Fiber Selection for Reinforced Additive Manufacturing
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Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout
English by Alain Stout For the Textile Industry Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Compiled and created by: Alain Stout in 2015 Official E-Book: 10-3-3016 Website: www.TakodaBrand.com Social Media: @TakodaBrand Location: Rotterdam, Holland Sources: www.wikipedia.com www.sensiseeds.nl Translated by: Microsoft Translator via http://www.bing.com/translator Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Table of Contents For Word .............................................................................................................................. 5 Textile in General ................................................................................................................. 7 Manufacture ....................................................................................................................... 8 History ................................................................................................................................ 9 Raw materials .................................................................................................................... 9 Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 9 Applications ...................................................................................................................... 10 Textile trade in Netherlands and Belgium .................................................................... 11 Textile industry ................................................................................................................... -
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of a Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Nylon Filament for 3D Printing
machines Article Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of a Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Nylon Filament for 3D Printing Flaviana Calignano 1,* , Massimo Lorusso 2 , Ignanio Roppolo 3 and Paolo Minetola 1 1 Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; [email protected] 2 Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies IIT@Polito, Corso Trento 21, 10129 Turin, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: fl[email protected]; Tel.: +39-011-090-7218 Received: 19 July 2020; Accepted: 2 September 2020; Published: 4 September 2020 Abstract: Additive manufacturing (i.e., 3D printing) has rapidly developed in recent years. In the recent past, many researchers have highlighted the development of in-house filaments for fused filament fabrication (FFF), which can extend the corresponding field of application. Due to the limited mechanical properties and deficient functionality of printed polymer parts, there is a need to develop printable polymer composites that exhibit high performance. This study analyses the actual mechanical characteristics of parts fabricated with a low-cost printer from a carbon fibre-reinforced nylon filament. The results show that the obtained values differ considerably from the values presented in the datasheets of various filament suppliers. Moreover, the hardness and tensile strength are influenced by the building direction, the infill percentage, and the thermal stresses, whereas the resilience is affected only by the building direction. Furthermore, the relationship between the mechanical properties and the filling factor is not linear. -
Animal Fiber Metrology
ANIMAL FIBER METROLOGY Chris Lupton Texas Agr iLife R esearc h The Texas A&M System San Angelo IRAQ AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION REVITALIZATION GROUP San Angelo, Texas October 21, 2009 Animal fiber program • Develop and evaluate improved ppgrocedures for measuring value- determining characteristics of animal fibers. • Collaborate in research ppjrojects that require fiber production and quality to be quantified. Animal fiber program • Project Leader: Chris Lupton • Research Associate: Faron Pfeiffer • Research Assistant: Sue Engdahl • Student Assistants: Eddie Swinney, Gary Henson, Kendra Franke (ASU) • (Graduate students, ASU and TAMU) • Plus administrative , secretarial , bookkeeping , and maintenance support from the unit and CS. Species we work with Muskox (qiviut), rabbit, dog, cattle, mice, et al. U. S. animal fiber testing labs • One commercial and 3 academic labs. • Our AgriLife Research lab is well equipped and staffed. • Consequently, there are plenty of opportunities for collaboration with AgriLife Research, USDA, ARS, and other scientists in academia on projects that have high national priority. Total sheep and lambs, 1908 to 2009 60000 1942, 56.2m 50000 40000 ands ss 30000 er, thou er, 2009, 5.75m in U.S. bb 0.87 m in Texas 20000 Num 10000 0 1908 1918 1928 1938 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 Year (January data) Number of operations with sheep 300000 250000 241,590 200000 150000 Number 100000 82,330 50000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Sheep operations in Texas 25000 20000 19,500 15000 Number 10000 7000 5000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year National sheep and goat operations (farms) and trends 2008 data • Sheep 82,330. -
Performance Evaluation of 3-D Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete & Basalt
Highway IDEA Program Performance Evaluation of 3-D Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete & Basalt Rod Reinforced Concrete Final Report for Highway IDEA Project 45 Prepared by: V Ramakrishnan and Neeraj S. Tolmare, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD Vladimir B. Brik, Research & Technology, Inc., Madison, WI November 1998 IDEA PROGRAM F'INAL REPORT Contract No. NCHRP-45 IDEA Program Transportation Resea¡ch Board National Research Council November 1998 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF 3.I) BASALT ITIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE & BASALT R:D RETNFORCED CONCRETE V. Rarnalaishnan Neeraj S. Tolmare South Dakota School of Mines & Technolory, Rapid City, SD Principal Investigator: Madimir B. Brik Research & Technology, lnc., Madison, WI INNOVATIONS DESERVING EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS (IDEA) PROGRAMS MANAGED BY THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD (TRB) This NCHRP-IDEA investigation was completed as part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). The NCHRP-IDEA program is one of the four IDEA programs managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) to foster innovations in highway and intermodal surface transportation systems. The other three IDEA program areas are Transit-IDEA, which focuses on products and results for transit practice, in support of the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP), Safety-IDEA, which focuses on motor carrier safety practice, in support of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Federal Railroad Administration, and High Speed Rail-IDEA (HSR), which focuses on products and results for high speed rail practice, in support of the Federal Railroad Administration. The four IDEA program areas are integrated to promote the development and testing of nontraditional and innovative concepts, methods, and technologies for surface transportation systems. -
Ballistic Materials Handbook
Ballistic materials handbook Aramids by Teijin 2 Aramids by Teijin Handbook ballistic materials 3 Teijin Aramid and ballistic protection The intensity of threatening environments for law enforcement, emergency responders and defense forces around the world is becoming higher and the people operating in these hostile environments need to take greater care than ever. This growing threat of violence has led to an increasing demand for ballistic protection. At Teijin Aramid we are dedicated to providing this protection with our high performance para-aramid fiber Twaron® and UHMWPE Endumax® film. With excellent energy absorption Index properties, tenacity and impact resistance, Twaron® and Endumax® offer effective and comfortable ballistic protection Teijin Aramid and ballistic protection 2 solutions with an outstanding cost-performance ratio. In the Twaron® ballistic yarns 4 more than 30 years that Twaron® has been available on the Twaron® ballistic fabrics 7 market, it has helped to save thousands of lives worldwide. Ballistic laminates & coated fabrics 12 Key applications for Twaron® and Endumax® include bullet/ Uni-directional laminates 17 fragment/stab/spike resistant vests, helmets and ballistic Ballistic prepregs 19 protection of vehicles, aircrafts and vessels. Cross sections 21 Endumax® Shield 22 2 Aramids by Teijin Handbook ballistic materials 3 Soft ballistic protection The threats to modern armies and law enforcement forces have multiplied, creating the need for protection from all kinds of bullets and fragments as well as stabbing with sharp objects. And these days it’s not only soldiers and policemen who are facing increased threats; prison guards, cash carriers and private individuals also need to be protected. -
FL.Datasheet Kevlar® Distribution Program.Indd
MOVING HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBERS FORWARD KEVLAR® DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM FIBERS PROCESSES PRODUCTS WHY FIBER-LINE® DUPONTFIBER TM OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION CABLES PROGRAM? Key Features FIBER-LINE® values its relationships with both its customers and • Purchase small quantities of Kevlar® suppliers. Over the past several years, FIBER-LINE® and DuPontTM have Para-Aramid formed a strong partnership based upon the synergies between both • Many deniers & types available organizations. • Customize your Kevlar® solution with FIBER-LINE® performance adding processes FIBER-LINE®’s ability to add value to the already attractive properties of both Kevlar® Para-Aramid & Nomex® Meta-Aramid creates more opportunity in the market place to provide solution driven products to a diverse range of markets. Because FIBER-LINE® already processes so many different types and deniers of both Kevlar® & Nomex®, FIBER-LINE® have been authorized by DuPontTM to distribute small quantities of these fibers to an ever- growing customer base. Through this program, we hope to introduce businesses of all sizes to the benefit of aramid fibers. Contact us today for small order quantity orders. Available Deniers 200, 380, 400, 750AP, 800AP, 1000, 1000AP, 1420, 1500, 1500AP, 1500BK(Black), 2160, 2250, 2840, 3000, 7100. MOVING HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBERS FORWARD KEVLAR® PARA-ARAMID (HM) BARE FIBER PERFORMANCE Chemical Chemical Chemical Abrasion Yarn on Yarn Ultraviolet (UV) Flame Resistance Resistance Resistance Resistance Abrasion Resistance Resistance (Acid) (Alkali) (Organic Solvent) P O X P P P P CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY Chemical Resistance to Acid: Degrades in Formic, Hydrochloric, and Sodium Hydroxide acid. Chemical Resistance to Alkali: Strong alkalis will attack at high temperature or concentration. Chemical Resistance to Organic Solvent: Degrades moderately in Carbon Tetrachloride and Ethylene Glycol/Water. -
A Review on Chemical Behaviour of Natural Fiber Composites
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 14(4), 2016, 2223-2238 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com A REVIEW ON CHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES A. LAKSHUMU NAIDU* and P. S. V. RAMANA RAOa GMR Institute of Technology, RAJAM (A.P.) INDIA aCenturion University of Technology & Management, PARLAKHEMUNDI (Odisha) INDIA ABSTRACT This paper outlines the chemical properties of natural fibers composites and discusses the latest trends in chemical modifications. In recent years, natural fibers reinforced composites have received a strong attention because of their light weight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Chemical treatment of the natural fibers can clean the fiber surface, chemically modify the surface, stop the moisture absorption process and increase the surface roughness. A number of specific chemicals are used for chemical modifications of these composites. Such chemically modified are being used increasingly for engineering applications (particularly under hard working conditions). Thus, it becomes necessary to take care of the chemical properties of composites to ensure their long term stable behaviour in the practical applications. The detailed test results and observations are presented and conclusions are drawn. Key words: Chemical properties, Chemical treatment, Composites. INTRODUCTION Because of the improvement and development of innovation, the need of material having profoundly particular properties is expanding step by step and this test interest can't be satisfy by utilization of polymers, clay and metal composites. Accordingly, as of late composite materials are utilized as elective as a part of a few light weight and high quality applications. Composites are commonly happening or designed materials which are produced from two or more constituents. -
Endumax® – an Ultra-Strong Thin Film with a High Modulus Contents
Endumax® – an ultra-strong thin film with a high modulus Contents What is Endumax? 3 How is Endumax produced? 4 What types of Endumax are available? 6 What can Endumax be used for? 8 Endumax – a unique combination of properties 10 About Teijin Teijin is a technology-driven global group, based in Japan, offering advanced solutions in the areas of sustainable transportation, information and electronics, safety and protection, environment and energy, and healthcare. Its main fields of operation are high-performance fibers (e.g., aramid, carbon fibers and composites), healthcare, films, resin & plastic processing, polyester fibers, product conversion and IT. The group has some 150 companies and around 17,000 employees spread over 20 countries worldwide. Endumax is part of Teijin’s high- performance fibers business, which also produces the aramid fibers Twaron, Technora and Teijinconex. Teijin’s high-performance fibers business is based in Arnhem, The Netherlands. 2 What is Endumax? Endumax film is a new, patented high-performance film developed and made by Teijin. It can be used in a wide variety of products for various market segments – anywhere, in fact, where there is a need for superior strength, safety, light weight or durability. For example, Endumax is used worldwide in applications and markets ranging from ballistic protection (armoring and bulletproof vests), ropes and cables to cargo containers, laminated sails and even loudspeakers. The film shape of Endumax allows for easy processing and seamless integration into the application of the customer. Super-strong and more Weight-for-weight, Endumax is 11 times stronger than steel. But Endumax offers more than incredible strength. -
United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.458,297 B2 Miller (45) Date of Patent: Oct
USOO9458297B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.458,297 B2 Miller (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 4, 2016 (54) MODIFIED FIBER, METHODS, AND 4,898,642 A 2f1990 Moore SYSTEMS 4,900,324 A 2f1990 Chance 4,935,022 A 6, 1990 Lash (71) Applicant: WEYERHAEUSERNR COMPANY., 4,936,8651538 A S366, 1990 WelchWE Federal Way, WA (US) 5,049,235 A 9, 1991 Barcus 5,137,537 A 8, 1992 Herron (72) Inventor: Charles E. Miller, Federal Way, WA 5,5,160,789 183,707 A 11/19922f1993 BarcusHerron (US) 5, 190,563 A 3/1993 Herron 5,221,285 A 6/1993 Andrews (73) Assignee: WEYERHAEUSERNR COMPANY., 5,225,047 A 7, 1993 Graef Federal Way, WA (US) 5,247,072 A 9/1993 Ning et al. 5,366,591 A 11, 1994 Jewell (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 3.222 A 8.32 Shiki patent is extended or adjusted under 35 5,496.476 A 3/1996 Tang U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 5,496.477 A 3/1996 Tang 5,536,369 A 7/1996 Norlander (21) Appl. No.: 14/320,279 5,549,791 A 8/1996 Herron 5,556,976 A 9, 1996 Jewell 1-1. 5,562,740 A 10, 1996 Cook (22) Filed: Jun. 30, 2014 5,698,074. A 12/1997 Barcus 5,705,475 A 1, 1998 T (65) Prior Publication Data 5,728,771 A 3, 1998 E. 5,843,061 A 12/1998 Chauvette US 2015/0376347 A1 Dec. -
Exploring the Influence of Entropy on Dynamic Macromolecular Ligation
Exploring the Influence of Entropy on Dynamic Macromolecular Ligation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (Dr. rer. nat.) der KIT-Fakultät für Chemie und Biowissenschaften des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Dipl.-Chem. Kai Pahnke aus Nagold, Deutschland KIT-Dekan: Prof. Dr. Willem M. Klopper Referent: Prof. Dr. Christopher Barner-Kowollik Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Manfred Wilhelm Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22.07.2016 Die vorliegende Arbeite wurde im Zeitraum von Februar 2013 bis Juni 2016 im Rahmen einer Kollaboration zwischen dem KIT und der Evonik Industries AG unter der Betreuung von Prof. Dr. Christopher Barner-Kowollik durchgeführt Only entropy comes easy. Anton Chekhov ABSTRACT The present thesis reports a novel, expedient linker species as well as previously unforeseen effects of physical molecular parameters on reaction entropy and thus equilibria with extensive implications on diverse fields of research via the study of dynamic ligation chemistries, especially in the realm of macromolecular chemistry. A set of experiments investigating the influence of different physical molecular parameters on reaction or association equilibria is designed. Initially, previous findings of a mass dependant effect on the reaction entropy – resulting in a more pronounced debonding of heavier or longer species – are reproduced and expanded to other dynamic ligation techniques as well as further characterization methods, now including a rapid and catalyst- free Diels–Alder reaction. The effects are evidenced via high temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HT NMR) as well as temperature dependent size exclusion chromatography (TD SEC) and verified via quantum chemical ab initio calculations. Next, the impact of chain mobility on entropic reaction parameters and thus the overall bonding behavior is explored via the thermoreversible ligation of chains of similar mass and length, comprising isomeric butyl side-chain substituents with differing steric demands. -
Hybrid Composites: Combining Cellulose Fibers and Wollastonite Mineral Fibers Into a Nylon 6 Matrix
The Seventh International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites ~ Hybrid Composites: Combining Cellulose Fibers and Wollastonite Mineral Fibers into a Nylon 6 Matrix Rodney E. Jacobson and Daniel F. Caulfield Abstract The objective of this research was to develop a tion. Attempts to maximize the composite proper- high purity cellulose/wollastonite pellet that could ties were not the focus of this research. Stable, then be accurately metered and feed into a labora- controllable processing characteristics and re- tory scale twin-screw extruder and compounded peatability of the twin-screw extrusion trials was with a nylon 6 resin. The major focus was targeted the goal. It is the authors’ opinion that this goal on a 20 percent cellulose/20 percent wolla- was accomplished. Future research will focus on stonite/60 percent nylon 6 composite. Limited re- maximizing composite properties and determin- search with nylon 6,6 resins was also attempted ing if cellulose fibers alone or in combination with and will be discussed briefly. A process for devel- mineral fibers can be compounded on larger com- oping a cellulose/wollastonite pellet was success- mercial scale equipment. Extreme care and pre- ful and 100 Kg were produced for twin screw ex- cise processing knowledge is needed to develop a trusion processing with nylons. The 100 Kg of commercial scale process that works. If this can- pellets were then compounded via a “low temper- not be accomplished, then cellulose fibers as rein- ature compounding” technique as discussed in de- forcement in any of the high melting point engi- tail elsewhere (1). Further information can be ob- neering thermoplastics may remain as a lab- tained in U.S. -
Sew Any Fabric Provides Practical, Clear Information for Novices and Inspiration for More Experienced Sewers Who Are Looking for New Ideas and Techniques
SAFBCOV.qxd 10/23/03 3:34 PM Page 1 S Fabric Basics at Your Fingertips EW A ave you ever wished you could call an expert and ask for a five-minute explanation on the particulars of a fabric you are sewing? Claire Shaeffer provides this key information for 88 of today’s most NY SEW ANY popular fabrics. In this handy, easy-to-follow reference, she guides you through all the basics while providing hints, tips, and suggestions based on her 20-plus years as a college instructor, pattern F designer, and author. ABRIC H In each concise chapter, Claire shares fabric facts, design ideas, workroom secrets, and her sewing checklist, as well as her sewability classification to advise you on the difficulty of sewing each ABRIC fabric. Color photographs offer further ideas. The succeeding sections offer sewing techniques and ForewordForeword byby advice on needles, threads, stabilizers, and interfacings. Claire’s unique fabric/fiber dictionary cross- NancyNancy ZiemanZieman references over 600 additional fabrics. An invaluable reference for anyone who F sews, Sew Any Fabric provides practical, clear information for novices and inspiration for more experienced sewers who are looking for new ideas and techniques. About the Author Shaeffer Claire Shaeffer is a well-known and well- respected designer, teacher, and author of 15 books, including Claire Shaeffer’s Fabric Sewing Guide. She has traveled the world over sharing her sewing secrets with novice, experienced, and professional sewers alike. Claire was recently awarded the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award by the Professional Association of Custom Clothiers (PACC). Claire and her husband reside in Palm Springs, California.