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The Bilimek Pulque Vessel (From in His Argument for the Tentative Date of 1 Ozomatli, Seler (1902-1923:2:923) Called Atten- Nicholson and Quiñones Keber 1983:No
CHAPTER 9 The BilimekPulqueVessel:Starlore, Calendrics,andCosmologyof LatePostclassicCentralMexico The Bilimek Vessel of the Museum für Völkerkunde in Vienna is a tour de force of Aztec lapidary art (Figure 1). Carved in dark-green phyllite, the vessel is covered with complex iconographic scenes. Eduard Seler (1902, 1902-1923:2:913-952) was the first to interpret its a function and iconographic significance, noting that the imagery concerns the beverage pulque, or octli, the fermented juice of the maguey. In his pioneering analysis, Seler discussed many of the more esoteric aspects of the cult of pulque in ancient highland Mexico. In this study, I address the significance of pulque in Aztec mythology, cosmology, and calendrics and note that the Bilimek Vessel is a powerful period-ending statement pertaining to star gods of the night sky, cosmic battle, and the completion of the Aztec 52-year cycle. The Iconography of the Bilimek Vessel The most prominent element on the Bilimek Vessel is the large head projecting from the side of the vase (Figure 2a). Noting the bone jaw and fringe of malinalli grass hair, Seler (1902-1923:2:916) suggested that the head represents the day sign Malinalli, which for the b Aztec frequently appears as a skeletal head with malinalli hair (Figure 2b). However, because the head is not accompanied by the numeral coefficient required for a completetonalpohualli Figure 2. Comparison of face date, Seler rejected the Malinalli identification. Based on the appearance of the date 8 Flint on front of Bilimek Vessel with Aztec Malinalli sign: (a) face on on the vessel rim, Seler suggested that the face is the day sign Ozomatli, with an inferred Bilimek Vessel, note malinalli tonalpohualli reference to the trecena 1 Ozomatli (1902-1923:2:922-923). -
EVERYTHING ABOUT PULQUE AGAVOLOGY 'Water from the Green Plants…'
EVERYTHING ABOUT PULQUE AGAVOLOGY 'Water from the green plants…' Tequila's predecessor, pulque, or octli, was made from as many as six types of agave grown in the Mexican highlands. Pulque is one of about thirty different alcoholic beverages made from agave in Mexico - many of which are still made regionally, although seldom available commercially. The drink has remained essential to diet in the central highlands of Mexico since pre-Aztec times. Pulque is like beer - it has a low alcoTeqhol content, about 4-8%, but also contains vegetable proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins, so it also acts as a nutritional supplement in many communities. Unlike tequila or mezcal, the agave sap is not cooked prior to fermentation for pulque. Pulque, is an alcoholic spirit obtained by the fermentation of the sweetened sap of several species of 'pulqueros magueyes' (pulque agaves), also known as Maguey Agaves. It is a traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica. Though it is commonly believed to be a beer, the main carbohydrate is a complex form of fructose rather than starch. The word 'pulque' comes from the Náhuatl Indian root word poliuhqui, meaning 'disturbed'. There are about twenty species of agave and several varieties of pulque. Of these there was one that was called "metlaloctli" ie "blue pulque," for its colouration. Plant Sources of Pulque The maguey plant is not a cactus (as has sometimes been mistakenly suggested) but an Agave, believed to be the Giant Agave (Agave salmiana subspecies salmiana). The plant was one of the most sacred plants in Mexico and had a prominent place in mythology, religious rituals, and Mesoamerican industry. -
Pulque, a Traditional Mexican Alcoholic Fermented Beverage: Historical, Microbiological, and Technical Aspects
REVIEW published: 30 June 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01026 Pulque, a Traditional Mexican Alcoholic Fermented Beverage: Historical, Microbiological, and Technical Aspects Adelfo Escalante 1*, David R. López Soto 1, Judith E. Velázquez Gutiérrez 2, Martha Giles-Gómez 3, Francisco Bolívar 1 and Agustín López-Munguía 1 1 Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico, 2 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico, 3 Vagabundo Cultural, Atitalaquia, Mexico Pulque is a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage produced from the fermentation of the fresh sap known as aguamiel (mead) extracted from several species of Agave (maguey) plants that grow in the Central Mexico plateau. Currently, pulque is produced, sold and consumed in popular districts of Mexico City and rural areas. The fermented product is a milky white, viscous, and slightly acidic liquid beverage with an alcohol content between 4 and 7◦ GL and history of consumption that dates back to pre-Hispanic times. In this contribution, we review the traditional pulque production Edited by: process, including the microbiota involved in the biochemical changes that take place Jyoti Prakash Tamang, Sikkim University, India during aguamiel fermentation. We discuss the historical relevance and the benefits of Reviewed by: pulque consumption, its chemical and nutritional properties, including the health benefits Matthias Sipiczki, associated with diverse lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential isolated from the University of Debrecen, Hungary Giulia Tabanelli, beverage. Finally, we describe the actual status of pulque production as well as the social, Università di Bologna, Italy scientific and technological challenges faced to preserve and improve the production of *Correspondence: this ancestral beverage and Mexican cultural heritage. -
Aztec Festivals of the Rain Gods
Michael Graulich Aztec Festivals of the Rain Gods Aunque contiene ritos indiscutiblemente agrícolas, el antiguo calendario festivo de veintenas (o 'meses') de la época azteca resulta totalmente desplazado en cuanto a las temporadas, puesto que carece de intercalados que adaptan el año solar de 365 días a la duración efectiva del año tropical. Creo haber demostrado en diversas pu- blicaciones que las fiestas pueden ser interpretadas en rigor sólo en relación con su posición original, no corrida aún. El presente trabajo muestra cómo los rituales y la re- partición absolutamente regular y lógica de las vein- tenas, dedicadas esencialmente a las deidades de la llu- via - tres en la temporada de lluvias y una en la tempo- rada de sequía - confirman el fenómeno del desplaza- miento. The Central Mexican festivals of the solar year are described with consi- derable detail in XVIth century sources and some of them have even been stu- died by modern investigators (Paso y Troncoso 1898; Seler 1899; Margain Araujo 1945; Acosta Saignes 1950; Nowotny 1968; Broda 1970, 1971; Kirchhoff 1971). New interpretations are nevertheless still possible, especially since the festivals have never been studied as a whole, with reference to the myths they reenacted, and therefore, could not be put in a proper perspective. Until now, the rituals of the 18 veintenas {twenty-day 'months') have always been interpreted according to their position in the solar year at the time they were first described to the Spaniards. Such festivals with agricultural rites have been interpreted, for example, as sowing or harvest festivals on the sole ground that in the 16th century they more or less coincided with those seasonal events. -
Legend of the Tepozteco: Mesoamerican and Catholic Mythology
LEGEND OF THE TEPOZTECO: MESOAMERICAN AND CATHOLIC MYTHOLOGY Margarita Vargas-Betancourt Stone Center of Latin American Studies Tulane University Prepared for delivery at the 2004 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas, Nevada October 7-9, 2004 Tepoztlan, a town located south of Mexico City, under a ridge of mountains known as the Ridge of Tepoztlan, has become a favorite subject of anthropological research. The reason for this is that its history has exemplified the continuity of certain pre-Hispanic traditions and the transformation that the conquest produced in rural communities, as well as the change and resistance that the process of modernization has brought about in modern Mexico (Corona Caraveo, 1999: 15-16). Doubtless, the most renowned studies are Robert Redfield’s Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village (1930), Oscar Lewis’ Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied (1951) and Tepoztlan, Village in Mexico (1960), and Claudio Lomnitz-Adler’s Evolución de una sociedad rural (1982). These studies are excellent anthropological records of life in Tepoztlan (Tostado Gutiérrez, 1998: 9). However, more than analyzing the myths, they deal with the changes Tepoztlan underwent as modernization and industrialization took place in the country. Philip K. Bock’s “Tepoztlan Reconsidered” (1980) complements these analyses because it explains why the traditional systems have survived in the town. The legends of Tepozteco and the ritual in which he is commemorated are keynotes in the preservation and revitalization of collective memory. The word Tepozteco designates several entities. It refers to Tepoztecatl, the pulque god whose temple is on top of one of the mountains that make up the ridge, but it also denotes the mountain per se, and sometimes it refers to the wind. -
The Museum of the Templo Mayor Photo by José Ignacio González Manterola González José by Photo Ignacio
The Museum of the Templo Mayor The Museum of the Templo Mayor, designed by architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, was created to display more than 7,000 objects found in excavations which took place between 1978 and 1982 at the site of what was once the main temple of the Mexicas. Inaugurated on October 12th, 1987, the museum recreates the duality of life and death, water and war, agriculture and tribute, symbols of Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli, deities to whom the Main Temple of Tenochtitlan was dedicated. View of the facade of the Eagle Warrior. Photo by Luis Antonio Zavala Antonio Luis by Photo Warrior. Eagle Museum of the Templo Mayor Photo by José Ignacio González Manterola González José by Photo Ignacio Tlaltecuhtli A few steps from the museum foyer lies the imposing relief of Tlaltecuhtli, the Earth goddess of the Mexicas. A monolith weighing almost 12 tons that was originally placed at the foot of the Main Temple was discovered in October 2006 on the property of the Nava Chávez estate, on the corner of Guatemala and Argentina Streets. Thanks to 3 years of arduous and detailed restoration work, the visitor can see the impressive representation of this deity in its original polychrome. Historical Background This room presents a panorama of the research developed about the Mexica culture since the first archeological discoveries in 1790 until the present time. A model at the entrance to the room illustrates the places where the most important pre-Hispanic pieces were found in the main square of Mexico City. ROOM 1 ROOM The visitor can see objects found in the first excavations of the Main Temple from the beginning of the 20th century until the Templo Mayor Project, initiated in 1978 as a result of the discovery of the great circular sculpture of the goddess Coyolxauhqui. -
View / Open Fitzgerald Oregon 0171A 12525.Pdf
UNHOLY PEDAGOGY: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE, INDIGENOUS INTERMEDIARIES, AND THE LESSONS FROM SPANISH COLONIAL LEARNINGSCAPES, 1400—1650 by JOSHUA JACOB FITZGERALD A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of History and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2019 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Joshua Jacob Fitzgerald Title: Unholy Pedagogy: Local Knowledge, Indigenous Intermediaries, and the Lessons of Spanish Colonial Learningscapes, 1400—1650. This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of History by: Robert Haskett Chairperson, Advisor Carlos Aguirre Core Member Jeffery Ostler Core Member Stephanie Wood Core Member Brian Klopotek Institutional Representative and Janet Woodruff-Borden Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2019 ii © 2019 Joshua Jacob Fitzgerald Add Creative Commons info if appropriate iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Joshua Jacob Fitzgerald Doctor of Philosophy Department of History June 2019 Title: Unholy Pedagogy: Local Knowledge, Indigenous Intermediaries, and the Lessons from Spanish Colonial Learningscapes, 1400—1650. Mexico’s history of Unholy Pedagogy examines the history of colonial education schooling It argues that Nahua students 350 words iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Joshua Jacob Fitzgerald GRADUATE AND -
I PASS BY, I WALK and DANCE GUIDED by HARMONIOUS COUNTING Mathematical Theory of the Universe Origin and the Order of the C
I PASS BY, I WALK AND DANCE GUIDED BY HARMONIOUS COUNTING Mathematical theory of the Universe origin and the order of the corn account, within the Dance of the Anahuac Nation. Everardo Lara González FOREWORD This work continues the first research initiated in 1987 and published in 1993, under the name Mathematics and Symbolism in the Native dance of Mexico. I consider that, since that year, I was involved in the very first intuition of math within the traditional dance of the Anahuac. This mathematical intuition arose through the teachings generously transmitted by two persons, outstanding in their own specific areas of study: Engineer David Esparza Hidalgo, with regard to the mathematical knowledge of the Nepohualtzintzin, who devoted himself for more than thirty years of his life to the research of the Mesoamerican calculating system, as well as the contribution of the general captain of the Mesoamerican Dance, Ignacio Cortés, founder of the Tenoch group and one of the sponsors of the process for getting away from syncretism within this discipline and who, within his rehearsals of the traditional dance, suggested the presence of numbers within the rhythmic process. Afterwards, Master Cruz Hernández Ibarra, captain of the traditional dance belonging to the Mesa del Santo Niño de Atocha, kindly accepted to give information by means of interviews which were videotaped; in those interviews he teaches us about the symbolisms of certain steps within the different dances. Hernández Ibarra learned directly from Captains Gabriel Osorio and Carmelo Morales, from the zone of Guanajuato. Master Cruz’ trajectory in the traditional dance dates back to 1946 and he considers that nobody is the exclusive owner of knowledge; therefore, this must be spread towards childhood and youth as well. -
Man-Like Gods and Deified Men in Mexican Cosmolore
MAN-LIKE GODS AND DEIFIED MEN IN MEXICAN COSMOLORE Anna-Britta Hellbom INTRODUCTION Ideas and theories This article can be read as an independent study specified in its title. However, put in a wider context it follows up a multi- disciplinary project which was initiated in 1994 at the ICA (Inter- national Congress of Americanists) Symposium Anthropology 7 a on “Amerindian thought” – a topic that attracted researchers from different disciplines, let alone those with an interest for “overlap- ping” fields and with a zeal in initiating new ideas as well as those turning old stones over to view them from a different perspective or angle. 1. In my approach to that much discussed but too exclusively ana- lysed topic I pondered on the necessity of avoiding – wherever pos- sible – such western terms which might influence – even mislead – a free discussion, deriving from traditional conventional categoris- ing and systematising in accordance with monocultural and conse- quently irrelevant norms. E. g. Latin grammar as a model for lin- guistic studies, Greek philosophy formalising intellectual interpre- tations, Christian theological influences on cultural values – all leading to the conclusion that we have “religion” they have “a world view” or at best “mythology”, etc. My own paper focused on Nahuatl (Aztec) thought, using the term tloque nahuaque as a starting point for a discussion on similar con- cepts and comprehensive terms of “cosmic totality”. 2. That “linguistic” angle I stressed on even more in a paper pre- sented at the symposium organized by the Swedish Association of Americanists (SAMS) in September 1996, the topic of the sympo- sium being “The Trickster”. -
Tlazoltéotl, Una Diosa Del Maguey*
Anales de Antropología Volumen 35 2001 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ANTROPOLÓGICAS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Anales de Antropología FUNDADOR JUAN COMAS CONSEJO EDITORIAL Lyle Campbell, Universidad de Canterbury Milka Castro, Universidad de Chile Mercedes Fernández-Martorell, Universidad de Barcelona Santiago Genovés, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México David Grove, Universidad de Illinois, Universidad de Florida Jane Hill, Universidad de Arizona Kenneth Hirth, Universidad Estatal de Pennsylvania Alfredo López Austin, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Carlos Navarrete, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Claudine Sauvain-Dugerdil, Universidad de Ginebra Gian Franco De Stefano, Universidad de Roma Cosimo Zene, Universidad de Londres EDITORES ASOCIADOS Ann Cyphers, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Yolanda Lastra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Rafael Pérez Taylor, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Carlos Serrano Sánchez, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México EDITORA Rosa María Ramos, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas-UNAM Anales de Antropología, Vol. 35, 2001, es editada por el Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F. ISSN -0185-1225. Certificado de Licitud de Título (en trámite), Certificado de Licitud de Contenido (en trámite), Reserva al título de Derechos de Autor 04-2002-111910213800-102. Se terminó de imprimir en diciembre de 2002, en Desarrollo Gráfico Editorial, S.A. de C.V., Municipio Libre 175, Colonia Portales, México D.F. La edición consta de 500 ejemplares en papel cultural de 90g; su composición se hizo en el IIA por Pedro Israel Garnica y Ada Ligia Torres; en ella se emplearon tipos Tiasco y Futura de 8, 9, 11 y 12 puntos. -
Goddesses Women Aztec
Aztec Women anGoddesses Author: Miriam López Hernández Editorial director: Nathalie Armella Spitalier Editorial assistant: Vicente Camacho Lucario Assistant editor: Natalia Ramos Garay English Translation: Rose Vekony Art director: Alexandra Suberville Sota Editorial design: Emmanuel Hernández López Editorial design assistant: Berenice Ceja Juárez Aztec Women and Goddesses Volume 1 in the series Mesoamerican Women First Spanish edition published in 2011. First English edition published in 2012. Original title: De mujeres y diosas aztecas. Tomo 1 de la serie Mujer mesoamericana © CACCIANI, S.A. de C.V. Prol. Calle 18 N° 254 Col. San Pedro de los Pinos 01180 México, D.F. +52 (55) 5273 2397 / +52 (55) 5273 2229 [email protected] www.fundacionarmella.org ISBN: 978-607-8187-16-4 Reproduction of this work in whole or in part, in any medium and by any method, is prohibited without the authorization of the copyright holders. Cover design: Adaptation of Mujer de sangre azteca (2011) by Ana Rosenzweig and Paola Villalva. Prologue Because we live in a society with a strong androcentric bent, academic research on women’s daily life and its contribution to their societies has traditionally occupied a secondary place in archaeology and history. But since the second half of the twentieth century, this situation has gradually changed. Now we have countless works that ana- lyze the role of women in the societies of ancient Mexico and discuss their economic, political, and religious contribution. Among this wide range of studies, the work of Miriam López Hernández stands out. A young university researcher, she is deeply inter- ested in gender studies, as they are known today, which are at the forefront of feminist thought in academia. -
Classical Nahuatl
אהקטל إهيكاتل http://arabic.china.org.cn/china/archive/expo2010/2010-07/15/content_20505801_5.htm اهکاتل Εέκατλ https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE% B7:%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%AD%C E%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD ehecatl - Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ehecatl#Etymology ehecatl Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Contents 1 Classical Nahuatl 1.1 Alternative forms 1.2 Etymology 1.3 Pronunciation 1.4 Noun 1.4.1 Derived terms 1.5 References 2 Nahuatl 2.1 Alternative forms 2.2 Pronunciation 2.3 Noun 2.4 References Classical Nahuatl Alternative forms eecatl (obsolete spelling ) Etymology A frequentative reduplication of ehcatl (“wind”). Pronunciation IPA (key): [eʔˈeː.kat͡ɬ] Noun The glyph for the day sign “wind”, from the Codex Magliabechiano. eh ēcatl ( inanimate ) 1. air [quotations ▼] 2. wind [quotations ▼] 3. The second day sign of the Aztec tōnalp ōhualli . [quotations ▼] Derived terms 1 of 3 2/11/2015 8:55 PM ehecatl - Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ehecatl#Etymology Terms derived from eh ēcatl [show ▼] References 1571 , Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana , Editorial Porrúa, page 7r, 28r, 117v: 2001 , Lockhart, James, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts , Stanford: Stanford University Press, page 217: 2003 , Andrews, J. Richard, Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl , edition rev.