Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} The Iraq War Reader History Documents Opinions by Christopher Cerf The Iraq War Reader: History Documents Opinions by Christopher Cerf. Since President Bush declared the end to major combat operations on May 2, 2003, Americans have had a chance to revisit the official push for war in documentaries like BUYING THE WAR here on BILL MOYERS JOURNAL and in other reporting. Now Christopher Cerf and Victor Navasky have come out with a new book, MISSION ACCOMPLISHED: OR HOW WE WON THE WAR IN IRAQ, compiling the innacurate predictions pro-war experts have made before and since the invasion. Dick Cheney at the American Enterprise Institute, 1994: Update Required. Sorry in order to watch this video clip you need the latest version of the free flash plug in. CLICK HERE to download it and then refresh this page. "It's a very serious organization," Cerf told THE TIMES, "that studies the works of experts in every field and comments upon it." Calling themselves "meta-experts," Cerf and Navasky have kept their tongues in their cheeks with their ongoing study of experts, and the results have been a hilarious, often biting, commentary on our media culture. The Institute's newest book, MISSION ACCOMPLISHED, focuses on experts who assured the nation that war with Iraq would be, among other things, a "cakewalk" (Ken Adelman, THE WASHINGTON POST): "Military action will not last more that a week." -Bill O'Reilly, THE O'REILLY FACTOR "The next six months in Iraq will settle the case once and for all." -Thomas Friedman, THE NEW YORK TIMES "We know beyond a shadow of a doubt that Saddam Hussein has been pursuing weapons of mass destruction." -Fred Barnes, Fox News "The evidence [Colin Powell] presented to the United Nations — some of it circumstantial, some of it absolutely bone-chilling in its detail — had to prove to anyone that Iraq not only hasn't accounted for its weapons of mass destruction but without a doubt still retains them. Only a fool — or possibly a Frenchman — could conclude otherwise." -Richard Cohen, WASHINGTON POST. Today's experts, say Cerf and Navasky, are part of a proud tradition, stretching back at least to the dawn of recorded history. The original publication of the Institute of Expertology, THE EXPERTS SPEAK, compiled a host of prescient-sounding predictions: "I tell you Wellington is a bad general, the English are bad soldiers; we will settle the matter by lunch time." -Napolean Bonaparte, at breakfast with his generals on the morning of the Battle of Waterloo, June 15, 1815 "[I]t seems pretty clear that no civilized people will ever again permit its government to enter into a competitives armament race." -Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University, October 17, 1914 "You will be home before the leaves fall from the trees." -Kaiser Wilhelm, addressing departing troops, August 1914 "Dan, it looks very good. The Vietcong are going to collapse within weeks. Not months but weeks." -Walt Whitman Rostow, Chairman of the Policy Planning Council of the U.S. Department of State, remark to Daniel Ellsberg, July 1965. Buying the War How did the mainstream media get it so wrong in the lead up to the Iraq War? Al Qaeda and Iraq Who exactly is the enemy in Iraq and how does al Qaeda fit in? Bill Moyers talks with West Point Instructor, Brian Fishman, and Middle Eastern and International Affairs Professor Fawaz Gerges, discussing the growing power of al Qaeda and its connections to the war in Iraq. What's Next for Iraq? What's Next for Iraq?NPR's Deborah Amos — just back from Damascus — and THE NEW YORKER's George Packer on the Iraq war and what you haven't heard from Washington. Photographer Lori Grinker on Displaced Iraqis Photographer Lori Grinker takes viewers to Amman, Jordan for a devastating look at the fate of Iraqis displaced by the conflict. Mark Fiore As seen on the show, Mark Fiore's animated political cartoons. Inside Iraq Iraq through the eyes of Iraqi journalists working for McClatchy newspapers. Baghdad Observer McClatchy Baghdad bureau chief Leila Fadel blogs her experiences. Alive in Baghdad A weekly Web news show that focuses on the lives of Iraqis. KATHLEEN HALL JAMIESON Our political analyst returns to take stock of the never-ending primary season. NAVASKY AND CERF ON THE PROBLEM WITH EXPERTS Victor Navasky and Christopher Cerf's new book MISSION ACCOMPLISHED looks back at what the experts told us would happen in Iraq. BUYING THE WAR: INTERACTIVE TIMELINE Explore the media coverage surrounding the case for war in Iraq with our interactive timeline of video, headlines and documents. FIVE YEARS EXPLAINING 'MISSION ACCOMPLISHED' It has fallen to the White House Press Secretaries to defend and explain President Bush's May 1st landing on the USS Abraham and the controversial "Mission Accomplished" banner. Christopher Cerf. Christopher Cerf works with the Zigler Center’s The School of the 21st Century Unit, focusing on its early literacy work. He has been working with Matia Finn-Stevenson and a group of Center fellows and colleagues, including Michael Levine and Diantha Schull, on the creation of a pilot program to test the efficacy of aligning research-based multi-media early language and literacy materials with classroom pedagogy and community engagement/planning. Select Publications. Thanks & Giving: All Year Long by Marlo Thomas & Christopher Cerf (Editors) (2005). The Iraq War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions by Christopher Cerf & Micah L Sifry (Editors) (2003). Free to Be You and Me and Free to Be a Family by Marlo Thomas & Christopher Cerf (Editors ) (1998). The Iraq War Reader: History Documents Opinions by Christopher Cerf. For eight long years in the 1980s, Saddam Hussein had fought a war against revolutionary Iran. Most of the small oil.producing states in the Persian Gulf region along with Saudi Arabia, which contains one of the world's largest oil reserves, supported Iraq financially during its war against Iran. At various times during the eight years, Iraqi efforts were also supported by the United States. When the war ended in 1988, Iraq had accumulated a significant debt, and its economy had been greatly weakened. Since much of Iraq's economy depended on revenues from oil, Iraq urged its neighbors belonging to OPEC to lower their oil production so that oil prices might rise and Iraq could then begin making higher profits from its own oil production. Iraq and Kuwait each represented about 9 percent of the world's oil reserves in 1990, but Iraq's population was nine times larger than Kuwait's and much more dependent on oil revenue. Early in 1990, Kuwaiti overproduction actually drove the price of oil down from $22 per barrel to $13. This significant drop placed an even greater strain on Iraq's struggling economy. (Matthews, Ken, The Gulf Conflict and International Relations (London: Routledge, 1993), 201) Saddam Hussein warned the Kuwaitis that this overproduction had to stop or Iraq would take action against Kuwait. President George H.W. Bush had been receiving assurances from around the Arab world that the positioning of Iraqi troops along the Kuwaiti border was nothing more than Iraqi saber-rattling. President Mubarak of Egypt, King Hussein (no relation to Saddam) of Jordan, and King Fahd of Saudi Arabia all passed along this communication, in part, because they had been given this explanation by Saddam Hussein himself. The general message coming out of the Arab world portrayed the situation as an Arab dispute that would be resolved diplomatically. On 25 July 1990, the American ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, was summoned to meet with Saddam Hussein, who questioned her directly about America's position toward Iraq. During the meeting Ambassador Glaspie reportedly said, ". . .[W]e have no opinion on the Arab.Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait. . . . We hope you can solve this problem using any suitable methods via . . . President Mubarak [of Egypt]." ("The Glaspie Transcript" in Micah L. Sifray and Christopher Cerf, The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, and Opinion (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 130). Hussein responded that he had agreed to diplomatic meetings through Mubarak and had told the Egyptian president to "assure the Kuwaitis and give them our word that we are not going to do anything until we meet with them." Saddam went on to tell Ambassador Glaspie, "There, you have good news." ("The Glaspie Transcript," p. 133). In Washington D.C., Richard Haass, the director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the U.S. National Security Council, laid out three possible scenarios for President Bush: (1) This Iraqi military movement was "muscular diplomacy"; that is, Iraq was trying to intimidate Kuwait into a diplomatic compromise on oil production quotas and loan repayment; (2) Iraq was positioning itself to take a northern Kuwaiti oil field in order to compel a negotiated settlement; (3) Iraq was preparing an all-out invasion and intended to occupy Kuwait. Haass had already concluded that the third scenario was the least likely, and upon receiving a report from Ambassador Glaspie, he forwarded his report with a sense that the crisis was actually winding down. Most major leaders were convinced that occupation was not going to happen, given Saddam Hussein's comments. Thus, the threat of occupation of Kuwait was seen in Washington and around the Arab world as a ruse. When the Iraqis invaded and occupied Kuwait, the reaction in Washington and the Arab capitals was shaped by the general sense that leaders had trusted Saddam Hussein and had been deceived. Christopher Cerf. Christopher Cerf (born August 19, 1941) is an American author, composer-lyricist, voice actor, puppeteer, and record and television producer. He is known for his musical contributions to Sesame Street, for co-creating and co-producing the award-winning PBS literacy education television program Between the Lions, and for his humorous articles and books. Contents. Biography. His father was co-founder of Random House, publisher, editor and TV panelist Bennett Cerf. His mother was journalist and children's book publisher Phyllis Fraser. His father was Jewish and his mother Roman Catholic. Cerf attended the Deerfield Academy and then graduated from Harvard College. He was married to Geneviève Charbin who is a Catholic of French descent. He married Katherine Vaz in July 2015. After his father's death, his mother remarried ex-New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Musical compositions. Since its first season in 1970, Cerf has played a significant role in the creation and production of the Sesame Street television program, most notably as a regular contributor of music and lyrics, and as the producer of many of its music albums. In the process, he has won two Grammy Awards and three Emmy Awards for songwriting and music production. Since writing and performing his first song for Sesame Street , "Count It Higher" (1973) in Season 5, Cerf has written or co-written over 200 songs featured on the program, including "Put Down the Duckie", "The Word Is No", "Dance Myself to Sleep", "Monster in the Mirror", and parody songs as "Born To Add", "Letter B", "Wet Paint", and "Furry Happy Monsters". Cerf also played a pivotal role in the ongoing funding of Sesame Street , founding and serving as the original editor-in-chief of Sesame Workshop's books, records, and toys division. In addition to his contributions to Sesame Street , Cerf's musical material has appeared on Saturday Night Live , The National Lampoon Radio Hour , The Electric Company , Square One Television , Between the Lions , and in numerous Muppet productions, and his songs have been performed by such stars as Paul Simon, Ray Charles, Johnny Cash, R.E.M., James Taylor, Tony Bennett, Dixie Chicks, Tracy Chapman, Carol Channing, Randy Travis, The Four Tops, Melissa Etheridge, Smokey Robinson, Bonnie Raitt, Wynton Marsalis, Little Richard, B.B. King, Jimmy Buffett, Bart Simpson, and the Metropolitan Opera's José Carreras—not to mention the blond, curly-haired Muppet character from Sesame Street who is his namesake and the lead singer of the rock group "Chrissy and the Alphabeats." 1963–70: Cerf at Random House. Before joining Sesame Street , Cerf spent eight years as a senior editor at Random House (co-founded by his father in 1927), where he worked with such diverse authors as George Plimpton, Andy Warhol, Abbie Hoffman, Ray Bradbury, Richard Fariña, and Dr. Seuss(Theodor Geisel). In 1993, Cerf renewed his ties to Random House when he assumed the role of Chairman of the Modern Library's Board of Advisors. Collaborations with Marlo Thomas. One of Christopher Cerf's best-known projects was the editing and production of Marlo Thomas & Friends' Free to Be. a Family book, album and TV special. The book reached #1 on The New York Times bestseller list within a week of its publication in 1987, and the show received a prime-time Emmy as the year's outstanding children's special. Cerf and Thomas collaborated again, co-editing and co-producing Thanks & Giving: All Year Long , a book and CD about generosity and sharing (and their polar opposites, selfishness and thoughtlessness). Royalties from the project, for which Thomas and Cerf won a 2006 Grammy Award, go to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, founded by Thomas' father, Danny Thomas, in 1962. Between the Lions. Cerf served as Executive Producer, and Music and Audio Producer, of Between the Lions , the children's literacy series that his company, Sirius Thinking, Ltd., created for PBS. Between the Lions has twice won the Television Critics' Award as the nation's outstanding children's television program, and, in its first six seasons on the air, the show amassed six Emmy Awards. (In 2006, Between the Lions was nominated for three more Emmys, including Outstanding Children's Show.) In two independent studies, conducted by the University of Kansas and Mississippi State University, the program has also demonstrated success in helping children – including those at the highest risk of literacy failure – to learn how to read. Lomax, the Hound of Music. Along with Between the Lions , Cerf continues to cement his role in the history of children's educational programming by producing fun educational shows for children. Cerf is currently the co-Creator (with Norman Stiles and Louise Gikow), Executive Producer and Writer of the new PBS Kids show Lomax, the Hound of Music. The show, which debuted in the winter of 2008, is a new children's series featuring "a good- natured, melody-obsessed puppet pooch named Lomax, his fluffy feline sidekick Delta, and their human companion, Amy, on a tune-filled train ride crisscrossing the musical landscape of America. With the help - and full participation - of real kids on the train, on location, and the viewers at home, Lomax and his friends doggedly pursue their mutual passion: tracking down the wonderful songs that form the heart of our nation's diverse musical heritage." In addition to being fun for the whole family, the show has true educational credentials. Aware that many American children do not receive any formal musical education, Cerf, Stiles and Gikow based Lomax on the music education curriculum created by the music educator John Feierabend, Ph.D. Feierabend's curriculum has been extensively researched and shown to increase children's musical ability and intelligence. It includes appearances by music notables such as Larry Campbell and Tom Chapin. The show is currently in its first season and raising funds to produce a second season as soon as possible. Humorous writings. Christopher Cerf is perhaps best known to the general public for his work as an author and satirist. In 1970, he helped launch the National Lampoon , serving as a Contributing Editor from its first issue until the mid-1970s, and in 1978, he co-conceived and co-edited with Tony Hendra, George Plimpton and Rusty Unger the journalistic parody Not the New York Times . The Experts Speak, the "compendium of authoritative misinformation" that Cerf co-authored with Victor Navasky in 1984, has recently been reissued. In 1986, Cerf collaborated with National Lampoon colleague Henry Beard on The Pentagon Catalog: Ordinary Products at Extraordinary Prices , which offered readers the historic opportunity to obtain a free hex nut—valued at $2,043 by the McDonnell Douglas Corporation—with every copy they purchased. (The book has a die-cut hole in its front cover and first few pages: the book was sold in clear plastic shrink wrap with a steel hex nut inside this hole, slightly less than flush with the cover. The shrink wrap displayed the hex nut and prevented it from falling out before the book was purchased.) The Official Politically Correct Dictionary , also written with Beard, first appeared in 1992. In 2008, to commemorate the fifth anniversary of George W. Bush's victory speech aboard the U. S. S. Lincoln , Cerf again collaborated with Victor Navasky to produce Mission Accomplished! based on America's military presence in Iraq. Objections to the use of his music to break captive's will. In December 2008, the Associated Press reported that various musicians were coordinating their objections to the use of their music as a technique for softening up captives. [2] The songs used were primarily heavy metal, but also included songs from Sesame Street . The Associated Press reported that Cerf "was horrified to learn songs from the children's TV show were used in interrogations". As a consequence, he researched how music is being used for military purposes and published his findings in the documentary movie Songs of War . [3] Framing Effects in International Relations. Framing is the least well-developed central concept of prospect theory. Framing is both fundamental to prospect theory and remarkably underdeveloped in the prospect theory literature. This paper focuses on the many subtypes and variations of framing: thematic vs. evaluative; successful vs. failed; productive vs. counterproductive; purposeful, structural and interactive framing; counterframing; loss frames vs. gain frames; revolving framing vs. sequential framing; framing by a third party; and framing vs. priming. The bulk of the paper provides an analysis of framing and framing effects in foreign policy settings with an emphasis on U.S. foreign policy. We highlight framing effects during the Cold War, the Persian Gulf War, the current ``war on terrorism'', and other IR/foreign policy settings. Our examination highlights the extent to which presidents and other significant world leaders use framing to shape policy debates and national security choices. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Access options. Buy single article. Instant access to the full article PDF. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Subscribe to journal. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. Subscription will auto renew annually. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. REFERENCES. Anderson, Paul A.: 1983, 'Decision Making by Objection and the Cuban Missile Crisis', Administrative Science Quarterly 28 , 201–222. Astorino-Courtois, Allison: 1996, 'Transforming International Agreements into National Realities: Marketing Arab-Israeli Peace in Jordan', Journal of Politics 58 , 1035–1054. Bush, George H. W.: 1991, 'The Liberation of Kuwait has Begun', in Micah L. Sifry and Christopher Cerf (eds.), The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions , Random House, New York. Bush, George W.: 2001a, 'Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People', September 20 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/ 20010920-8.html). Bush, George W.: 2001b, 'President Holds Prime Time News Conference', October 11 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011011-7.html). Bush, George W.: 2001c, 'Presidential Address to the Nation', October 7 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011007- 8.html). Bush, George W.: 2001d, 'President Welcomes Aid Workers Rescued from Afghanistan', November 26 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011126-1.html). Bush, George W.: 2002a, 'President Bush Holds Press Conference', March 13 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020313- 8.html). Bush, George W.: 2002b, 'President Bush, Prime Minister Blair Hold Press Conference', April 6 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020406-1.html). Bush, George W.: 2002c, 'President Bush, Turkish Prime Minister Discuss War on Terrorism', January 16 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020116-5.html). Bush, George W.: 2002d, 'U.S.-Pakistan Affirm Commitment Against Terrorism', February 13 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020213-3.html). Bush, Laura W.: 2001, 'Radio Address to the Nation', November 17 (at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011117.html). Drew, Elizabeth.: 1991, 'Washington Prepares for War', in Micah L. Sifry and Christopher Cerf (eds.), The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions , Random House, New York. Farnham, Barbara: 1992, 'Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: Insights from Prospect Theory', Political Psychology 13 , 205–235. Feldman, Stanley: 1995, 'Answering Survey Questions: The Measurement and Meaning of Public Opinion', in Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw (eds.), Political Judgment: Structure and Process , University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. Fiske, Susan T. and Shelley E. Taylor: 1991, Social Cognition , 2nd edn., McGraw-Hill, New York. Freedman, Lawrence and Efraim Karsh: 1993, The Gulf Conflict, 1990-1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , Faber and Faber, London. Frisch, Deborah: 1993, 'Reasons for Framing Effects', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54 , 399–429. Gamson, William A.: 1989, 'Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach', American Journal of Sociology 95 , 1–37. Gannon, Katherine M.: 1998, 'A Problem-Solving Perspective on Decision-Making Processes and Political Strategies in Committees: The Case of Controversial Supreme Court Justice Nomination Hearings', in Donald A. Sylvan and James F. Voss (eds.), Problem Representation in Foreign Policy Decision Making , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Garrison, Jean A.: 1999, Games Advisors Play: Foreign Policy in the Nixon and Carter Administrations , Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. Garrison, Jean A.: 2000, 'Framing the National Interest in US China Relations: Building Consensus Around Rapprochement', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, March 17-19, Los Angeles, CA. Geva, Nehemia, Alex Mintz and James L. True: 1994, 'Framing the Democratic Peace', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Washington, DC. Geva, Nehemia, Allison Astorino-Courtois and Alex Mintz: 1996, 'Marketing the Peace Process in the Middle East: The Effectiveness of Thematic and Evaluative Framing in Jordan and Israel', in Manas Chatterji, Jacques Fontanel and Akira Hattori (eds.), Arms Spending, Development and Security , APH Publishing, New Delhi, India. Hilsman, Roger: 1992, George Bush vs. Saddam Hussein: Military Success! Political Failure? Presidio Press, Novato, CA. Hoyt, Paul D. and Jean A. Garrison: 1997, 'Political Manipulation within the Small Group: Foreign Policy Advisers in the Carter Administration', in Paul 't Hart, Eric K. Stern and Bengt Sundelius (eds.), Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-Making , University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. Iyengar, Shanto: 1991, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues , University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Jervis, Robert: 1992, 'Political Implications of Loss Aversion', Political Psychology 13 , 187–204. Kahneman, Daniel and Amos Tversky: 1979, 'Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk', Econometrica 47 , 263–291. Kahneman, Daniel and Amos Tversky: 1984, 'Choices, Values, and Frames', American Psychologist 39 , 341–350. Levy, Jack S.: 1992a, 'An Introduction to Prospect Theory', Political Psychology 13 , 171–186. Levy, Jack S.: 1992b, 'Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems', Political Psychology 13 , 283–310. Levy, Jack S.: 1996a, 'Hypotheses on the Framing of Decisions', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 16-20, San Diego, CA. Levy, Jack S.: 1996b, 'Loss Aversion, Framing, and Bargaining: The Implications of Prospect Theory for International Conflict', International Political Science Review 17 , 179–195. Maoz, Zeev: 1990, 'Framing the National Interest: The Manipulation of Foreign Policy Decisions in Group Settings', World Politics 43 , 77–110. McDermott, Rose: 1992, 'Prospect Theory in International Relations: The Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission', Political Psychology 13 , 237–263. McDermott, Rose: 1998, Risk-Taking in International Politics: Prospect Theory in American Foreign Policy , University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. Milhollin, Gary: 1991, 'How Close is Iraq to the Bomb?' in Micah L. Sifry and Christopher Cerf (eds.), The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions , Random House, New York. Mintz, Alex and Nehemia Geva: 1993, 'Why Don't Democracies Fight Each Other? An Experimental Study', Journal of Conflict Resolution 37 , 484–503. Mintz, Alex and Nehemia Geva: 1997, 'Marketing Peace in the Middle East', Discussion paper, Program in Foreign Policy Decision Making, Texas A&M University, Texas. Mueller, John: 1993, 'American Public Opinion and the Gulf War', in Stanley A. Renshon (ed.), The Political Psychology of the Gulf War: Leaders, Publics, and the Process of Conflict , University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh. Mueller, John: 1994, Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War , University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Neuman,W. Russell, Marion R. Just and Ann N. Crigler: 1992, Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of Political Meaning , University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Oren, Ido: 1995, 'The Subjectivity of the Democratic Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of Imperial Germany', International Security 20 , 147– 184. Quattrone, George A. and Amos Tversky: 1988, 'Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice', American Political Science Review 82 , 719–736. Redd, Steven B. and Nehemia Geva: 2001, 'Structural Framing in Advisory Group Settings: Implications for Information Processing and Foreign Policy Choice', Paper presented at the Hong Kong International Studies Association Conference, July 26-28. Rumsfeld, Donald H.: 2001, ‘DoD News Briefing’, November 29 (athttp://www.defenselink.mil/news/Nov2001/t11192001_t1119sd.html). Stein, Janice Gross: 1993, 'International Co-operation and Loss Avoidance: Framing the Problem', in Janice Gross Stein and Louis W. Pauly (eds.), Choosing to Co-operate: How States Avoid Loss , Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M. and Steven B. Redd: 2002, 'Framing and the Poliheuristic Theory of Decision: The United Fruit Company and the 1954 U.S.-Led Coup in Guatemala', in Alex Mintz (ed.), Integrating Cognitive and Rational Theories of Foreign Policy Decision Making , St. Martin's/Palgrave, New York. Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman: 1981, 'The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice', Science 211 , 453–458. Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman: 1986, 'Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions', Journal of Business 59 , S251–S284.