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Hacia Un Concepto Ampliado De La Defensa: La Dimensión Civil De La Seguridad En España Y En El Marco De Las Organizaciones Internacionales”

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Hacia Un Concepto Ampliado De La Defensa: La Dimensión Civil De La Seguridad En España Y En El Marco De Las Organizaciones Internacionales” Hacia un concepto ampliado de defensa: La dimensión civil de la seguridad en España y en el marco de las organizaciones internacionales Documento CITpax nº 9 Febrero de 2009 Patrocina Colabora Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz – CITpax 2009 Todos los documentos del CITpax están disponibles en nuestra página web: www.citpax.org Los puntos de vista expresados en este documento, no reflejan necesariamente la opinión del CITpax Diseño y maquetación, Departamento de comunicación, CITpax El Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz (CITpax) es una fundación sin ánimo de lucro que tiene como objetivo contribuir a la prevención y resolución de conflictos, la gestión de crisis y la consolidación de la paz en el marco del respeto y promoción de los derechos humanos y los valores democráticos. CARTA DE PRESENTACIÓN La celebración del Seminario “Hacia un concepto ampliado de defensa: la dimensión civil de la seguridad en España y en el marco de las organizaciones internacionales” ha sido posible gracias a la cooperación del CITpax con dos instituciones europeas de prestigio: Crisis Management Initiative y Fundación Europea Madariaga/Colegio de Europa. Queremos agradecer a la Dirección General de Relaciones Institucionales del Ministerio de Defensa y a la Casa de Galicia en Madrid la confianza depositada en este proyecto - y en la institución responsable de llevarlo a cabo. Su apoyo financiero y material respectivamente, han permitido poner en marcha una reflexión sobre la importancia de no limitar nuestra seguridad y defensa nacional al ámbito exclusivamente militar. Al hilo de lo anterior, cabe resaltar que este Seminario ha buscado concienciar a la sociedad civil y a las autoridades políticas nacionales de que la seguridad y la defensa tienen una importantísima dimensión civil que debe ser desarrollada en su plenitud para lograr una acción exterior orientada a la paz y la seguridad internacional más completa, más coherente y más eficaz. Nuestro país necesita adaptar sus instrumentos y capacidades de defensa y acción exterior a los nuevos escenarios de seguridad del siglo XXI, lo que incluye un permanente esfuerzo por mejorar los mecanismos de cooperación y coordinación entre los diversos actores del ámbito militar y del ámbito civil. En 2010 España asumirá la Presidencia de la Unión Europea y desde el CITpax creemos que este debe ser un objetivo de desarrollo prioritario. El presente documento recoge las principales conclusiones alcanzadas durante el seminario, así como las ponencias escritas de los expertos que participaron en el mismo. Esperamos que todo este material sea de su interés y les ayude a comprender mejor el complejo entramado de amenazas a las que debemos responder eficazmente en los próximos años. Emilio Cassinello Alicia Cebada Javier Olivares Director General Directora del Programa Gestor del Proyecto de Gestión de Crisis y Consolidación de la Paz 1 CONTENIDOS Acrónimos .................................................................................................................... 3 Conclusiones................................................................................................................. 5 Ponencias e intervenciones........................................................................................... 8 Íñigo Pareja Rodríguez, La búsqueda de una solución al “enfoque integral” ........ 8 Jesús A. Núñez Villaverde, El concepto de defensa en España: apuntes más allá del terreno militar ................................................................................................... 16 Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Martín, Reflexiones sobre el concepto de defensa en España .................................................................................................................... 24 Marie-Ange Schellekens-Gaiffe, Is the European Defence Concept wide enough? Why the European Security and Defence Policy should remain Multidimensional. ................................................................................................................................ 26 Alessandro Rossi, European Civil Society Contribution to a more Secure World… ................................................................................................................................ 48 Alicia Cebada Romero, Reflexiones sobre la Política de Seguridad y Defensa de la Unión Europea ....................................................................................................... 54 José Ignacio Torreblanca, Reflexiones sobre el concepto de defensa de la Unión Europea .................................................................................................................. 57 Catriona Gourlay, Speaking Notes: The Defence Concept of the European Union: Is it Wide Enough? ................................................................................................. 58 Kristiina Rintakoski, Comprehensive Crisis Management – From Concepts to Practise ................................................................................................................... 67 Kai Sauer, Negotiating the ‘Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement’: Practitioner’s view ............................................................................. 77 Rafael Moreno Izquierdo, La reforma del sistema de seguridad en Kosovo: la experiencia policial de UNMIK .............................................................................. 80 Martina Spernbauer, EULEX Kosovo – initiating a new generation of civilian ESDP missions? .................................................................................................... 100 Carlos de Antonio Alcazar, Kosovo: del enfoque integral a la capacidad integral .............................................................................................................................. 124 Programa....................................................................................................................... 129 2 Acrónimos ECFR European Council on Foreign Relations (Consejo Europeo sobre Relaciones Exteriores) EMAD Estado Mayor de la Defensa EPLO European Peacebuilding Liaison Office (Oficina Europea de Enlace para la Construcción de la paz) ESDP European Security and Defence Policy (Política Europea de Seguridad y Defensa) CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy (Política Exterior y de Seguridad Común) CIMIC Cooperación cívico-militar DDN Directiva de Defensa Nacional DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations (Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz) FAS Fuerzas Armadas HR/SG High Representative of the Secretary General (Alto Representante del Secretario General) IECAH Instituto de Estudios sobre Conflicto y Acción Humanitaria IEEE Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos ISAF International Security Assistance Force (Fuerza Internacional de Asistencia para la Seguridad) MAEC Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación MNTF– W Multinational Task Force West MONUC Misión de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo NAC North Atlantic Council (Consejo del Atlántico Norte) NP Nonviolent Peaceforce (Fuerzas de Paz No Violentas) OSCE Organización para la Seguridad y Cooperación en Europa OTAN –NATO Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte PRT Provincial Reconstruction Teams (Equipos de Reconstrucción Provincial) UNHCR Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados UNIDIR Instituto de las Naciones Unidas de Investigación para el 3 Desarme UNMIK United Nations Mission in Kossovo (Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Kosovo) UNSC United Nations Security Council (Consejo de Seguridad de Nacionaes Unidas) SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe SSR Security Sector Reform (Reforma del Sector de la Seguridad) 4 Conclusiones La defensa y la seguridad deben ser construidas entre todos. Todos los actores sociales, militares, civiles, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, pueden contribuir a la defensa y a la seguridad nacional e internacional desde sus diversas capacidades y recursos. El objetivo de este Seminario era subrayar la importancia de la dimensión civil de la seguridad. Para hacer frente a las nuevas amenazas el concepto tradicional de defensa debe ser superado. Ampliar esa visión tradicional de la defensa es fundamental para adaptarlo al nuevo contexto de la seguridad. El Seminario se organizó en tres paneles. En el primero se analizó el concepto de defensa en España. En el segundo, los participantes debatieron sobre si el concepto de defensa de la Unión Europea es lo suficientemente amplio. Por último, en el tercero se estudió el caso concreto de Kosovo. El Seminario fue inaugurado por Shlomo Ben Ami, Vicepresidente del CITpax; el Almirante Jaime Rodríguez-Toubes, Director del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégidos y Juan Fernando López Aguilar, Presidente de la Comisión de Administraciones Públicas y Vocal de la de Exteriores del Congreso de los Diputados. En la inauguración, Shlomo Ben Ami se preguntaba si el ejército puede llegar a convertirse en una fuerza civil, encuadrando dicha cuestión en un análisis más general sobre la legitimidad en el uso de la fuerza. La pregunta formulada por Shlomo Ben Ami es crucial. ¿No es la imagen del ejército como fuerza civil, una contradictio in terminis ? ¿Es un oxímoron? ¿Estamos hablando de la transformación de la naturaleza del Ejército o de la necesaria coordinación entre éste y los actores civiles? Probablemente sea cierto que las dos líneas de actuación se están explorando en este momento, con el objetivo de llegar a definir un concepto
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