DOCSLIB.ORG

Digital Transformation of Composites

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Digital Transformation of Composites GET THE LATEST COVID-19 MANUFACTURING STORIES AT CompositesWorld.com/covid-19 Composites 4.0: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF COMPOSITES JULY 2020 Automated aerospace RTM line for next-gen spoilers / 16 Narrow UD tapes bridge the ATL-AFP gap / 26 Composites masterwork: 2020 Corvette, Part 1 / 44 A property of Gardner Business Media VOL 6 No. 7 BETTER WITH BRAID BETTER PARTS. LOWER COSTS. Quasi-Isotropic Fabric – Balanced in a Single Ply QISO® has the same properties in every direction enabling simple and efficient processing, reduction in waste, and superior performance. Off The Roll +/-45° Fabric Bimax® is a biaxial +/-45° fabric offering significant material savings and reduced manufacture time. Highly Efficient Unidirectional Fabric ZERO® is an affordable, highly efficient unidirectional fabric offered in a variety of areal weights. weights www.braider.com 513·688·3200 [email protected] 4595 East Tech Dr. Cincinnati, Ohio 45245 TABLE OF CONTENTS JULY 2020 / Vol: 6 No–: 7 COLUMNS FEATURES 4 From the Editor 16 Inside Manufacturing: 6 Past, Present & Future High-rated, automated Tom Foltz, director of business develop- aerospace RTM line delivers ment at Speciality Materials, refl ects on the next-gen spoilers history of high-performance boron fi ber At Spirit Aerosystem's Prestwick facility, CW and its future developments. editor-in-chief, Je Sloan, provides a glimpse at 16 the future of aerocomposites manufacturing in a 8 Perspectives & Provocations resin transfer molding line for A320 spoilers. Columnist Dale Brosius refl ects on recent By Je Sloan composites industry trends and how they are impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. 26 Work in Progress: 10 Design & Testing Narrow UD tapes bridge Columnist Dan Adams explains how sandwich composites fl exure tests are the ATL-AFP gap used to assess facesheet or core failures Automated tape laying and automated fi ber for three-point and four-points fl exural placement are similar, but not the same. Can loading confi gurations. narrow tapes provide a middle ground with advantages of both processes? 12 Gardner Business Index By Je Sloan 26 30 Composites 4.0: Digital transformation, adaptive » DEPARTMENTS production, new paradigms An evolving landscape of automation, sensors 14 Trends and AI software is not an end, but a means to 38 Applications achieve the cost, quality, e ciency and agility required for future manufacturing. 40 New Products By Ginger Gardiner 42 Marketplace 42 Ad Index 43 Showcase 30 » ON THE COVER FOCUS ON DEDESIGNSG The German Aerospace Center (DLR) Composites-intensive developed a fl exible, AI-driven automation 44 platform for its work cell to build families masterwork: 2020 of CFRP aerostructures like rear pressure Corvette, Part 1 bulkheads and fuselage panels using col- The eighth-generation Chevrolet CorvCorvettee laborative robots. The robots are not taught, from General Motors Co. sports more but instead defi ne their own collision-free composites and features parts producproducede pathways. Pictured are DLR Augsburg using unique materials and processes. cooperation robots. See p. 30. By Peggy Malnati Source / DLR Institute of Structures and Designs CompositesWorld (ISSN 2376-5232) is published Valley Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45244-3029. accurate. In applying recommendations, however, you should exercise care and normal MEMBERSHIPS: monthly and copyright © 2020 by Gardner Business If undeliverable, send Form 3579. precautions to prevent personal injury and damage to facilities or products. In no case Media Inc. 6915 Valley Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45244- CANADA POST: Canada Returns to be can the authors or the publisher accept responsibility for personal injury or damages 3029. Telephone: (513) 527-8800. Printed in U.S.A. sent to IMEX Global Solutions, PO Box which may occur in working with methods and/or materials presented herein, nor can Periodicals postage paid at Cincinnati, OH and 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 Canada. the publisher assume responsibility for the validity of claims or performance of items additional mailing offices. All rights reserved. Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. appearing in editorial presentations or advertisements in this publication. Contact POSTMASTER: Send address changes The information presented in this edition information is provided to enable interested parties to conduct further inquiry into to CompositesWorld Magazine, 6915 of CompositesWorld is believed to be specific products or services. CompositesWorld.com 1 @CompositesWrld PUBLISHER Ryan Delahanty [email protected] EDITOR-IN-CHIEF J e S l o a n je @compositesworld.com SENIOR EDITOR Ginger Gardiner Beta TX670 DISCO Prepreg [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITOR Hannah Mason [email protected] Beta TX670 DISCO is a high performance ASSISTANT EDITOR Grace Nehls [email protected] tooling prepreg that features Benzoxazine DIRECTOR, STRATEGIC INITIATIVES Scott Stephenson resin, a balanced triaxial fabric and AND EVENTS [email protected] discontinuous fibers. ADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER Becky Taggert [email protected] GRAPHIC DESIGNER Susan Kraus BENEFITS [email protected] MARKETING MANAGER Chris Saulnier • Discontinuous fibers improve conformability [email protected] and reduce lay-up effort. CW CONTRIBUTING WRITERS • Triaxial, quasi-isotropic weave reduces Dale Brosius [email protected] waste and speeds up lay-up process. Michael LeGault [email protected] Peggy Malnati [email protected] • Outstanding toughness, high glass Karen Mason [email protected] transition Tg, low moisture absorption, Amanda Jacob [email protected] and stability at high temperatures significantly lengthens tool life. CW SALES GROUP MIDWESTERN US & INTERNATIONAL Dale Jackman / REGIONAL MANAGER • Low shrinkage reduces residual stresses [email protected] providing great surface quality, dimensional EASTERN US SALES OFFICE Barbara Businger / REGIONAL MANAGER stability and excellent machinability. [email protected] • Exceptionally long, 6-month out-life allows MOUNTAIN, WEST Michael Schwartz / REGIONAL MANAGER [email protected] for schedule flexibility on the shop floor. EUROPEAN SALES OFFICE Simone Mas / EUROPEAN SALES MANAGER [email protected] COMPOSITESWORLD IS A PROPERTY OF HEADQUARTERS 6915 Valley Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45244-3029 Phone 513-527-8800 Fax 513-527-8801 gardnerweb.com [email protected] CHAIRMAN Richard G. Kline PRESIDENT Richard G. Kline, Jr. • Balanced triaxial fabric -60°/0°/60° CHIEF MARKETING OFFICER Melissa Kline Skavlem CHIEF DATA OFFICER Steve Kline, Jr. • Discontinuous fibers. CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Ernest Brubaker The ‘snowflake’ cut pattern limits CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER Phil Louis the tow length to <4.5 inches DIRECTOR OF CUSTOM CONTENT Tom Beard maximum ADVERTISING AND PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Bill Caldwell DIRECTOR OF CONTENT AND WEB Kate Hand DIRECTOR OF EVENTS Allison Miller DIRECTOR OF STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENT Dave Necessary MARKETING AND CREATIVE DIRECTOR Je Norgord DIRECTOR OF MARKET RESEARCH Jan Schafer AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Julie Ball INTERNATIONAL INC. EUROPE Sarl ADVAANCEDNCED MATTERIERIALS LTTDD ASIA LTD GARDNER BUSINESS MEDIA ALSO PUBLISHES ModernMachineShop MoldmakingTechnology PlasticsTechnology AutomotiveDesign&Production ProductionMachining ProductsFinishing PFMexico AdditiveManufacturing 2 JULY 2020 CompositesWorld FROM THE EDITOR » In , when the rst Terminator movie came out — featuring and threats of algorithm-driven AI. Conveniently and ironically, the Arnold Schwarzenegger as the time-traveling, man/machine survey asked respondents to consider a timeline extending to , assassin — I was a -year-old junior in high school and clearly in just past the Terminator moment. AI concerns identi ed by the the movie’s target demographic. Sure enough, I eagerly stood in survey do not mention a man vs. machine war, but they do include a long line with several friends at the movie theater the night the loss of human agency, data abuse, job loss, cognition erosion and movie premiered. And loved it. mayhem (cybercrime, weaponized drones). If you have not seen Terminator, a quick synopsis: In , In composites manufacturing, it’s mostly upsides. e growth of computer and machine technology has evolved to outpace algorithm-driven AI systems has birthed Industry . hardware and and outsmart humans. e software, designed to help fabricators manage orders, materials, What, then, do we machines build weapons to processes and delivery. It also provides fabricators unprecedented defeat humans and a human- amounts of data about machine operations, process e ciency, make of the threat of vs.-machines civil war breaks product quality, design compliance and much more. machine learning? out. e humans are, predict- is thread — applied machine learning — runs through ably, losing, but their leader, John three stories in this issue of CW. e rst, by senior editor Ginger Connor, is deemed so threatening Gardiner, on p. , focuses exclusively on the technologies being that the machines decide it would be best if John did not exist at developed for what we call Composites .. As Ginger says, “An all. So, the machines fabricate a human-looking android, a “termi- evolving landscape of automation, sensors and AI software is not an nator” (Schwarzenegger), to time-travel back to to assas- end, but a means to achieve the cost, quality, e ciency and agility sinate John’s mother, Sarah, before she can give birth to John. required for future manufacturing.” After that, things
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigating the Effect of Basalt Fiber Additive on the Performance of Clay Barriers for Radioactive Waste Disposals
    Investigating the effect of basalt fiber additive on the performance of clay barriers for radioactive waste disposals Hajar Share Isfahani & Amin Azhari Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment The official journal of the IAEG ISSN 1435-9529 Bull Eng Geol Environ DOI 10.1007/s10064-020-02044-x 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02044-x ORIGINAL PAPER Investigating the effect of basalt fiber additive on the performance of clay barriers for radioactive waste disposals Hajar Share Isfahani1 & Amin Azhari2 Received: 28 December 2019 /Accepted: 6 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Radioactive materials are widely used in mining, manufacturing, medicine, and agricultural processes. The waste products from these materials are hazardous and should be appropriately dumped.
    [Show full text]
  • All About Fibers
    RawRaw MaterialsMaterials ¾ More than half the mix is silica sand, the basic building block of any glass. ¾ Other ingredients are borates and trace amounts of specialty chemicals. Return © 2003, P. Joyce BatchBatch HouseHouse && FurnaceFurnace ¾ The materials are blended together in a bulk quantity, called the "batch." ¾ The blended mix is then fed into the furnace or "tank." ¾ The temperature is so high that the sand and other ingredients dissolve into molten glass. Return © 2003, P. Joyce BushingsBushings ¾The molten glass flows to numerous high heat-resistant platinum trays which have thousands of small, precisely drilled tubular openings, called "bushings." Return © 2003, P. Joyce FilamentsFilaments ¾This thin stream of molten glass is pulled and attenuated (drawn down) to a precise diameter, then quenched or cooled by air and water to fix this diameter and create a filament. Return © 2003, P. Joyce SizingSizing ¾The hair-like filaments are coated with an aqueous chemical mixture called a "sizing," which serves two main purposes: 1) protecting the filaments from each other during processing and handling, and 2) ensuring good adhesion of the glass fiber to the resin. Return © 2003, P. Joyce WindersWinders ¾ In most cases, the strand is wound onto high-speed winders which collect the continuous fiber glass into balls or "doffs.“ Single end roving ¾ Most of these packages are shipped directly to customers for such processes as pultrusion and filament winding. ¾ Doffs are heated in an oven to dry the chemical sizing. Return © 2003, P. Joyce IntermediateIntermediate PackagePackage ¾ In one type of winding operation, strands are collected into an "intermediate" package that is further processed in one of several ways.
    [Show full text]
  • BORON FIBER NEUTRON SHIELDING PROPERTIES Joseph W. Hanafin, William Grant, Specialty Materials, Inc. Lowell, MA1 Leo Bobek, Th
    BORON FIBER NEUTRON SHIELDING PROPERTIES Joseph W. Hanafin, William Grant, Specialty Materials, Inc. Lowell, MA1 Leo Bobek, Thomas Regan, UMass Lowell, Radiation Laboratory, Lowell, MA2 January 10, 2011 Introduction Boron fiber is a large diameter monofilament (102 micrometers, 4.0 mils) made via chemical vapor deposition by Specialty Materials, Inc (SMI), Lowell, MA. Since its development in the early 1960s, it has been used in a wide range of applications from aerospace to sporting goods because of its excellent mechanical properties, most notably its extremely high compression strength. However, another important characteristic of elemental boron and boron fiber is its ability to capture neutrons, which makes it effective for radiation shielding in the nuclear power industry and neutron capture therapy in the medical industry. SMI collaborated with the U Mass Lowell (UML) Radiation Laboratory to conduct a comparative study of the neutron shielding effectiveness of a number of boron composite configurations. To better understand why boron fiber can be an effective tool for neutron shielding, it is worthwhile to step back and look at the fundamental properties of elemental boron. Boron exists in nature primarily as borate oxides and salts such as borax. The most common uses of boron are as a silicon dopant in the semiconductor industry, in sodium perborate bleaches, and as an oxide in glasses and ceramics to improve their resistance to thermal shock. Boron can also be formed into materials such as cubic boron nitride, an extremely hard abrasive that can scratch diamonds, and boron carbide (B4C), also used as an industrial abrasive (Mohs Hardness of 9.5) and in ballistic ceramics.
    [Show full text]
  • A Material Difference a MATERIAL DIFFERENCE
    2017 BRAND BOOK A Material Difference A MATERIAL DIFFERENCE Mitsubishi Rayon makes some of best golf shafts because we make them from scratch. We not only manufacture the golf shaft, but all of the critical raw materials that make up the golf shaft including the monomer, acrylic fiber, carbon fiber, resin, and prepreg. Over the last 30 years, we have developed more than a thousand different formulations of resin and made over a hundred types of fiber for many performance-based applications, including golf shafts. This vertical integration means we can make virtually any combination of resins and fibers required to optimize a golf shaft’s design and performance. The majority of our competitors, on the other hand, work with a relatively limited list of raw materials from a finite number of available suppliers. Typically they purchase stock prepreg, which can require designs to be adjusted to the limitations of the available materials. Our ability to make any composition of resin or fiber and combine them into our own prepreg sets us apart from our competition. VERTICAL INTEGRATION MONOMERS Basic raw materials consisting of simple molecular structures (monomers) are combined to produce Acrylonitrile (AN). AN is then polymerized to form polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Mitsubishi Rayon uses the highest-grade materials available to create AN and PAN. PRECURSOR A solution of PAN is then spun into precursor. The process of creating precursor heavily influences the quality and consistency of the carbon fiber. It is a process in which Mitsubishi Rayon has refined and perfected over the past 80-years. CARBON FIBER Precursor is oxidized and carbonized in ovens to produce carbon fiber.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites
    ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.04,Issue.57, December-2015, Pages:12315-12324 www.ijsetr.com Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites 1 2 K. RUTHU RANI , SK. BAZANI 1PG Scholar, Eswar College of Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur, AP, India. 2Assistant Professor, Eswar College of Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur, AP, India. Abstract: An attempt has been made in the present work to explore and the possible use of variety of cultivated/wild grown fiber in the development of jute, hemp and banana fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites. The fiber is extracted from manual method and retting, and the test specimens are prepared as per ―ASTM‖ standards. Four different contents are incorporated in the specimen, with each fiber content two identical specimens are prepared. Jute, hemp and banana fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites are prepared by incorporating up to (0.5grms, 1grms, 1.5grms, 2grms) by mass. It is observed clearly (2grms) only mass of fiber compare with (1.5grms) of hybrid composites. Increase in the weight percentage of fibers changes the tensile strength, bending strength, impact strength. Keywords: ASTM, Fiber, Anatomical Structure, Leaves, Roots, Fruits, Seeds. I. INTRODUCTION A. Classification of Composites: The word ―composite‖ means two or more distinct parts The commonly accepted classification of composites is: physically bounded together‖. Thus, a material having phases 1. fibrous composites, or two more distinct constituent materials may be considered 2. laminated composites, a composite material. Fiber-reinforced composite materials 3. Particulate composites. consist of fiber with high strength and modulus embedded in or bonded to a matrix with distinct interfaces (boundary) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 16 Composites
    1496T_c16_577-620 12/31/05 14:08 Page 577 2nd REVISE PAGES Chapter 16 Composites Top. ABS plastic having Bidirectional layers. 45 a low glass transition temperature. fiberglass. Provide torsional Used for containment and cosmetic stiffness. purposes. Unidirectional layers. 0 (and Side. ABS plastic some 90 ) fiberglass. Provide having a low glass longitudinal stiffness. transition temperature. Containment and cosmetic. Core wrap. Bidirectional layer of fiberglass. Acts as a torsion box and bonds outer layers to core. Core. Polyurethane plastic. Acts as a filler. Bidirectional layer. 45 fiberglass. Damping layer. Polyurethane. Provides torsional Improves chatter resistance. stiffness. Unidirectional layers. 0 (and some 90 ) fiberglass. Provide longitudinal stiffness. Edge. Hardened steel. Facilitates Bidirectional layer. 45 fiberglass. turning by “cutting” Provides torsional stiffness. into the snow. Base. Compressed carbon (carbon particles embedded in a plastic matrix). Hard and abrasion resistant. Provides appropriate surface. One relatively complex composite structure is the modern ski. In this illustration, a cross section of a high-performance snow ski, are shown the various components. The function of each component is noted, as well as the material that is used in its construction. (Courtesy of Evolution Ski Company, Salt Lake City, Utah.) WHY STUDY Composites? With a knowledge of the various types of composites, property combinations that are better than those as well as an understanding of the dependence of found in the metal alloys, ceramics, and polymeric their behaviors on the characteristics, relative amounts, materials. For example, in Design Example 16.1, we geometry/distribution, and properties of the con- discuss how a tubular shaft is designed that meets stituent phases, it is possible to design materials with specified stiffness requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Behavior of Carbon and Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials Under Varying Loading Rates
    Mechanical Behavior of Carbon and Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials Under Varying Loading Rates by Venkata Naga Prakash Mallik Pariti A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) in the University of Michigan–Dearborn 2017 Master’s Thesis Committee: Associate Professor German Reyes-Villanueva, Chair Professor HongTae Kang Assistant Professor Tanjore V Jayaraman To My Parents, Mr. Soma Sekhar Pariti and Mrs. Ramalakshmi Pariti And To My Siblings, Bhaskar Pariti and Nara Pariti For their endless love, support and encouragement ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks and deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. German Reyes- Villanueva for his vast knowledge, expertise, understanding and patience. Without his technical, financial and moral support this work could never be possible. I will forever be indebted to him for giving me a rewarding graduate school experience. I would like to thank Dr. HongTae Kang for taking time to evaluate my thesis and helping me choose my career interests as a research student when I first joined the University of Michigan- Dearborn. I also would like to thank Dr. Tanjore V Jayaraman for taking time to evaluate my thesis. I would like to thank Roush Industries for providing the test panels that are used in this study. I would like to express my profound gratitude to my parents and siblings for their unfailing support and encouragement throughout my thesis. I also would like to thank the office staff of the mechanical engineering department whose assistance helped me along the way.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Transformation of Composites
    GET THE LATEST COVID-19 MANUFACTURING STORIES AT CompositesWorld.com/covid-19 Composites 4.0: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF COMPOSITES JULY 2020 Automated aerospace RTM line for next-gen spoilers / 16 Narrow UD tapes bridge the ATL-AFP gap / 26 Composites masterwork: 2020 Corvette, Part 1 / 44 A property of Gardner Business Media VOL 6 No. 7 BETTER WITH BRAID BETTER PARTS. LOWER COSTS. Quasi-Isotropic Fabric – Balanced in a Single Ply QISO® has the same properties in every direction enabling simple and efficient processing, reduction in waste, and superior performance. Off The Roll +/-45° Fabric Bimax® is a biaxial +/-45° fabric offering significant material savings and reduced manufacture time. Highly Efficient Unidirectional Fabric ZERO® is an affordable, highly efficient unidirectional fabric offered in a variety of areal weights. weights www.braider.com 513·688·3200 [email protected] 4595 East Tech Dr. Cincinnati, Ohio 45245 TABLE OF CONTENTS JULY 2020 / Vol: 6 No–: 7 COLUMNS FEATURES 4 From the Editor 16 Inside Manufacturing: 6 Past, Present & Future High-rated, automated Tom Foltz, director of business develop- aerospace RTM line delivers ment at Speciality Materials, refl ects on the next-gen spoilers history of high-performance boron fi ber At Spirit Aerosystem's Prestwick facility, CW and its future developments. editor-in-chief, Je Sloan, provides a glimpse at 16 the future of aerocomposites manufacturing in a 8 Perspectives & Provocations resin transfer molding line for A320 spoilers. Columnist Dale Brosius refl ects on recent By Je Sloan composites industry trends and how they are impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. 26 Work in Progress: 10 Design & Testing Narrow UD tapes bridge Columnist Dan Adams explains how sandwich composites fl exure tests are the ATL-AFP gap used to assess facesheet or core failures Automated tape laying and automated fi ber for three-point and four-points fl exural placement are similar, but not the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Fiber
    Presentation on Types Of Fiber http://textilestudypoint.blogspot.com/ Name : AZIZUL HAQUE JUEL ID: 112-23-2538 Batch: 18th Batch (Session 2011-2015) Major: Fabric Manufacturing Email: [email protected] Blog: www.textilestudypoint.blogspot.com Department of Textile Engineering DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING 102, SHUKRABAD, MIRPUR ROAD, DHANMONDI, DHAKA-1207 BANGLADESH Copyright © All Rights Reserve Types of Fiber 1. Glass fiber 2. Carbon Fiber 3. Kevlar fiber 4. Boron fiber 5. Natural fiber 6. Hybrid fibers http://textilestudypoint.blogspot.com/ Introduction • The dominant forms that fibers are sold include: – Many fibers or filaments stranded together in a bundle, wound in a spool or reel) – woven fabrics (flattened strands of filaments woven in a variety of weaves to a type of fabric or cloth) – unidirectional (strands laid side by side and stitched or held together by other means, forming a kind of fabric that bares reinforcement only in the fill direction) – multiaxials (unidirectional woven fabrics stitched together in a combination of orientations) – and chopped strand mat (chopped strands held together with some kind of glue or “binder” in the form of a non- woven fabric.) http://textilestudypoint.blogspot.com / Glass Fiber The types of glass used are as follows: • E-Glass – the most popular and inexpensive. The designation letter “E” means “electrical implies that it is an electrical insulator”. The composition of E-glass ranges from 52-56% SiO2, 12-16% A1203, 16-25% CaO, and 8-13% B203 • S-Glass – stronger than E-Glass fibers (the letter “S” means strength). High-strength glass is generally known as S-type glass in the United States, R-glass in Europe and T- glass in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Composites Lecture 2: Reinforcement: Materials and Forms
    Objectives_template Module 1: Introduction to Composites Lecture 2: Reinforcement: Materials and Forms The Lecture Contains: Types of Fibres Boron Fiber Carbon Fiber Glass Fibre References file:///D|/Web%20Course%20(Ganesh%20Rana)/Dr.%20Mohite/CompositeMaterials/lecture2/2_1.htm[8/18/2014 11:50:16 AM] Objectives_template Module 1: Introduction to Composites Lecture 2: Reinforcement: Materials and Forms Introduction In the previous lecture we have introduced the composite. Then we have seen the constituents of a typical composite material. Further, based on the reinforcement, the classification of the composite was presented. In the present lecture we will introduce natural fibres and some advanced fibres. We will see, in brief, the key features of these advanced fibres. What are the functions of a reinforcing agent? The functions of a reinforcing agent are: 1. These are the main load carrying constituents. 2. The reinforcing materials, in general, have significantly higher desired properties. Hence, they contribute the desired properties to the composite. 3. It transfers the strength and stiffness to the matrix material. What are the functions of a matrix material? The matrix performs various functions. These functions are listed below: 1. The matrix material holds the fibres together. 2. The matrix plays an important role to keep the fibres at desired positions. The desired distribution of the fibres is very important from micromechanical point of view. 3. The matrix keeps the fibres separate from each other so that the mechanical abrasion between them does not occur. 4. It transfers the load uniformly between fibers. Further, in case a fibre is broken or fibre is discontinuous, then it helps to redistribute the load in the vicinity of the break site.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser-Driven Chemical Vapor Deposition for High-Performance Fibers and Powders
    bulletin cover story Laser-driven chemical vapor deposition for high-performance fibers and powders By Shay Harrison and Mark Schaefer Laser-driven chemical vapor deposition is a remarkably innovative technology that significantly improves the quality of high-performance fibers and powders and broadens the input laser into hundreds of parallel beams, allowing for simultane- ous fabrication of many fibers. This patented opto-mechanical design catalog of compositions available to the materials community. unlocked the potential for the LCVD technology to positively impact a range of material-focused markets, including semiconductors, jet engines, power turbines, hypersonics, ceramic windows, nuclear clad- ding, armor material, and lightweighting of polymer matrix composites for the aircraft and aerospace industry. he company Free Form TFibers (FFF), located in What is LCVD? The fundamental basis of LCVD entails a laser directed at a substrate Saratoga Springs, New York, has spent located in a reaction chamber that also contains a planned mixture of 15 years perfecting the process of fiber precursor gases. The focused laser beam induces a heterogeneous chemi- cal reaction amongst the precursors, leading to a solid deposit forming growth using laser-driven chemical on the substrate. As solid material deposits, the laser or the substrate vapor deposition (LCVD), with par- can be pulled away to continuously form the fiber format. Similarly, ticular expertise and understanding in solid coatings can be formed on the fiber surface using the same LCVD concept in subsequent stages, creating layers of uniform thickness. In fabricating silicon carbide fibers. this manner, LCVD can be viewed as the only gas-to-solid additive man- The integral development at FFF in transitioning ufacturing-based approach to high-value material fabrication.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Delamination of Milled Natural Fiber Rainforced Composits
    International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 1 Issue 8, October - 2012 Determination of Delamination of Milled Natural Fiber Rainforced Composits G.Dilli Babu Dept. of Mechanical Engg VR Siddhartha Engineering Vijayawada – 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India Yamini.kasu Dept. of Mechanical Engg VR Siddhartha Engineering Vijayawada – 520007, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Milling composite materials is a very common and an important process used in industry to perform the assembly of composite structures. However, milling composite materials present number of problems such as delamination roughness associated with the characteristics of the material and with the used cutting parameters. In order to reduce these problems a study is present with the objective of evaluating the cutting parameters (cutting velocity and feed rate) and the influence of the fibers (hemp, jute, banana, and glass) under delamination factor (fd) and surface roughness(Ra). The approach is based on a combination of Design of Experiment (DoM) techniques and on the analysis of variance (ANOVA). A plan of experiment, based on the techniques of factorial design, was performed milling with cutting parameters in various hand lay-up FRP’s (Hemp Fiber Reinforced Plastics, Jute Fiber Reinforced Plastics,IJERT Banana Fiber Reinforced Plastics and Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics) using cented carbide(K10) end drill. The objective was to establish a correlation between cutting velocity and feed rate with the delamination and roughnees in hemp , jute, banana and glass fiber reinforced laminates. The correlation was obtained by multiple linear regression. Finally, confirmation tests were performed to make a comparison between the results form the mentioned correlation.
    [Show full text]