S a icds in hamian Archip I ,nd ad' c nt t rs: Tr ,nsi nt, Xx,int rin ndR,r N stin S ci s
Turks and Caicos Islands. The Bahama nor and Loftin (1985) and Budcn(1987). The AnthonyW. White Islands lie as close as 92 km (50 nautical statusof nonbreedingseabirds, on the other miles)to theFlorida coast, and so, as a prac- hand,has never been reported comprehen- 6540Walhonding Road tical matter,all recordsca. 46 km or more east sivelyand is sometimesdescribed in general of Florida between Palm Beachand Miami are termssuch as "reportedand to be expected Bethesda,Maryland 20816 consideredtobe in Bahamianwaters. To pre- occasionally"(Brudenell-Brucc 1975) or "at servethe relative accuracy of thereports, dis- seaamong the Bahamas"(Bond 1993). The (email:[email protected]) tances arc citedas givenin sources,rather presentpaper compiles published and unpub- than converted into metric units. lishedreports of transientand wintering Ihc birdlife of the BahamaIslands has been seabirdsin theregion in orderto provide a bet- ABSTRACT studiedsporadical13z Landbirds have received ter understandingof theirstatus; several rare The statusof mostnonbreeding seabirds in themost attention recently, owing to increased breedingspecies are included herein as well. the BahamianArchipelago and its adjacent interestin winteringNeotropical migrants. Manyreports are foundin relativelyobscure watersis poorly understood.Much of the Breedingseabirds have also been fairly well publicationsor in personalarchives, which availableinformation isbased on sight reports documented.Sprunt (1984) provides a com- hasmeant that evenmodern-day observers unsupportedby specimensor photographic prehensivereport of breedingseabirds; Lee lackcontextual information on seabirdsthey evidence.This paper reviews published and andClark (1994) cover seabirds nesting in the seein theregion. Although some sight reports unpublishedreports in orderto assessthe sta- Exumas;White and Lee (2000) summarize maybe erroneous,there arc so few records tus and distribution in the Bahama Islands of currentnesting colonies; and Schreiberand substantiatedby physicalevidence from this 37 seabirdspecies from families Diomedeidac, Lee (2000) report on nesting seabirds regionthat listingonly thosewould offer an Proeellariidac,Hydrobatidac, Phaethontidae, throughoutthe West Indies. Some seabird data inaccuratepicture of the birds'status. Refer- Sulidac,Pelecanidae, Fregatidac, Lar]dac, and arc contained in studies of the birds of indi- onceis made to thestatus of several species in Alcidac.as well asScolopacidae for the sub- vidualislands or groupsof islands,e.g., Con- Floridaand the West Indies in orderto place familyPhalaropodinae.
INTRODUCTION TheBahamian Archipelago (map right) lies partiallyoff the Atlanticcoast of Floridaat 27ø N, about the latitude of Lake Okcc- chobcc,and stretchessoutheast to 21ø N off centralHispaniola (Haiti/Dominican Repub- lic) in the GreaterAn]illes. Politically, the islands include the Commonwealth of the Bahamasand the British Overseas Territory of the Turksand CaicosIslands. "Adjacent waters" are defined herein as the boundaries of the Bahamas Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), that is, waters within 200 nautical miles (374 kin) of the Commonwealth of the Bahamasor halfwayto the nearestcountry, whicheveris shorter(Bahamas Environment, Scienceand Technology Commission 2002). The boundary between the U.S. and Bahamian Exclusive Economic Zones is shownon H. O. [HydrographicOffice] Chart 27005 "KeyWe, st to SanJuan" (1985). In the TheRed-footed Booby isa very rare nester inthe Bahamas. Thiswhite-morph birdwas photographed nesting among Brown Boobies presentpaper, the same geographic construc- atWhite Cay, San Salvador, Bahamas 28April 1995; the species hasbeen present inthis area from 1988 to the present butwas tion hasbeen applied to the watersof the apparentlyanabundant nester inthe Bahamas athousand years ago. Photograph byAileen Bainton.
436 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Little .FoxTown DETAIL MAP Bahama LITTLEASAC ø Abaco Bank THE BAHAMIAN Green Turt•e Cay & PlymouthHarbour Lake ARCHIPELAGO Okeechobee Freeport© • Peterson ABACO BAHAMA mo•.•r,•0 G , ]VørttltJ,est • FLOP, IDA B•nk GREAT T•n THE BERRY BI•INIS IS•NDS •o" ABACO ELEUTHE• looter Cars NEW Governor's Harbour COHHONWEALTH PROVIDENCE ß •-•DoubleBa,OF THE BAHAHAS ßß (seedet• Tarpu Ocean mobbelow) Bay n• L•ttleSan Cay owe / CAT Graham'sHarbour Atlantic ANDROS I•. IS•ND (includesCa•o& • Eruma •,,d Darnas OC(dOFI Cays • Big%'• Sound Elbow An ullla Cay Coy •r' oG Cay.... N.•_ ConcepIsland....SAN SALVADOR car Sal Sai Bank LONG SamanaCay GrassyCreek Cays ISLAND.•> (Arwood'sKey) -.•e•CROOKED .•(•. ISLANDPlana RAGGEDC?.•?•' CaysMAYAGUANa TURKS AND Car ISLANDSL•p.•a h ProvldenclalesCAICOS ISLANDS Lobos Cay •c•u•s • / .i• Verde CasdeI. • / C..... •b• Grand DETAIL FlAP Cay H•[• LILLE ' CAICOS •b' •Turk The Exumas Santo INAGUA West IS•NDS •-• • Domingo GREAT Caicos • /U•R• •' IS•NDS INAGUA Moron Salt Ponds • Southeast Point CUBA
Arawak DETAIL MAP New Providence •oy• ParadiseIsland •able Nassau Montagu Beach B•y
Caribbean 0 KILOMETERS50 100 A Sea N 0 20 40 60 Exuma MILES
the Bahamianreports in the contextof the Audubon'sShearwater (Puffinus lherminieri), tifiedalbatross, near Cave Cay, Exumas 8 June westernsubtropical North Adantic avifauna. White-tailedTropicbird (Phaethon lepturus), 1998(EN. 52: 507-508). Althoughneither A clear distinction is maintained in the BrownBooby (Sula leucogaster), Brown Peli- reportwas sufficiently detailed to determine paperbetween substantiated and unsubstanti- can (Pelecanusoccidentalis), Double-crested thespecies involved, the mostlikely would atedobservations; those for whichspecimen Cormorant(Phalacrocorax auritus), Neolropic seem to be a mollymawk(Thalassarche) or photographicevidence is extantfrom the Cormorant (P brasilianus),Magnificent species,either Black-browed (T. melanophris) Bahamas or lurks and Caicos are so noted. Frigatebird(Fregata magnificens), Laughing or Yellow-nosedAlbatross (T. chlororhynchos), Observationssubstantiated by specimenor Gull (Larusatricilla), Ring-billed Gull (L whichtogether account for all acceptedwest- photographare referred to as"records," while delawarensis),Herring Gull (L. argentatus), ernNorth Atlantic Ocean records and reports observations without substantiation are Gull-billedTern (Sterna nilotica), Royal Tern of albatrossspecies, although there are four referredto as "reports."Records and reports (S.maxima), Roseate Tern (S. dougallii), Sand- reportsof WanderingAlbatross (Diomedea are summarized in table form when more than wich Tern (S. sandvicensis),Least Tern (S. exulans)from Europeanwaters (Mlodinow 10 crediblereports and/or records are known. antillarum), Bridled Tern (S. anaethetus), 1999).Florida has one report of the former Sourcescommonly referenced are abbreviated SootyTern (S. fuscata),and BrownNoddy andsix reports, plus three records, of thelat- as follows: AmericanBirds (A.B.), Audubon (Anousstolidus). Masked Booby (Sula dactyla- ter (B. Pranty,in litt.). Field Notes (A.EN.), ChristmasBird Count tra) and Red-lootedBooby (S. sula) have data (C.B.C. data on-fine at nested in the Bahamas but are included NorthernFulmar (Fulmarus gladalis)
VOLUME 57 (2004) NUMBER 4 437 pre-Columbianmidden on take these birds through Crooked lsland, Bahamas southeastern Bahamian (Olsonand Hilgartner 1982), watersand straightthrough suggestingthat it bredin the the Turks and Caicos Bahamasprior to discovery Islands. Florida had some of the New World by Euro- 21 observationstotaling at peans (Olson 1982). On least70 birdsthrough 1992 Bermuda,this petrel was an all but two from the Atlantic abundant nester prior to side (Stevenson and Ander- Europeansettlement there in son 1994), and there have theearly 1600s, but fromthe beenminimally five observa- 1630s through the nine- lions totaling nine birds teenth century, it was since that time, most off the thought to be extinct Atlantic coast (EO.S.R.C. (Wingateet al. 1998). Two archive;B. Pranty,in litt.). specimenswere recovered in From the Bahamas,there Figure1.This Greater Shearwater isthe only individual documented byphotograph inthe Bahamas the early twentiethcentury, andvicinity; itwas present near Highbome Cay9 July 2003. œhotograph byRon are 13 reportstotaling 20 andin 1951,a fewpairs were birds from 1913 to 2002, discoveredbreeding in the roughly evenly divided islandsof CastleRoads (Mur- betweenwinter and spring, phy and Mowbray 1951). wLth one from August Thespecies is nowextremely (Table 1). rare,with 70 breedingpairs Ln 2003 on Bermuda (N.A.B. ]araaican Petrel 57: 419-422), and is listed as (Pter-odromacaribbaea) Endangered (Startersfield UNSUnsl•ANIIAIED. and Capper2000). Its range ONE TENTAIIX,E REPORT. at sea is unknown, and field identificationhas only • Bond(1936) reportsseeing a recentl5 been elucidated "dark-phase"Black-capped (Wingateet al. 1998).It has Petrel west of Bimini, but no been found annually in dateis provided.This petrel, waters off North Carolina once thoughtto be a dark since1996 (Davis2002), but morph or a subspeciesof there is no report from Figure2. Theonly documented record ofBand-rumped Sterm-Pntrel forthe Bahamas wasprovided by Black-cappedPetrel (lmber thisbird, which came aboard amerchant marine ship in late March 2000. Photograph bylffelissa Iffaura. Florida (Stevenson and 1991,Startersfield and Cap- Anderson 1994; EO.S.R.C. per 2000), has never been archive:B. Pranty,in lilt.). The species'cur- zone east of North Carolina, which lie• recordedother than on Jamaica,where the rentrarity would seem to makeit an unlikely almostdue north of nestingareas on Hispan- lastreport is from 1879, thoughtwo were candidatefor (re)appearancein Bahamian iola (kee 1995); direct transit betweennest- reportedlykilled there in 1891 (Douglas waters,but recentprospecting by a Bermuda ing areasand primary foraging areas would 2000). Given the recent documentation of Petrelin theAzorean Archipelago (N.A.B. 57: 142), which is not known to be a historical Table1. ReportsofBlack-capped Petrel in 8ahamian waters, 1913-2002. nestingarea, provides some hope that similar NUMBER LOCATtON DATE SOURCE behavior could be seen in the Bahamas. 1 28ø 35' N, 74 ø 35' W 2 Feb1913 Nichols1913 Black-cappedPetrel (Pterodroma hasitata) 1 25ø N, 73 ø W 16Jan 1965 .,c..,c.18:55-59,19:59 •1OSl REPOR]•SIN JANL &R•/FEBRUAR• 1 offshoreof FreshCreek, Andros 4 Feb1968 A.Paterson, inlitt. OR APR•L/M •,•. PROB•BL[ BREEDERIN PRE-COLUMBIAN TtMLS. 1 ca.60 km s. of Great Inagua 16Apr 1985 A.B.39:353-354 1 withinsight of Great Inagua 16Apr 1985 A.B.39:353-354 Bonesof whatappear to be thisspecies (but 3 betweenConception I. 11Feb 1988 D.B.Wingate, inlitt. conccivabl•of the next species)have bccn andPlana Cays found in a pre-Columbianmidden on Crooked Island (Olson and Htlgartner 1 nearCastle Island 15Feb 1988 D.B.Wingate, inlitt. 1982) Giventhe probable priraitive hunting 5 26.2øN, 76.3ø W 19Aug1988 S.S.38:12 techniquesof theaborigines, the presence of 2 e.of Crossing Rocks, Abaco 29Apr 1989 D.A.Sibley, inlitt. thesebones in a middenmay indicatethat 1 10 milese. of Abaco 29 Feb2000 •V.A.B.54:223-225 thisspecies once bred m theBahamas (Olson 1982). 1 8 milese. of I:lbow Cay, Abaco 21Apr2001 LBracey,inlitt. Thespecies has been described as a prob- 1 nearTabletop Seamount 11May 2001 •V./LB.55: 370-371, ableregular Iransienl through waters north (20miles he. of Abaco) Bracey2001 and east of the Bahamas(Haney 1987), whichseems likely in lightof its abundance 1 8-32kme. of Hope 16May 2002 •V.A.B.56:372-374 Town,Abaco in the nonbreedingseason in the pelagic
438 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS numerous(>100) recordsof dark-morph Herald Petrel (P arminjoniana)from the Table2. ReportsofCo•y's Shearwater inBahamian waters, other than those pelagicAtlantic •aters of North America detectedbyaerial survey, 1964-2003. (Brinkleyand Patteson1998a), as well as a NUMBER LOCATION DATE SOURCE possiblyprospecting individual observed at 1 25mi. e. of Miami Beach 25May 1961 A.F.t/.15:402-405 Culebra,Puerto Rico (Gochfeldet al. 1988), ? off GrandBahama 2 Jun1964 Bond1965 any sight report of P caribbacamust be regardedcritically. 1 24ø N, 80.25 ø W 31Jul 1967 S.S.22:41 3 betweenFlorida and Bimini 19-20Sep 1988 P.W.Smith, in lift. Cory'sShearwater (Calonectris diomedea) FAIRLY COMMON VISITOR EROM LATE SPRING 2 NorthwestProvidence Channel 8 May1995 Eli.49:985-986 THROUGHFALL, MOSTLY MAY THROUGH 2 25ø35'N,75ø36'W 12Jun1994 A.Sprunt, inlift. OCTOBER,•TH TWO V•INTERREPORTS. 1 RompidasReef, Cay Sal Bank Jul1994 A.Sprunt, inlift.
The relatweabundance of thisspecies in the 3 3 mi.e. of Cave Cay, Exumas 22Jun 1997 Eli.51:1058-1059 regionhas been known to fishermenand 1 betweenLittle and Great Inagua 9 May1999 tt.A.B.53:333-335 seagoingnaturalists for sometime--as inti- ? e.of Abaco 20May 2000 E.Bracey, inlift. mated in publishedcomments such as "...[ilnquiry revealsthat regular.but unre- 2 e.of Abaco 22Dec 2000 E.Bracey, inlift. ported observationshave occurredin the 3 (ph.) 2 mi.off Guana Cay, Abaco winter2000/2001 tt.A.B. 55:236-238 past"(Abramson 1901)--and indeed, Florida 1 ExumaSound 17-18May 2003 N.A.B.57:419-422 fishermanlooking for schoolsof tunaoften searchfor flocks of Cory'sShearwaters. which regularlyforage above the feedingfish. The itudeof the Carolinasbetween late May and 1, 5 milese. of GreatGuana Cay, Abaco 2 speciesis largeenough to showup onsophis- June(Brinkley and Patteson1998b, Dobson March 2001 (N.A.B. 55: 370-372); 1, e. of ticatednew boat-radar systems, so that com- 2002), but Bahamianrecords are surpris- HopeTown, Abaco 16 May 2002 (N.A.B.56: mercial-and sport-fishermen can now search ingly few, with large countsbeing unre- 372-374); 1 (ph.), near HighborneCay 9 outtuna by looking for the shearwaters' radar portedin print. Allen (1905) notedmany July 2003 (Figure1), the lastthe only con- signatures0- B. Patteson,pers. comm.). Aer- on a voyagefrom New Yorkto Nassauin finned record_ ial surveysof a studyarea east of Merritt June1904, but onlyone was seen on thelast Island,Florida that overlaps the northern end dayof thatvoyage, 27 June,a birdpresum- SootyShearwater (Puffinus griseus) of theBahamian EEZ found 145 Cory's Shear- ablyin Bahamianwaters. Th•sis a possible UNSUBSTANTIATED. POSSIBLE RARE e^rL•- waters 7-17 October 1980, some of which sourceof Riley's(1905a) listing of this •lNter •lsltor AND sPRING TRANSIENT. werein thearea of overlap(Fritts et al. 1983). speciesat NewProvidence, but Bond (1966) Stevenson and Anderson (1994) list several laterconsidered this report "unsatisfactory." As for Greater Shearwater,this species late-summerand autumn reports of hundreds All observations:1, 6 mi. s. of SamanaCay shouldbe encounteredregularly east of the of thisspecies off Florida's Atlantic coast, but 13May 1979(A. Sprunt,in litt.); 2, between BahamaIslands during northwardmigra- no distancesfrom shoreare listed.Beyond Little San Salvador and the s. end of tion in spring,but thereare only circa60 these,there are only 13 reportsof 20+ birds Eleuthera26 May 1991(A. Sprunt,in litt.); 1, reportsfrom Florida through 1992 (Steven- from the Bahamas(Table 2), but there are near CloseMon Reef (off s. end of Long son and Anderson 1994) and from the manyunpublished sightings of thisspecies Cay),Exumas 10 April 1996 (Bithorn 1996); Bahamasonly threereports: 2, 10-25 miles from whale researchers east of e. of Miami 4 December 1952 Abaco betweenHope Town and • (Castenholz1954); 1, Exuma Hole-in-the-Wall in February/ Sound, undated (Bond 1993); 2, 5 Marchand July/August (T. Pusset, miless. of GrandBahama in early pets.comm.). April 1997 (D. Porter, in litt.). • Thisspecies is probablyless likely Greater Shearwater to be seen in Bahamian waters in (Puffinusgravis) autumn, as the southbound ONE RECORD AND EI•E REPORTS • migrationapparently takes place OCCASIONAL SPRING AND EARLY largely in the eastern North SLIMMERVISITOR, MARCH Atlantic (Harrison 1985). Most THROUGHJULY. Caribbean Sea records come from the periodlate May throughJuly Cory (1890) wrote:"l havenever (Raffaeleet al. 1998), as is true in taken this Shearwater in the the Gulf Stream off the Carolinas Bahamas,but on several occasions 0- B. Patteson,pets. comm.). saw what I believed to be this specieswhile cruisingamong the Manx Shearwater islands. • Greater Shearwater (PuffthUS puffinus) should be relativelycommon in ONE RECORD AND ONE REPORT. latespring east of the Bahamas,as thereis heavyannual passage of A Manx Shearwater banded at Bard- the speciespast Bermuda and Figure3. Thissecond-calendar-year Northern Gannet was brought into the Rand spy I.. Wales 14 May 1986 was throughthe Gulf Streamat the lat- NatureCenter, Grand Bahama inOctober 1999. Photograph byBruce Hall•. found oiled and dead near Little
VOLUME 57 (2004} NUMBER 4 439 Figure4. An adult Northern Gannet near Man-o'-War Cay,Abaco 12April 1996 is one of few adults recordedinthe Bahanas: most reports are of subadult birds. Photograph byMarianneAIbury.
Harbour,Abaco 17 April 1989 (N.A.B.57: should be observed 272-274).The only report in ourregion is of during the period 22 probableManx Shearwatersmixed in from late February [locks with 85 Audubon's Shearwaters through March and Figure5. This Pomafine Jaeger was found at ElbowCay, Abaco inApril 1996. The species is relativelycommon atsea in the late fall and winter inthe region. Photograph byAnthony White. betweenConception Island and Samana Cay again m May and 11 February1988 (D. B.Wingate, in litt.).A early-Junein pelagic reportof subfossilremains of thisspecies on watersof the Bahamas;transients moving Wilson'sStorm-Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus) Crooked I. was in error (Wetmore 1938, fromthe NorthAtlantic to winteringareas FAIRLYCOMMON SPRING TRANSIENT, LESS Olsonand Hilgartner1982). As is the case offsouthern South America are also likely to COMMON SUMMER RESIDENT. with Greaterand SootyShearwaters, this be seenin the vicinity of the Bahamas. speciesapparently passes northward mostly Through1992, Florida had circa 20 reports Recordsand reports of this speciesin to the eastof the Bahamasin springmigra- and five specimens(Stevenson and Ander- Bahamian waters extend well back to the tion (Amos1991, Lee and Haney 1996) and son 1994). middlenineteenth century. In May 1859, Bryant (1859) saw Wilson'sStorm-Petrels Table3. Reportsand records ofWilson's Storm-Petrel inBahamian waters, 1964-2003. about60 milesnorth of Abaco,and by the next day (headingnorthward), the species NUMBER LOCATION DATE SOURCE hadbecome very numerous. He caught about ? offGrand Bahama 2 Jun1964 Bond1965 20, someof thempresumably in Bahamian 1 centralExumas lateApr 1966 Andreae1966 waters(Bryant 1859). A femalecollected at HighborneCay, Exumas 15 May 1879is now 3 at seas. of Acklins 10 Mar1976 Buden1987 at the FieldMuseum, Chicago (Bond 1956, "anumbeF near Little San Salvador 22April 1979 Artrill1979, Norton 1993 Buden1992). Cory(1890) noted that "[tlhe Wilson's Petrol becomes abundant a short I 20mi. e. of Long I. 5 May1981 A.B.35:981 distance off the coast, but I have never 1 ExumaSound, 10 mi. w. of Cat I. 10May 1984 A.Sprunt, inlilt. observedit verynear the land.While cruis- "flock"23 øN, 74.5 øW 9-11May 1986 S.S.36:32-35 ing amongthe islands,numbers of these Petrelsfollowed in the wake of the vessel, 15-25 from4 or5 milese. of Highborne 12May 1986 A.Sprunt, inflit. Cayto Powell Pt., Eleuthera onlyleaving us upon our nearapproach to shore." 1 (ph.) w.side of Little San Salvador 15May 1986 A.Sprunt, Jnlilt. In the early twentieth century,Riley 1 ExumaSound 16May 1986 A.Sprunt, in/lit. (1905b)wrote that "smallblack petrels fol- lowed the vessel in some numbers from the 1 ExumaSound 17May 1986 A.Sprunt, inlilt. timewe passed out of ChesapeakeBay 1 June 1 nearGreat Isaac Light (n. of Bimini) 28Apr 1987 A.B.41:493-494 1903until after we sighted the Nassau light 90+ offCrossing Rocks, Abaco 29Apr 1989 D.A.Sibley, inflit. 17 Juneand on the returnvoyage, but in 30 25ø 35' N, 79 ø 33' W 12Jun 1994 A.Sprunt, Jnflit. smallernumbers, soon after we left Abaco23 Julyuntil we sightedthe IV•rginialCapes." 1 AUTECBuoy, Tongue ofthe Ocean 19May 1998 A.Bainton, in/lit. In thesame year, Allen (1905) wrote:"After 1 offTreasure Cay, Abaco 10May 1999 IV.A.B.53:333-335 enteringupon the Gulf Streamand the 6 offElbow Cay, Abaco 21Apr 2001 IV.A.B.55:370-371 warmerwaters to thesouth, only one or two single[Wilson's Storm-Petrelsl were seen, 1 TabletopsSeamount 9 May2001 IV.A.B.55:370-371 thelast being in thelat 28 deg.N. Cory,while 1(ph.) offLittle Exuma 9 May2001 IV.A.B.55:370-371 cruisingamong the Bahamasat an earlier 1 nearHighborne Cay, Exumas 19May 2001 N.A.B.55:370-371 timeof theyear, found petrels abundant at a shortdistance off the coast,which might 3 e.of Hope Town, Abaco 16May2002 E.Bracey, inliit. indicatethat the birds were at thattime pass- ing throughthe latitudeof the Bahamasand
440 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS by July;when we madeour trip, the main flighthad passed still further northward." Almosta half-centurylater, Moore (1951) summarized bird observations from the WoodsHole vesselAtlantis logged during brief visitsover an unspecifiednumber of years(presumably 1940 through 1950). The data are presentedin five-degreesquares, includingtwo squares covenng the Bahamas andlurks & Caicos(defined by the ranges 25ø to 30ø N, 75ø to 80ø W and 20ø to 25ø N, 70ø to 75ø W). Iherc wasonly one sighting Januarythrough March, 19 in April,and 155 in May Evenallowing for the greater number of observationdays in April andMay (eight in January,12 in February,one in March,22 in April,and 20 in May), thesedata show an increase in the number of Wilson's Storm- Figure6.The Bahamas' onlydocumented record ofParasitic Jaeger was provided bythis specimen atLyford Cay, NewProvidence 27February 2003. Past reports ofthis species inthe region do not always rule out the similar Petrelsin Bahamawaters in April andMay Long-tailedJaeger. Photograph byLynn Gape. Bond(1956) gave9 May-1July as the range of datesthat the specieswas found around 28 April 1966 (Bond1967); 3, at seanear detectedafter August(Lee 1995, Brinkley New Providence. GreatInagua 12 March1976 (Buden1987); and Patteson 1998b) outside the context of Reportsand records from the past 50 years 3+, movingn. 100yards offshore of Crossing tropicalstorms. Florida's circa 15 published (laNe 3:21 reportsof _>163birds) confirm Rocks,Abaco 29 April 1989(D. A. Sible);in reportsof the speciesthrough 1992 fall earlierobservers' impressions of thisspecies fitt.); 1, off MushaCa)g Exumas 21 April mostlyinto th•swindow, with a few earlier as a verycommon spring and less-common 2001(N.A.B. 55: 370-371); 1, nearIabletops (April)and a fewlater (October) (Stevenson summervisitor to Bahamianwaters, and this Seamount11 May 2001 (Bracey2001; N.A.B. andAnderson 1994). There are a fewreports impressionis further supported by observa- 55: 370-371); l, e. of HopeTown, Abaco 10 for Cubaand Anngua in the Caribbean(Raf- tionsof whaleresearchers in the vicinityof May 2002 (N.A.B.56: 372-374)_ fade et al. lq98). It seemslikely, based on the Abacos,who see the speciesuncom- data from adjacent areas. that future monlyin summer(I. Pusser,pets. comm.). Band-rumpedStorm-Petrel Bahamian observations would be made in (Oceanodromacastro) the warmer. months. Leach's Storm-Petrel Two SPRING REPORESAND ONE RECORD. All observations: 10-15, north Exuma (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) Sound12 May 1986(A. Sprunt,in fitt.);1, on UNSUBSTANIIAEED. SIX SPRING REPORTS. Thisspecies has been photographed once in boardcontainer vessel sailing from Florida to Marchand sighted twice in Mayin Bahamian Nassaulate March 2000 (Figure 2; M. Maura, All Bahamianreports of Leach'sStorm- waters.To the north, where it is relatively in fitt.);1, nearTabletops Seamount 11 May Petrels have been made between mid-March well studied,Band-rumped Storm-Petrel 2001 (N.A.B. 55: 370-371). [t is uncertain and mid-May,a timewhen manyspecies of arrives in Gulf Stream waters off North Car- whether the bird found on the container ves- tubenoseare moving northwardinto the olina in May and June and is very rarely selin March2000 came on boardthe ship in North Atlantic. Many of Bahamian or U.S. waters. Floridagcirca 50 reports through1992 also come Red-billedTropicbird fromthis spring period off (Phaethonaethereus) the Atlantic coast (Steven- UNSUBSTANTIATED. son and Anderson 1994), SEVERAL REPORTS. but as Lee (1995) points out, the numbersrecorded One reportedat 26ø 30' N, 74ø thereand off North Car- 46' W 25 June 1979 (S.S. 30: olina "are too small to 58) is consideredvalid; how- accountfor thelarge west- ever,a reportof threeoff Abaco ernNorth Atlantic popula- 27 March 1937 (Holmes 1939) tion of this species,"and i was questioned by Bond he suspectsa migration (1956), as Holmes did not route "well to the east"of mention White-tailed Trop- the western wall of the icbird in the area or from GulfStream, "possibly in ,.. waters around Bermuda. The the mid-Atlantic." Raffaele 'I commentthat Red-billedTrop- et al. (1998) indicate that icbird is "reliably reported most Caribbeanreports rangingnorth to the Bahamas, are from "November to at least to latitude 23 ø N in the June," but no seasonal nonbreedingseason" (Lee et al. breakdownisprovided. 1981) suggestsother unpub- All reports: 2, off Figure7. Thisfirst-winter Black-headed Gullwas found at Cable Beach, New Providence 20January 1999. lishedreports as well. Florida Freeport,Grand Bahama PhotographbyBrandt Afansfield. had circa 10 observations of the
VOLUME 57 (2004) NUMBER 4 441 (EN. 51: 809-810, 932-933); two nesting Table4. Reportsand records ofNorthern Gannet inBaharnian waters, 1969-2003. pairswere photographed on White Cay 12 NUMBER LOCATION DATE SOURCE June 1998 (EN 52: 507-508); and a pair comprisedof a dark morph and a light 1 (banded) GrandBahama Apr1969 Buden1991 morphnested on CattoCay, Grahams Har- 1juv. LittleStirrup Cay, Berry Islands 5-6 Jan1984 /LB.38:361-362 bour 26-30 April 2002 (N.A.B. 56: 2 subads. e.of Hall's Pond Cay, Exurnas 7 May1988 Budenand Sprunt 1993 372-374). There is only one at-seareport of the 1 imrn. NortheastProvidence Channel 7 May1995 F./V.49:985-986 species:one rode a yachtovernight 27-28 2 NorthwestProvidence Channel BMay 1995 F./V.49:985-986 December 2002 from near New Providence 1 New Providence 30 Dec1995 C.B.C. to PipeCreek, Exumas (N.A.B. 57: 272-274). 1ad. (ph.) offMan-o'-War Cay, ^baco 12Apr 1996 M.^lbury, in lite., Northern Gannet (Sula bassanus) fideC. Wardie (Fig. 4) UNCOMMON•WINTER AND SPRING VISITOR s 1subad. (ph.) GrandBahama Oct1999 B.Hallerr, inlite. (Fig. 3) DECEMBERTHROUGH MAY, PRIMARILYIN 1 (ph.) RoseIsland off New Providence 14May 2000 M.Maura, in litt. NORTHERN AND CENTRAl BAHAMAS. 1 WestEnd, Grand Bahama 14Dec 2000 E.Bracey, inlitt. This speciesis confirmedby both photo- 1 GrandBahama 21 Mar 2003 /V.AB. 57:419-422 graphand bandingreturn in the northern 1 LittleBell I., Exumas 29Apr 2003 N.A.B.57:419-422 Bahamas but is unconfirmed elsewhere, induding as a "vagrant"to Providenciales (Bradley1995). In all, thereare 12 observa- species,including at leastthree specimens, numerousin the Bahamasin centuriespast. tions of 14 individuals, four of which are through 1992 (Stevensonand Anderson It was [ound in a midden on Grand Turk substantiated(Table 4). In Florida,Northern 1994), and there have been six additional datedapproximately 750 AD to 1170 AD Gannet is someumes abundant off the recordsand reports since that time, three of (Keegan1997), along with bonesof thepre- Atlanticcoast in the northernpart of the them on the state's Atlantic coast cedingspecies, but therewas no bonefrom state,but the speciesis "generallyrare to (EO.S.R.C.archive; B. Pranty,in litt.). BrownBooby, which has replacedthem as uncommon" off the state's southern coasts themost common booby in theregion (Cad- (Stevensonand Anderson 1994). MaskedBooby (Sula dactylatra) son 1999) FORMER BREEDERIN THE SOUIHERN BAHAMA In moderntimes, there are several reports American White Pdican ISLANDS,COMMON IN PRE-COLUMBIANIIMES. andrecords of breedingbirds. In the early (Pelecanuserythrorhynchos) NOW A RARE VISITOR. twentiethcentury, the specieswas notedto UNSUBSTANTIATED.THREE SIGHT REPORTS. have nested once on "Atwood'sKey" Bonesof thisspecies were found in a pre- (SamanaCay) (Bent 1922). In more recent Thoughquite numerous in Florida,chiefly in Columbian midden on Grand Turk (Carl- times,all othernesting activity has been doc- the nonbreedingseason (Stevenson and son 1999). In the nineteenthcentury, some umentedon caysin Graham'sHarbour, San Anderson1994), thisspecies is ratherrare in 20 pairsof thisspecies nested on CaySanto Salvador:a pairwas observed on White Cay, the CaribbeanBasin, known mostly from Domingosouth of the RaggedIslands, doc- with nestingsuspected in May 1988 (White Cuba and Puerto Rico (Raffaeleet al. 1998). umented there 10 April 1859 (Bryant et al. ] 996); 2 adults,1 subadult,and 1 chick Noneof the threeBahamian reports of the 1859), and threespecimens were collected werephotographed on White Cay 28 April speciesis satisfactory,although all threeare there(Bangs and Penard1930). Therewas 1995 (Frontispiecephotograph; EN. 49: likelycorrect. no signof any on Cay SantoDomingo on 985-986;White et al. 1996);a pairnested at All reports:1, Bimini4-8 March1947 (? 22 June 1998 (White et al. 1999), and the WhiteCay from January through May 1997 year uncertain)(Friedman 1948); l (or speciesis describedas a "vagrant"to both Turks Islandsand CaicosIslands (Bradley 1995). In modern times, only five reportsof 9-10 individuals are known for the BahamianArchipelago. All reports: 1, 9 milese. of Cay VerdeI & 2 May 1979 (A. Sprunt,in litt.); 5, off PetcrsonCay, Grand Bahama28 April 1987 (A.B.41: 493-494); 1, at sea, e. o[ Turks Islands December ]978 (Buden1987); 1, Whne Cay,San Sal- vador31 May 1995,and 2 adultsnoted dis- playing there 12 June 1998 (EN. 52: 5O7-5O8).
Red-lootedBooby (Sula sula) COMMONIN PRE-COLUMBIANTIMI-•, NOWA RAREBREEDER (ONE OR TWO PAIRS)ON CAYS IN GRAHAM'$HARBOUR, SAN SALVADOR. Figure8.A first-winter Bonaparte's Gull(here) a[ Marsh Harbour, •aco wasaccompanied bytwo adults 28 December 1983. This specieswas apparentlymuch more PhotographbyEdword S.Bnnkley.
442 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS more?),Jouher's Ca)' (n. of Andros)11 June the sameis probablytrue of the Bahamian guishthis speciesfrom the next. (yearnot given)(BrudenelI-Bruce 1975): 2, status. GreatInagua 26June 1980(Bond 1982). All reports:I, New Providence11-12 RedPhalarope (Phalaropusfidica•us) October 1959 (BrudcnelI-Bruce 1975); 4, VERY IL&R[ TIL&NSIENCONE RECORD Red-neckedPhalarope beyondthe coastalshelf betweenFlorida AND ONE REPORT. (Phalaropus!obatus) and Bimini 19-20 September1988 (P W. UNSUBSTANTIATED.RARF TRANSIENT, Smith, in litt.); 10+, OceanBight, Great Thisspecies is scarcelyknown in Bahamian WITH FIVE REPORTS. Exuma November 1995 (B. Minns, in waters,in starkcontrast to Floridaõ80+ pub- litt.); 20, Rollc Town, Great Exuma Janu- lished reports ihrough 1992, some with Aswith manyspecies of seabirdthat are well ary 1997 (B. Smilh, JideB. Minns). It is countsin thehigh hundreds (Stevenson and documentedas transients through the waters unclear whether a report from Little Anderson1994). Moresurveys of northern of the SouthernAtlantic Bight and Florida Exuma3 April (year unpublished)refers and northwestern Bahamian waters in fall but not in the Bahamas, Red-necked to thisspecies or to Wilson'sPhalarope, P and winter would probably clarify the Phalaropehas been detected only rarelyoff tricolor(BrudenclI-Bruce 1975). A report species'status in theregion. theBahamas and is notyet confirmed •n the of 350 "far offshore" from Cocoa Beach, All observations:1 (adult; ph.), Morton region.In Florida,the species is considered Florida in mid-October 1955 (Cruick- Salt Ponds,Great lnagua 4-7 March 1999 a "veryrare migrant and winter resident [...] shank 1980) lacks data on location as (ph. K. Karlson;Karlson, in !itt.); 1, Andros sometimesseen in numbersoffshore," and well as documentation that would distin- 17 May 1968 (year uncertain),considered "questionable"by Bond(1969). Table5. Allreports and records ofPomarine Jaegers inBahamian waters, 1945-2002. PomafineJaeger NUMBER LOCATION DATE SOURCE (Stercorariuspomarinus) 1 light 150miles e. of Abaco 25Mar 1945 Starrettand Dixon 1947 FAIRLY COMMON WINTER AND SPRING 1 light 18miles e. of San Salvador 26Mar 1945 Starrettand Dixon 1947 VISITOR• X•ITII TWO FALl REPORTS.
4• 10-25 milese. of Miami 4 Dec1952 Castenholz1954 As is the case off Florida (Stevenson and 1 S.of Southeast Pt.,Great Inagua 29Feb 1964 5.5.18:29 Anderson1994), this speciesis the most 1 25ø N, 73øW 16Jan1965 5.5.18:55-59 common(or commonlyidentified) jaeger in pelagicwaters. In additionto a specimen 1 light 28ø N, 73 ø W 4 Mar1965 5.5.18:55-59 recordand the 25 reportsof up to 48 indi- 1 light 25ø N, 76 ø W 5 Mar1965 55. 18:55-59 vidualspresented in Table 5, WoodsHole personnelon the Atlantisobserved three 1 offFreeport, Grand Bahama 28Apr 1966 Bond1967 PomafineJaegers in Januar);18 in FebruaD; 1 dark off CrookedI. 27 Oct1981 /LB.36:223-224 19 in April, and four in May in the five 2 betweenPort Everglades 1 Mar1982 /LB.36:843-846 degreesquares delimited by the coordinates and GrandBahama 25ø to 30ø N, 75ø to 80ø W and 20ø to 25ø N, 70ø to 75ø W, all presumablybetween 1940 1 26ø 35' N, 74 ø 34' W 19Apr 1982 53. 33:62 and 1950 (Moore 1951). There are also ten- 1 betweenFt. Lauderdaleand 22 Dec1983 A.B.38:361-362 tativereports or reportslacking basic docu- LittleStirrup Cay mentation:a probabledark-morph Pomarine 1 betweenFt. Lauderdale and 5 Jan1984 A.B.38:361-362 was noted in companywith five Parasitic LittleStirrup Cay Jaegers35-40 mileseast of Miami, within 1 LittleSan Salvador 12Feb 1984 G.Oliver, in litt. sightof the Biminis24 April 1953 (Casten- holz 1954),and Bond (1976) reportsseeing 2 light 25miles sw. of Grand Bahama 2 May1987 A.B.41:493-494 "several" in the Gulf Stream north of Cuba 5 betweenFlorida and Bimini 19-20Sep 1988 P.W.Smith, in litt. and west of the Bahamas(Bond 1976), date 1dark s.of Little Bell I., Exumas 31May 1991 Leeand Clark 1994 unspecified. More attention to pelagic waterswould probably produce many more 2 ad. 3 milesse. of Porgy's Rock, 9 May1992 A.Sprunt, inlin. recordsof thisspecies, particularly in thelate e. of New Providence autumn (late October and November). 8 Ft.Lauderdale toFreeport 7 Mar1993 A.B.47:457 1 "onehour out" of Freeport 5 May1993 A.B.47:457 ParasiticJaeger (Stercorariusparasiticus) 1 light ElbowCay, Abaco Apr1996 J.Vidmar, inlite. UNCOMMON WINTER AND SPRING [specimennow at Florida VIS1TOR• ¾VITH ONE FALt REPORT. MuseumofNatural History] (Fig.5) 1 SandyCay, Exumas 4 Nov2000 W.Hayes, inlite. As for the previousspecies, the presenceof 3 offGuana Cay, Abaco 23Feb 2001 E.Bracey, inli•t. ParasiticJaeger in the Bahamasis con- firmedby specimenevidence, but no pho- 1light Abaco 23Apr & 1May 2002 E.Bracey, inli•t. tographic documentation is known. 3 Abaco 17 Mar2003 NJI.B.57:419-422 AlthoughBond (1993) gave the statusof 3 17kin. w. of Great Inagua 30Apr 2003 N.A.B.57:419-422 ParasiticJaeger as "not uncommonin the Gulf Stream north of western Cuba and •2 imm.,2 lightad., 1 dark ad.; some ofthese were possibly inFlorida waters westof the Bahamas,"fewer reports of this speciesare knownthan for Pomafine(as is
VOLUME 57 (2004) NUMBER 4 443 1 the casein Florida [Stevensonand Ander- Table6. Allreports and records ofBonaparte's Gullfrom the Bahamas, 1876-2002. son 1994]), but there are several counts NUMBEN LOCATION DATE SOURCE higher than the highestcount for that species.Shipboard surveys by Woods 1 LongI. 8 Oct1876 Moore1877, Cory 1890 Hole personneldetected fewer Parasiucs 1 GrandBahama late Dec1962 Gantz1963 thanPomatines in the five-degreesquares 1 Andros 22 Nov1973 Bond1974 delimitedby thecoordinates 25 ø to 30ø N, 75ø to 80ø W and 20ø to 25ø N, 70ø to 75ø ? NewProvidence 7-20 Mar1962 BrudnelI-Bruce1975,Bond 1963 W: threeParasitic Jaegers were notedin 2 SanSalvador 2 Dec1973 Miller1978, Bond 1976,1980 January,two in February,and one in April, presumablybetween 1940 and 2+ DoubleBay, Eleuthera 22Jan-7 Feb 1977 Connorand Loftin 1985 1950 (Moore 1951). There is one con- 3* (ph.) MarshHarbour, Abaco 28Dec 1983 A.B.38:361-362 (Fig. 8) temporaneousmention of a probablePar- asiticJaeger by Castenholz(1954), a bird 1ad. (ph.) HopeTown, ^baco 1Jan 1984 A.B.38:361-362 seen23 April 1953 some35-40 mileseast 1 GreatGuana Cay, Abaco Jan1996 J.Vidmar, inlira. of Mtami. As with other Stercorarius, identificationof many individualsis I SanSalvador 21-22 Jan1997 F./V.51:809-810 problematic,and observersoften qualify 1 (dead,ph.) LandrailPt., Crooked I. 3 May1997 /VJI.B.51:932-933 identificationswith "probable"or "possi- ble"in the caseof thejaegers. 1 TreasureCay, Abaco 18Jan 1999 IV.A.B.53:214-215 All reportsand records:5 (2 light- 1 Nassau 5 Dec2000 N.A.B.54:223-224 morph adults,three immatures),within 1 TreasureCay, Abaco 22Dec 2002 /VA.B.57:272-274 sightof the Biminis24 April 1953(Cas- tenholz1954); 2 (onedark, one light) off 6 TreasureCay, Abaco 28Feb 2003 N.A.B.57:272-274 Fox Town, Little Ahaco 17June 1972 (A. * = 2 ads.,1 imm. Paterson, in litt.); 12-14, between Port Evergladesand Grand Bahama1 March 1982 (A.B. 36: 843-846); 9, betweenFort Table7. Allreports and records ofLesser Black-backed Gullfrom the Bahamas, 1985-2003. Lauderdaleand Little Stirrup Cay 22 NUMBER LOCATION DATE SOURCE December 1983 (A.B. 38: 361-362); one (light adult), 25 miles southwestof 1 GreenTurtle Cay, Abaco 6 Feb1985 A.B.39:214-215 Grand Bahama2 May 1987 (A.B. 41: 1-2 PlymouthHarbour, Green Turtle 19Feb 1994 F./V.48:253-254 493-494); l. nearBrigantine Cays. Exu- Cay,Abaco mas February 1988 (Buden 1992); 1, beyondthe coastalshelf between Florida 1 ArawakCay, New Providence 19Oct 1994 A.W.White andBimini 19-20 September1988 (P W. 3 New Providence 29 Dec1994 C.B.C. Smith, in litt.); 1, Fresh Creek, Andros25 1 MarshHarbour, Abaco 27Feb 1996 J.Vidmar, in litt. October 1998 (N.A.B. 53: l10-111); 1 (moribundlight-morph subadult), kyford 1 MarshHarbour, Abaco 28 Nov1996 R.Odear, in lira. Cay,New Providence27 February2002 2 TarpumBay, Eleuthera 3-4 Dec1997 A.W.White (N.A.B. 56: 235-237). This last bird was preparedas a specimenand is nowin the 3 NewProvidence 27 Dec1997 C.B.C. collection of the Bahamas National Trust 1-3 MarshHarbour, Abaco 16-21Jan 1999 /V.A.B.53:214-215 (Figure6). 1 WestEnd, Grand Bahama 15 Feb1999 IV.A.B.53:214-215 Long-tailedJaeger 1-2 NorthBimini 24-28Apr 1999 Whiteet al. 2000 (Stercorarius1ongicaudus) 1-2 Nassau 5-19 Dec1999 /V.A.B.54:223-224 UNSUBSTANTIATFD.RFPORTED APRIL, MAY,AND POSSIBLY DECEMBER. 40 Freeportdump, Grand Bahama 13Dec 2000 /V.A.B.55:236-238 1+ Nassau 18 Dec2000 /V.KB. 55:236-238 The migrationof this speciesbetween nestingareas and wintering grounds in the 14(vt.) Freeportdump, Grand Bahama 26Jan 2001 S.Mlodinow, inIitt. Falkland Current off South America 1 TreasureCay, Abaco 3 Feb2001 E.Bracey, inlitt. shouldmake It a regular,if uncommon, speciesin both autumn and spring, 1 ChubCay, Berry I. Mar2001 S.Stiles, inlitt. althoughpassage through the latitudeof 8 NewProvidence 16 Dec2001 C.B.C. the Bahamasmay be rapid. Some 38 50 Freeportdump, Grand Bahama 19Dec 2001 C.B.C. reports From Florida through 1992 (Stevensonand Anderson 1994), plus nine 3 NewProvidence 15 Dec2002 C.B.C. recordsand reports(totaling 13 birds) 2 WestEnd, Grand Bahama 17Dec 2002 /V.A.B.57:272-274 since that time (EO.S.R.C archive, B. Pranty,in litt.), indicatethat this is that 1 Freeport,Grand Bahama 18Dec 2002 /V.A.B.57:272-274 state'sraresl jaeger, as appearsto be the 1 TarpureBay, Eleuthera 7 Jan2003 /VJI.B.57:272-274 case in Bahamian waters, where four reports, none confirmed, are known.
444 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Thereare also several other reports of "prob- LesserBlack-backed Gull (Larusfuscus) time, a steadyincrease in recordshas been able"Long-tailed Jaegers, included here for UNCOMMONIO LOCALLYCOMMON FALL, documentedthroughout much of North thesake of completeness. WlNILR,AND SPRING VISIIOR (OCIOBER America (Post and Lewis 1995a, 1995b), The only Bahamianreports thus far IO APRIL)IN NORIHERNAND CENIRAL and recordsfrom the Bahamashave kept includethree birds noted in Apriland one in BAHAMAS. pace with continentalrecords, so that May between1940 and 1950, •n the five- there are now more than 20 records and degreesquares defined by the coordinates Throughthe nineteenthcentury and most reportsfor the region(Table 7). The vast 25ø to 30øN, 75ø to 80ø W and 20ø to 25 øN, of the twentieth, this species was majority of the circa 143 individuals 70ø to 75ø W (Moore 1951). In addition, unknown in the Bahamas,first being (duplicationlikely) reportedthus far has there is an undatedsight recordof the recordedonly in 1985(Table 7). Sincethat been from the landfill at Freeport,Grand speciesconsidered tentative off Providen- ciales (Sanderson 1982), and Castenholz Table8. Allreports and records ofGreat Black-backed Gullfrom the Bahamian Archipelago, 1981-2002. (1954) reportedan adultlight morph10-25 NUMBER LOC,•TION DATE SOURCE milese. of Miami4 December1952 (possibly in Florida waters),as well as 2 probable 1 (dead) SanSalvador Jan1981 Bond1982 Long-tailedJaegers 9 December1952, 25 1 LeeStocking I. 9-20 Feb1989 Dunhamet al.1990 milese. of Miami,thus near the boundary of 2 GreenTurtle Cay, Abac0 6 Feb1985 A.B.39:214-215 U.S. waters. Winter reportsof this speciesfrom the 2 MarshHarbour, Abaco 19Nov 1990 /LB.45:500 westernNorth Atlantic are very few,all of 2 Baker'sBay, Abaco Dec1994 J.Vidmar, in/itC. singlebirds: West Palm BeachC.B.C. 24 1 Abaco 8 Oct1995 E.Bracey, inlitc. December 1932 (C.B.C. archive); Continen- tal Shelf C.B.C. 20 December 1984 [off North 1 ParrotCay, Abaco area 1-3 Jan1996 R.Patterson, inlitc. Carolinaat 35ø 15' N, 74ø 40' W] (Lee 1987); 1 (ph.) WestEnd, Grand Bahama 13Feb 1997 F.N.51:809-810 Point Judith, WashingtonCounty, Rhode 1 GrandBahama 5 Nov1997 F.N.52:132-133 Island15 January 2001 (Hunt 2001). None of thesereports is documentedwith speci- 1 Nassau 2 Mar 1999 IV.A.B.53:214-215 men or photograph.The statusof this 1 Nassau 5-19 Dec1999 IV.A.B.54:223-224 speciesnorth of the equatoris not well 1 Abaco 7 Dec1999 IV.A.B.54:223-224 known for the colder months (Lee 1987). 2 New Providence 17 Dec2000 C.B.C. Black-headedGull (Larus ridibundus) 1 (vt.) WestEnd, Grand Bahama 2 Feb& 21 Mar2001 IV.A.B.55: 236-238, RAREWINIER VISIIOR•WIIH IHREERECORDS IV.A.B.55:370-371 AND ONE REPORI. 1 ParadiseI. 6 Oct2001 IV.A.B.56:119 1 New Providence 16 Dec2001 C.B.C. Therarity of thisspecies in theBahamas is in keeping with its status in the northern 1 Abaco 10Apr 2002 E.Bracey, in/itC. Caribbean(e.g., Cuba [Garrido and Kirkcon- 1 Nassau 3 Oct2002 IV.A.B.57:131-133 nell 20001) and Florida (Stevenson and Anderson1994), although the species is said to beregular in SanJuan harbor, Puerto Rico Table9. Allreports and records ofCaspian Tern from the Bahamas and Turks & Caicos,1961-2002. (Raffaele 1989). All observations:1 (adult, ph.), Grand NUMBER LOCATIO•I DATE SOURCE Turk 30 December1985 throughat least8 1 GreatInagua 10Apr 1961 BrudnelI-Bruce1975, March1986 (1986 C.B.C.; G. H. Rosenberg, Buden1987 in litt.); 1 (first-basic), Marsh Harbour, 3 NorthAndros 6-8 Apr1968 A.F.N.22: 516-520, Abaco 17 February1988 (W. Petersen,in Bond1969 litt.,fideB. HalletO; 1 (first-basic,ph.), Gov- ernor'sHarbour, Eleuthem 14-18 November 3 GrandTurk 20Apr 1982 Sanderson1982, A.B. 36:897-898 1996 (White 1997; N.A.B. 51' 128-130); 1 (first-basic,ph.), CableBeach, New Provi- 1 GrandTurk 28 Dec1982 A.B.37: 342-344, dence 20-21 January 1909 (N.A.B. 53: Buden1987 214-215; Figure7). 2 GrandTurk 16May 1984 A.B.38: 968-970, Buden1987 Bonaparte'sGull (Larusphiladelphia) 1 MarshHarbour, Abaco 16Nov 1990 P.W.Sykes, inlitc. UNCOMMONFALL AND WINIER VISIIOR• OCIOBER THROUGH MARCH. 1 Man-o'-WarCay, Abaco Jan1996 J.Vidmar, inlitC. 1 ElbowCay, Abaco Mar1996 J.Vidmar, inlitC. In additionto the 12 reportsof 19 individu- 1 (ph.) WestEnd, Grand Bahama 13Oct 1996 IV.A.B.51:128-130 alsand three records involving five individu- alsdetailed in Table6, thespecies is reported 1 RidingPt., Grand Bahama 18Feb 1997 IV.A.B.51:809-810 from Pine Cay,Caicos Mands (Sanderson 2-3 PineCay, Caicos Islands 16Dec 1991 Walsh-McGehee 1982,Bradley 1995), and there is mentionby et al. 1998 Bond (1971) of Februaryand/or March 2 (ph.) Wilson'sPond, New Providence 2 Nov2002 IV.A.B.57:131-133 reportsof thespecies from New Providence.
VOLUME 57 (2004) NUMBER 4 445 their relative abundance in Florida. In Florida,Caspian Tern is locallycommon as a nester and not uncommon as a winter visitor (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). In con- trast,there are only 12 reportsof 18 individ- ualsand twophotographic records of three birds for the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos (Table9; Figure11), and mostobservations are relativelyrecent. The speciesis also listedfor Providenciales(Bradley 1995).
Common Tern (Sterna hitundo) COMMOn MIGRAnt aND UNCOMMONWINTER VISITOR, REPORTED IN EVERY MONTH EXCEPT AUGUST. REPORTS OF NESTING IN BAHAMAS
NEED CONFIRMATION.
Historical records of Common Tern are few for the Bahamas,as is true of other non- Figure9. Thisfirst-winter 6reat Black-backed 6ullat West End, 6rand Bahama afforded one of few documented pelagictern species.One was collecteda! recordsfor the archipelago. Photograph byBruce Hallerr. Acklinsin May 1879 (Cory 1890),but the locationof thisspecimen isnot known. More Bahama,in earlywinter and in connection CaspianTern (Sterna caspia) recendy,another collected at Mayaguanain with the Christmas Bird Count. OCCASIONA•winter VISITOrAND MIGRANt, October 1978 (Buden 1987) is locatedat the OCTOBER THROUGH MAY. kouisianaState University Museum. Great Black-backed Gull The speciesis alsoconfirmed as a visitor (LatHs marinus) Severalspecies of ternsthat feed primarily in to theBahamas by fourbanding returns, all UNCOMMON FAIr AND WINTER coastal waters are less common in the of Massachusetts-bandedindividuals, one in VISITOR TO THE NORTHERN AND Bahamasthan one mightexpect. based on May,one in October.and two in December CENTRAL BAHAMAS.
Table10. Allreports ofCommon Tern from the Bahamas and Turks &Caicos, 1982-2001. This species,first reportedin the region only in 1981 (asspecimen), would appear NUMBER LOCATION DATE SOURCE to be increasingin recentyears, as indi- 1 Pmvidenciales 6 Mar 1982 A.B.36:897-898 catedby some18 observationsof 22 or so individuals, most of which are from the 2 GrandTurk 24Apr 1983 A.B.37:916-917 1990s,two of which were photographed 3 Providenciales 26Apr 1984 A.B.38:968-970 (Table8; Figure9). 4-5daily Mayaguana 4-18Oct 1978 Buden1987 40+ betweenFort Lauderdale 22 Dec1983 A.B.38:361-362 Black-leggedKittiwake andLittle Stirrup Cay (Rissatridactyla) RARE WINTER VISITOR. 90 LittleStirrup Cay 5 Jan1984 A.B.38:361-362 1 Abaco 6 Feb 1985 ,4.B.39:214-215 Most observationsof this species(12 of 5 offGreat Inagua 16Apr 1985 ,4.B.39:353-354 13 individualsreported) came during the harsh winter of 1983-1984, in which 2 GrandTurk 19 Jul 1987 ,4.B.41:1491-1492 many cold fronts pushed into southern 1 WestCaic0s 28Sep 1987 A.B.42:143-144, Florida and the central Bahamas (Norton Nortonand Clarke1989 [984; Figure 10). 1 NewProvidence 19-23Jan 1988 D.Wingate, inlitt. All reportsand records:1 (first-basic), found exhaustedon beach at Fresh Creek, 1 betweenFlorida and Bimini 19-20Sep 1988 P.W.Smith, in litt. Andros3 February 1968 (Paterson1968, 1 SanSalvador 16Nov 1995 W.Hayes, inlitt. Bond 1968); 1 (first-basic),Hope Town, 1 NorthCreek, Grand Turk 18Jun 1996 F./V.50:1000,1002 Elbow Cay, Abaco 1 January 1984 (A.B. 38: 361-362); 4 (first-basic,ph.), Little 4 (ph.) PineCay, Caicos Islands 23Jun 1996 œ./V.50:1000,1002 StirrupCay, Berry Islands 5 January1984 1 GrandBahama 13 Oct1996 F./V.50:128-130 (A.B. 38: 361-362); 2, Eleuthera 11 Feb- 4 TarpumBay, Eleuthera 15Nov 1996 F./V.50:128-130 ruary 1984, 2, Cat Island 14 February 1984. 1 (first-basic),Conception Island 1 L.Cunningham, New Providence 25Oct 1997 F./V.52:132-133 15 February1984, 1 (first-basic),Long 1-5(ph.) Mayaguana 25-28Oct 1997 F./V.52:132-133 Island 17 February,and 1 (first-basic), 1 MangroveCay, Caicos Islands 12Nov 1997 F./V.52:132-133 Great lnagua 22 Februarylq84 (all A.B. 38: 968-970). 1 ConceptionIsland 3 May1999 B.Hallett, inlitt. 1 TreasureCay, Abaco 4 Feb2001 IVA.B.55:236-238
446 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Rocks,Abaco 7 May2003, which was kept as Table11. ^11reports ofForster's Tern from the Bahamas, 1954-2003 a specimenat the BahamasNational Irust NUMBER LOOTION DAI• SOURCE (N.A.B.57: 419-422; E. Bracey,in litt.;Figure 2 GreatExuma 21 Nov1954 Bond1962 12). Ihere are two sightreports of single birds,one "well seen" near Big Green Cay off 12 FreshCreek, Andros 14Aug 1968 ^. Paterson,inlitt. Andros2 July 1977 (A.B.31: 1128-1130) 1-4 Eleuthera 22 Jan-5 Feb Connorand Loftin 1985 and anotheroff Litde SanSalvador 17 May & 19Sep1977 1986(A. Sprunt,in litt.). 3 Abaco 25 Dec1983 A.B.38:361-362 As is the casefor SootyShearwater, this speciesmight be expectedin the region 2 Abaco 5 Feb1985 A.B.39:214-215 chieflyin springmigration, as the autumn 2 nearGovernor's Harbour, Eleuthera 17 Dec1985 A.B.40:338-339 migration involvesmovements primarily 1 betweenLittle San Salvador and Cat I. 30Jan 1988 I). B.Wingate, inlitt. towardwestern Europe and northwest Africa into the easternAdantic and away from 2 GreatInagua 30Oct 1997 F./V.52:132-133 North America (Bourneand Casement1996, 1(ph.) WestEnd, Grand Bahama 5 Nov1997 F./V.52:132-133 Hatch2002); the speciesis alsorare in the 1 New Providence 27 Dec1997 C.B.C. southeastern United States at this season (Lee and Cardiff 1993). Florida had 18 2 Wilson'sPond, New Providence 19-24Jan 1998 F./V.52:395-396 reportsand three or fourspecimens through 6 GreatStirrup Cay, Berry Islands 31Jan 1998 M.Lockwood, inlitt. 1992 (Stevensonand Anderson 1994), and 2 (vt.) WestEnd, Grand Bahama 14Dec 2000- /V.A.&55:236-238 sincethat time, 15 reportstotaling some 3 Feb2001 42-43 birdshave accrued, mostly from the Atlanticcoast (EO.S.R.C. archive, B. Pranty, 1 Nassau 23-24 Jan2002 IV.A.B.56:235-237 in litt.). 2 WestEnd, Grand Bahama 17Dec 2002 N,•.B.57:272-274 6 TreasureCay, Abaco 28Feb 2003 IV.A.B.57:272-274 Forster'sTern (Sternaforsteri) UNCOMMON FALL MIGRANT AND •VINTER VISITOR,SEPTEMBER IHROUGH (Bird BandingLaboratory, in litt.). FEBRUARY. Althoughthe specieshas possibly bredin the archipelago,details are As for Commonand Caspian scanton past nestings_ Bond (1978) Terns,the scarcityof Forster's recommends verification of Tern in the Bahamas is some- reportednesting on StockingCay whatsurprising given its status off Great Exuma. More recently, on the Atlanticcoast of Florida, Sprunt (1984) does not include whereit is relativelycommon, CommonIern amongthe seabird especiallyoff northerncoasts speciesnesting in the Bahamas. (Stevenson and Anderson However,the filesof the BirdBand- 1994). Only16 reports of over ingLaboratory (in litt.) includedata 45 individuals are known from on 18 Common Tern nestlings the Bahamas(Table 11; Figure bandednear North Bight, Andros in 13), and there is an additional July1969 and 1970. Ihere aresev- report of a probableForster's eralscattered breeding reports from Tern from Cat Island 30 Janu- Florida, of which one is docu- Figure10. This first-winter Black-legged I(ittiwake atUttle Stirrup Cay, Berry Islands, ary 1988 (D. B. Wingate,in mented (Stevenson and Anderson Bahamas5January 1984 was one of four noted in the area on that date and one of litt.). 1994). a dozenreported that winter in the Bahamas. Photograph byEdward$. Brinkley. Ihe 22 Bahamianreports totaling White-wingedTern well over200 individualsgive some (Chlidoniasleucopterus) indication of the relative abundance SPRINGVAGRANT; ONE of the speciesin the region(Iable RECORD AND ONE REPORT. 10). Ihe highestsingle-site count (90 birds)was of a singleforaging One White-wingedTern was flock observedduring a strong photographedwith threeBlack northeasterly gale while the Ierns at Great Inagua 26 June observers' sailboat was at anchor 1980 (Bond 1982, Buden 1987; (R. E Moore,E. S. Brinkley,in litt.). Figure 14), and one was reportedby multipleobservers ArcticTern (Sterna paradisaea) at McKinneyPond, Cat Island RARETRANSIENI. TWO REPORIS, 22 May 1999(N.A.B. 53: 334). ONE RECORD. Ihis Furasianspecies is an almost-annual visitor to the Theonly record for theBahamas is eastern United States and of one found injured along the Figure11. Caspian Tern records arenotorious)y scarce from the Bahamas;this adultat Wilson's Pond, Canada,mostly from May to highwayone mile north of Crossing flewProvidence 2November 2002 is one of few photographed inthe region. Photogroph byPaulBean. September (Mlodinow and
VOLUME 57 (2004) NUMBER 4 447 O'Brien1996), with other nearbyrecords from St. Croix and Barbados(Raffaele et al. Table12. Reportsand records ofBlack Skimmer from the Bahamas and Turks & Caicos,1947-2001. 1998) but none from Florida (Stevenson and NUMBER LOCAnOR DATE SOURCE Anderson1994; EO.S.R.C. archive, B. Pranty, in litt.). 2 Bimini 4-8 Mar19477 Friedman1948, Vaurie1953 WhiskeredTern (Chlidonias hybr•dus) 1 GreatInagua undated Bond1956, Buden 1987 VAGRANT. ONE RECORD. 1 (dead) NewProvidence 9 Feb1958 Bond1959
OneWhiskered Tern was observed and pho- 1 NorthBimini 7Apr 1958 Bond1959 tographedon GreatInagua 1-2 May 2003 1 GrandBahama late Dec1962 6antz 1963 (N.A.B.57: 419-422; Figure 15), only the 1 offPtovidenciales nodate Sanderson1982, fourth recordin the New World, the others Bradley1995 comingfrom New Jersey and Delaware in the 1 MarshHarbour, Abaco 29 Dec1983 A.B.38:361-362 United Statesin 1993 (A.O.U. 1998), Barba- dosin 1994 (A.O.U. 1998), and againNew 1 (ph.) AliceTown, North Bimini 6 Dec1994 F./V.49:203-204 Jerseyin 1998(pA., N.A.B. 53: 5). 1 AliceTown, North Bimini 6-11 Dec1996 R.Elston, inlitt. 1 NewProvidence 28 Dec1996 C.B.C. BlackTern (Chlidonias niger) RARE SPRING AND UNCOMMON 1 SandyPt., Abaco 1Sep 1997 F./V.52:132-133 EARLY-FALL MIGRANT, REPORTED 5 MiddleCaicos 13 Dec1997 Walsh-McGehee APRILAND JUNE TtlROUGH OCTOBER. et al. 1998 1 (ph.) WestEnd, Grand Bahama 14Dec 2000 E.Bracey, inlitt. (Fig. 16) BlackTern apparently occurs regularly in the Bahamas,and someauthors give only a 2 SandyPt., Abaco 2 Jan2001 /V.A.B.55:236-238 rangeor sampledates and do not report 1 (vt.) OurLucaya, Grand Bahama 29Jan-1 Feb 2001 S.Mlodinow, inlitt. individual sightings.For example,Bru- denell-Bruce(1975) citeslc• Augustto 13 Septemberas the periodwhen this tern has Bimini 5 August 1951 (Vaurie 1953); 1, Indies (Raffaeleet al. 1998). been found on New Providence, and he Eleuthera 17 October 1956 (Bond 1957); 2, gives11 April and25 Julyon Greatlnagua Andros3 August(no year given) (Bond BlackSkimmer (Rynchops niger) as sampledates froIn the out islands.Con- /972); 3, Greatlnagua 26 June1980 (Bond RAREWINIER AND SPRING VISITOR, nor, who spent six years on Eleuthera, /982, Buden 1987). SEPPEMBERTHROUGH APRIL. reportsseeing Black Terns between 22 July and 16 September,with a high one-day BlackNoddy (AnDus tenuirostr•s) In contrastto thespecies' abundance in south- count of 18 birds (Connor and Loftin 1985). UNSUBStANtIAtED. ONE •POrt. ern Florida, where winter tallies in the low Bradley(1995) reportsthat this species is a thousandshave been made (Stevensonand rare passagemigrant in both the Turks Twowere reported on Providenciales24 May Anderson1994), only three confirmed records Islandsand the CaicosIslands. Most large L984(N.A.B. 38: 968-970),the onlyreport of thisspecies are known for the Bahamas. In counts in Florida are from the West Coast forthe Bahamas. Florida has only one report additionto fourspecimen and photographic (Stevensonand Anderson 1994), which sug- away from Dry TortugasNational Park, records(Table 12), a BlackSkimmer banded in geststhat the main migrationoccurs well whereexceptionally up to sevenindividuals New York in July 1984 was recoveredon west of the Bahamas. havebeen counted (Pranty 1997; Pramy, in Androsin January1985 (Buden 1991). Oth- Additionalreports of specificsightings: 1, press).It is considereda vagrant in theWest erwise,there are some 17 reportsof 11 indi-
Figure12. This Arctic lern was located near Crossing Rocks, Ahaco, onthe highway 7May 2003; it was Figure13. This adult Forster's lern was photographed atWest End, injuredand has been retained asa spedmen, theonly one for the Bahamas. Photograph byHagen Peters. GrandBahama 5 November 1997. Photograph byBruce Halleft.
448 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS theBahamas (Braccy 2001). It is hopedthat the presentpaper will stimulateinterest in the photographicdocumentation of seabirdsin the region,so that a clearerpicture of theirspahal and temporal distributionwill emerge. A few sortiesfrom shore could changeradically our assessmentof the statusand distribu- tionof manyof thespecies considered herein. In theexten- siveresearch for thepaper, it is inevitablethat some reports have been overlooked;corrigenda would be gratefully received bv the author. The Bahamas Avian Records Com- mitteewas formed in 2001under the aegisof theBahamas NationalTrust. The committee is preparingan official list of Bahamianbirds. In theprocess, it will bereviewing many of therecords listed in thispaper. The committeeis alsocreat- ing an archiveof confirmatoryphotographs for rare and unusualspecies in theBahamas and a centrallist of museum specimensof unusualspecies. Please send any additional Figure14. This adult White-winged Tern in alternate plumage graced Big Mangrove Pond, reportsor photographsof the species listed in thispaper, or GreatInagua, Bahamas 16June 1980. Other Caribbean records ofthe species come from otherunusual species in theBahamas, to theauthor, who is St.Croix and from Barbados. Photograph byAlexander Sprunt IV alsochair o[ the committee,or to the secretary,Ms. kynn
vidualsknown from the Bahamas,all from the nonbreedingseason (Table 10). Thespecies is reportedby Bradley(1995) as a "vagrant"to Grand Turk
Dovekie (Alle alle) VAGIL'•NI•ONE RECORD BUT SPECIMEN LOST.
An oiled bird was found at Grand Bahama 7 December1962; the specimen, retained by R. Hanlon, is apparentlynow lost (Brudcnell- Bruce 1975, Bond 1993; P. Dean. in litt.). Ihe specieshas been reported in at least18 wintersthrough 1992 m Florida,someumes in the thousands (Stevensonand Anderson 1994), but only onereport exists for Cuba. andthe species is otherwiseunknown in the West Indies (Raffaeleet al. 1998)
Discussion Ihis paperlists all the crediblereports of Figure15.The Bahamas' only observation ofWhiskered Tern---and one of only four in the New World--was provided by transientand winteringseabirds known to thisadult in alternate plumage atLake Windsor, Great Inagua I May 2003. Photograph byEIwoodBracey. theauthor. Ihe factthat they can all belisted in sucha brief paperis indicativeof the scarcityof informationon thesebirds in the BahamianArchipelago. Reports of near-shore birdssuch as gullsand certainterns have becomemore frequent in recentyears, espe- ciallyon themore-populated islands such as New Providence,Grand Bahama, and Abaco. However.pelagic species. such as shearwa- ters and storm-petrels,are still reported infrequently. Ihe openwaters of theBahamas have not receivedsufficient coverage by scientific sur- veysto providean accurateportrait of the seabird distribution there, nor have there beenrepeated forays by birdwatchersthat wouldprovide complementary data, despite the presenceof numerousrecreational boatersand fishermenwell-positioned to documentthe pelagicavifauna. Only one Figure16. Black Skimmers arerare visitors toGrand Turk and the Bahamas inthe nonbreeding season; this adult pelagicbirdwatching trip hasbeen run from wasphotographed atWest End, Grand Bahama 14December 2000. Photograph byBruce Hallerr.
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