultivar performance compari- Materials and methods flowering and veraison, and posthar- sons between sites begin to diverge. The ASC-Farmington experimen- vest. In 2011, 15 inches total water Forgotten in sparsely circulated tal vineyard is located at an elevation of was applied and in 2012, that amount research reports is the Grape and 1720 m (lat. 36°41#20.95$ N, long. increased to 20 inches. Vines were top Wine Production in the Four Corners 108°18#45.56$W). Soil is classified as dressed with compost (450 mgÁkg–1 Region formative work, conducted in a Doak sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, nitrate) in May 2010. Vines received the late 1960s and 1970s by Dutt et al. mesic Typic Haplargid), having a pH 20 lb/acre nitrogen in the form of (1981) and Mielke et al. (1980) with above 8 and containing less than 1% urea ammonium nitrate [UAN (32N– cooperators from the New Mexico organic matter (Keetch, 1980). 0P–0K)] in 2012. State University (NMSU) Agricul- A total of ten red and nine white Vines were hand pruned each tural Science Center at Farmington wine European wine grape, interspe- year during dormancy between late (ASC-Farmington). Their work was cific hybrids, and North American March and early April. Western bind- partially connected to Grand Junc- grape cultivars (Table 1) were ob- weed (Convulvulus arvensis) control tion’s early wine grape trials (Mielke tained in Spring 2007 in the form of was attained through periodic spot et al., 1980).
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