Volume - VIII, Issue : 7 30 November 2020 RNI No. : MPMUL/2012/58335 Postal Regn. No. : MP/IDC/1481/2017-19

International Journal of Social Science & Management Circulation in more than 95 countries

Volume - VIII, Issue : 7 November 2020

30 November 2020

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1. A Study of Perception of Special Educators Towards Effectiveness 1 - 7 of Board Games on Development of Mathematical Skills Among Children with Specific Learning Disabilities Shalini Sharma, Dr. Ram Shanker Saxena, Noida, UP

2. Exploring Hegemonic Masculinities in Malayalam Cinema : 8 - 12 A Critical Study of Select Mainstream Popular Films Dr. Antony Joseph, Kottayam

3. Third Gender Portrayal in Indian Cinema: An Analysis with a Special 13 - 17 Reflection on the Tamil Film Navarasa directed by Santosh Sivan Baiju Krishnan, Kuppam

4. lkfgR; leh{kk i= & vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa o ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh 18 - 23 leL;k,¡ rFkk lUrqf"V Lrj jkuh tkVksfy;k] MkW- vkHkk xqIrk] mn;iqj A Study of Perception of Special Educators Towards Effectiveness of Board Games on Development of Mathematical Skills Among Children with Specific Learning Disabilities

Shalini Sharma, M.Ed Special Education (Learning Disability) Student, Amity Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Amity University, Noida, UP

Dr. Ram Shanker Saxena, Asst. Prof., Amity Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Amity University, Noida, UP

Abstract : written and communicated in language, restraint, coordination, or attention. Such issues extend to Board games play an important role in the life of a class work and can defer the procedure of student. Some board games create some interest education to read, write and do math. Specific to do mathematics. When a child play those types Learning Disability (SLD) can make an of board games which involve any type of math individual experience issues in learning and skills the child learn that skills in a fun way. These utilizing certain aptitudes.It is 'long lasting' and games are not only help to improve mathematical an unseen impairment. It affects people in skills but also help in another skill like thinking adifferent way at various phases of life-early critically and problem solving. So to know the child hood, the primary school years, and perception of special educators towards the use of adulthood. Students with Specific Learning board games for the purpose of learning the Disability (SLD) can likewise have issues in researcher done this study. 75 special educators consideration, emotional and social issues. The were participated in this study. Data has been abilities specially influenced are reading, writing, gathered by the survey method of research in talking, thinking, and doing math. Specific which teachers had to fill their demographic data Learning incapacities (SLD) vary from and their perception towards the board games individual to person. One individual with SLD which was described in the survey form.The might not have indistinguishable sort of learning results of the research revealed that special troubles from another person with SLD. One educators have significant perception towards the individual may experience issues with reading effectiveness of board games on development of and writing. Someone else with SLD may mathematical skills among children with specific experience difficulties in getting math. Still an learning disability. alternate individual may have issue in every one Keywords : Special Educators, specific learning of these aptitudes, just as with understanding disability, Mathematical skills, Board games what individuals are stating. Since challenges Introduction : with reading and writing as well as math are recognizable difficulties all through the school Specific Learning Disability: years, the signs and indications of specific The troubles looked by children who learning handicaps are most every now and again unsuccessful to adapt up to scholastics are not distinguished during that period. new. These children are labeled with numerous Common Types of Specific Learning Disability: ways, for example, slow students; brain harmed, consistently moving, educationally disabled or 1. Dyslexia - This is the reading disorder. This poor readers. Specific Learning Disability (SLD) is also referred sometimes as reading is a disorder which influences the kid’s ability retardation.It is utilized to recognize the either to decipher what they hear and see or to students who experience issues in figuring interface information from various parts of the out how to read. The youngster may even be brain. These limitations can appear in a few a few years behind his/her normal level of different ways for instance as specific issues with learning. The first and the foremost

Volume - VIII, Issue 7; November 2020 characteristics of a student with reading so on. It might be difficult to learn these problems is that he or she does not read as concepts. So that’s why this arithmetic well as he or should. By which students will disorder makes the everyday task difficult also be low in general achievement. A for the person. student with dyslexia may manifest so severe Board Games : difficulty in reading so that it is very difficult to judge how soon she or he will improve. A Board games are the bench top games which child having reading difficulties may appear involve some types of counters or pieces which like other students of his or her classbut for need to proceed onward a stamped surface or we some reason has failed to learn reading. can say "board", as indicated by the arrangement of rules or guidelines. A portion of the board 2. Dysgraphia - Difficulty in handwriting is games are totally founded on arranging or referred to a ‘dysgraphia’. Students with technique, however huge numbers of different dysgraphia might be not able to execute games hold a component of plausibility. important motor developments so as to write or copy written letters of structures. They There are such a significant number of various might be experiencing issues to move visual assortments of board games. A portion of the data into the yield of fine motor board games have dice which needs to use by the development. They likewise might be weak players to play the game. Shakers in a game as a in visual-motor capacities and in exercises rule relates with the movement of the piece on the requiring visual and spatial decisions. The board. Some are containing playing cards which student with dysgraphia has problem in have some details that affect the result of the explaining the sequence of activities. For game. As we can see, board games have a specific example, what is happening in the story? He set of norm which isolates the board games with or she has also no idea of paragraph other type of games. The main key point of the formation. The common difficulties board game is that a child can enjoy as well as encountered by the children with dysgraphia learn important early skills. are as follows- The main types of board games: • Handwriting may be poor. In general, the board games are divided into 3 • The pencil grip is awkward. categories. The names of the categories are: war games, race games and alignment games. • Writing may be frustrated. • War Games - In these games, the major • The child may not complete his notes objective are to beat or raze your challenger. and test papers within the stipulated In war games we can include the board time. games like chess, checkers, and go. 3. Dyscalculia - Dyscalculia also called as • Race Games - In these games we involve arithmetic disorder. Students with numerous of participants to achieve a dyscalculia show difficulty in understanding particular target or goal first. In race games basic and simple mathematical concepts like we can include the board games like Snakes addition, subtraction, multiplication etc and and Ladders, Monopoly, Scrabble and so on. also confuse size and symbols.Children who have a tough time with arithmetic may still • Alignment Games - In this type of board fight with it as adults. But there are so many games involve players to put their counters strategies which help them to improve their or pieces on a game board to accomplish a arithmetic skills and manage the challenges. particular arrangement. In alignment games Trouble with mathematics happens at all we need the participant or player to level. It can be hard to learn the basic deliberately place counters on board rather calculation like addition and subtraction as it than place the pieces athwart a board to is to learn geometry. Some concepts like arrive at the main target or destination. algebra, carryover sums, word problem and Objectives of The Study : understudies and educators show manners by which SEL has summed up to genuine The following objectives were framed for the circumstances. The job of facilitator is essential present study : to the achievement of this methodology, both in • To study the perception of special educators demonstrating proper aptitudes and making the towards the effectiveness of board games on learning associations for understudies. In this development of mathematical skills among article, help and questioning are deconstructed children with specific learning disability. and the estimation of community oriented, as • To compare the perception of special opposed to serious, parts of games featured. educators towards the effectiveness of board Ramani, G. B., Siegler, R. S., &Hitti, A. (2012) games on development of mathematical conducted study on “Taking it to the classroom: skills among children with specific learning Number board games as a small group learning disability on the basis of their demographic activity.” This investigation inspected whether a variables like nature of organization and theoretically based number table game could be gender. converted into a practical room movement that Hypothesis : can improves Head Start kids' numerical information. Playing the number tabletop games 1. There is no significant difference in as a little gathering learning action advanced low- perception of special educators towards the pay youngsters' number line estimation, extent effectiveness of board games on examination, numeral recognizable proof, and development of mathematical skills among tallying. Enhancements were additionally children with specific learning disability on discovered when a paraprofessional from the the basis of their demographic variables like kids' homeroom played the game with the nature of organization and gender, youngsters. Perceptions of the game-playing 2. There is no significant effect of types of meetings uncovered that paraprofessionals board games on perception of special adjusted the criticism they gave to singular educatorson development of mathematical youngsters' improving numerical information skills among children with specific learning over the game-playing meetings and that kids disability. stayed occupied with the tabletop game play after different meetings. These discoveries Delimitations : This study is limited to the - recommend that the direct number prepackaged • Special Educators of government and private game can be utilized adequately in the study hall organizations in Delhi NCR. setting. Review of Literature : Janet Davis-Temple, Sunhwa Jung, and Diane M. Sainato (2014) “Teaching Young Children Robyn Hromek (2009) conducted study on with Special Needs and Their Peers to Play Board “Promoting Social and Emotional Learning With Games: Effects of a Least to Most Prompting Games: “It’s Fun and We Learn Things” This Procedure to Increase Independent Performance” examination has two wide targets: (1) It audits the This examination explored the impacts of a least theoretical and functional literature on the to most inciting strategy on the presentation of utilization of games to encourage social and prepackaged game steps and game-related on- enthusiastic learning (SEL). (2) Based on this task conduct of little youngsters with uncommon survey, it contends that games are an amazing necessities and their specially creating peers. method of creating social and passionate learning Subsequent to instructing the tabletop game in youngsters. Circle Time games are utilized to advances utilizing a methodical provoking help all inclusive projects for instructing SEL to system, the members exhibited increments in the entire classes. Remedial prepackaged games give presentation of prepackaged game steps and a viable intercession to youngsters who have been game-related on-task conduct. In addition, the focused for additional guided practice in little members kept up significant levels of execution gathering settings. Verbatim citations from and game-related on-task conduct during post- game preparing. The impacts of instructing First the self made survey form has been updated prepackaged games utilizing prompting by the help of the guide. Then the form has been procedures, suggestions for training, and regions circulated to the 12 rehabilitation experts for the for future investigation are introduced. validation. After doing all the correction which was suggested by the experts the researcher Methodology : circulated the Google form to special educators of Design of The Study : the private and government organizations to The current research was intending to study of know their perception and to collect the perception ofspecial educators towards information. After collecting the data there were effectiveness of board games on development of 3 information which was from outside of Delhi mathematical skills among children with Specific NCR so the researcher deleted that information. Learning Disabilities. This examination was led Analysis and Results : by survey strategy of research. Table 1 : The perception of special educators Sample and Sampling Procedure : towards the effectiveness of board games on The sample of the current research was drawn development of mathematical skills among from different private and government children with specific learning disability. organizations which are located in Delhi NCR. N Mean Maximum Percentage The sample of 75 special educatorswere finalized 75 137.37 160 85.85% for the investigation or research. Purposive and convenience sampling was used for the selection The total numbers of special educators were75. of the teachers for the study. From the survey data the mean was calculated for special educators is 137.37 from the maximum Tool : 160. So it has shown that 85.85% special The main aim of the research was to know the educators are highly agreed on the effectiveness perception of the teachers towards the of board games on development of mathematical effectiveness of the board games on development skills among children with specific learning of mathematical skills among children with disabilities. specific learning disability. So by remembering Table 2: Comparison between Special educators the main aim of the study, the researcher of private organization and Special educators of developed a self made survey Google form as a government organization about the effectiveness tool. of board games on development of mathematical The self developed tool divided into 4 sections skills among children with Specific Learning having 8 questions in each section. So the tool Disabilities. consists 32 questions related to the mathematical S. Groups N Mean S.D. df. t Level of skills. Questions of each section were based on 4 No. Significance different board games LUDO, SNAKES AND 1 Special educators of 68 137.44 11.25 73 1.99 Significance LADDERS, HEAD FULL OF NUMBERS, and private organization QWIRKLE. Teachers need to tick the appropriate 2 Special educators of 7 136.71 6.68 govt. organization response related to these board games according to their perceptions. Scoring : The scoring was done in a way where each closed ended questions had 5 responses. The responses were Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly Disagree. The scoring for the questions was Strongly Agree-5, Agree- 4, Figure 1: Comparison between Special educators of private Neutral- 3, Disagree- 2 and Strongly Agree-1. organization and Special educators of government organization about the effectiveness of board games on development of Procedure of Data Collection : mathematical skills among children with Specific Learning Disabilities. The table 2 and the figure 1 explains the So the formulated hypothesis is declined that comparison between special educators from there some variance difference between private organization and special educators from perception of special educators towards the government organization. There are 68 special effectiveness of board games on development of educators from private organization and 7 special mathematical skills among children with specific educators from government organization. The learning disability on the on the basis of gender . mean for specialeducators from private Table 4: Comparison between male special organization is 137.44 and for special educators educators of private organization and female from government organization 136.71. The S.D. special educators of private organization about was calculated as 11.25 for private specialand the effectiveness of board games on development 6.68 for government special. The degree of of mathematical skills among children with freedom is 73. The t value for the comparison is Specific Learning Disabilities. 1.99. So the difference is significant at 0.05 level. S. Groups N Mean S.D. df. t Level of So the formulated hypothesis is declined that No. Significance there is some variance between perception of 1 Male special educators 18 138.61 13.92 66 2.00 Significance special educators towards the effectiveness of of private organization board games on development of mathematical 2 Female special educators 50 137.02 10.25 skills among children with specific learning of private organization disability on the basis of types of organization. Table 3: Comparison between male special educators and female special teachers on the perception towards the effectiveness of board games on development of mathematical skills among children with specific learning disability

S. Groups N Mean S.D. df. t Level of No. Significance Figure 3: Comparison between male special educators of private organization and female special educators of private organization 1 Male special 21 137.67 13.15 73 1.99 Significant about the effectiveness of board games on development of educators mathematical skills among children with Specific Learning Disabilities. 2 Female special 54 137.26 9.98 educators The table 4 and the figure 3 explain the comparison between Male special educators of private organization and female special educators of private organization. There are 18 Male special educators of private organization and 50 female special educators of private organization. Mean forMale special educators of private organization is 138.61 and for female special educators of Figure 2: Comparison between male special and female special private organization is 137.02. The S.D. was about the effectiveness of board games on development of mathematical skills among children with Specific Learning calculated as 13.92 forMale special educators of Disabilities. private organization and 10.25 forfemale special The table 3 and the figure 2 explain the educators of private organization. The degree of comparison between male special educators and freedom is 66. The t value for the comparison is female special educators. There are 21 male 2.00. So the difference is significant at 0.05 level special educators and 54 female educators. Mean and the formulated hypothesis is declined that for male special educators is 137.67 and for there is some variance between perception of female special educators is 137.26. The S.D. was special educators towards the effectiveness of calculated as 13.15 for male special educators board games on development of mathematical and 9.98 for female special educators. The degree skills among children with specific learning of freedom is73.The t value for the comparison is disability on the on the basis of gender and 1.99. So the difference is significant at 0.05 level. organization(private). Table 5 : Comparison between male special Table 6 : Comparison of effectiveness of different educators of government organization and b o a r d g a m e s o n t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f female special educators from government specialeducators. organization about the effectiveness of board Source of SS Df MS F P-value F crit games on development of mathematical skills Variation among children with Specific Learning Between Groups 82.17 3 27.39 2.74 0.043276 2.63 Disabilities. Within Groups 2953.47 296 9.98

S. Groups N Mean S.D. df. t Level of Total 3035.64 299 No. Significance It can be identify from the above table 6 that the 1 Male special educators 3 132 5.20 5 2.57 Significance of government value of F critical which is 2.63 is less than the organization value of F which is 2.74 (F critical < F). so the 2 Female specialeducators 4 140.25 5.68 comparison of effectiveness of different board of government organization games on the perception of special educators is significantly at 0.05 level. Table 7 : Comparison of effectiveness of different board games on the perception of special educators on the basis of gender.

Source SS Df MS F P Rows 0.63 1 0.63 0.06 0.8067 Figure 4: Comparison between male special educators from Columns 56.92 3 18.97 1.89 0.1313 government organization and female special educators from r x c 28.81 3 9.6 0.96 0.412 government organization about the effectiveness of board games on development of mathematical skills among children with Specific Error 2924.03 292 10.01 Learning Disabilities. Total 3035.64 299 The table 5 and the figure 4 explain the The table 7 shows the comparison of comparison between male special educators from effectiveness of different board games on the government organization and female special perception of special educators on the basis of educators from government organization. There gender. In the table rows are the gender and are 3 male special educators from government columns are the score of different board games. organization and 4female special educators from As it can be observed in table 24 that the value of government organization. Mean for male special F for comparison of effectiveness of different educators from government organization is board games on the perception of special 132.00 and for female special educators from educators on the basis of gender is not significant. government organization is140.25. The S.D. was It shows that the comparison of effectiveness of calculated as 5.20 formale special educators from different board games on the perception of government organization and 5.68 forfemale special educators is not significantly at 0.05 level. special educators from government organization. The degree of freedom is 5. The t value for the Major Findings : comparison is 2.57. So the difference is 1. The percentage of mean score of special significant at 0.05 level. So the formulated teacher’s perception on towards the hypothesis is declined that there is some variance effectiveness of board games on difference between perception of special development of mathematical skills among educators towards the effectiveness of board children with specific learning disabilities games on development of mathematical skills came out as 85.85%. among children with specific learning disability on the on the basis of gender and 2. There is significant difference between organization(government). private special educators and government special educators on the perception towards • Effect of types of board games on perception the effectiveness of board games on of special teachers development of mathematical skills among children with specific learning disabilities. perceptions of primary students on the use of Handheld Game Consoles in mathematics 3. There is significant difference between male classes’ retrieved from https://www special educators and female special .tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1475939 educators on the perception towards the X.2012.733537 effectiveness of board games on development of mathematical skills among iii. Janet Davis-Temple, Sunhwa Jung, and children with specific learning disabilities. Diane M. Sainato (2014) “Teaching Young Children with Special Needs and Their Peers 4. There is significant difference between to Play Board Games: Effects of a Least to private male special educators and private Most Prompting Procedure to Increase female special educators on the perception Independent Performance” retrieved from towards the effectiveness of board games on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ development of mathematical skills among PMC4711729/ children with specific learning disabilities. iv. Ansari Daniel. About dyscalculia signs and 5. There is significant difference between symptoms retrieved from https://www. government male special educators and understood.org/en/learning-thinking- government female special educators on the differences/child-learning-disabil0ities perception towards the effectiveness of /dyscalculia/what-is-dyscalculia board games on development of mathematical skills among children with v. David. (2013). Board games basics. specific learning disabilities. Retrieved from http://www.speechlanguage -resources.com/board-game-basics.html 6. There is no significant effect of types of board games on the perception of special vi. Agyajit, S. and Jaswant, K.V (2014). educators. Inclusive education, Twenty First Century Publications, Patiala. Conclusion : vii. Cortelia, C., Horowitz, S. (2014). The State From the survey the overall conclusion is that of Learning Disabilities: Facts, Trends and special educators of any organization and gender Emerging Issues. National Center for think that the use of board games is a great idea to Learning Disabilities. Retrieved from develop the learning outcomes of the children. https://www.ncld.org/wp-content/uploads And also it is good to use board games for the /2014/11/2014-State-of-LD.pdf development of mathematical concept of the child having difficulty to do mathematics viii. Döhla, D., & Heim, S. (2016). calculation. This survey also concludes that the Developmental Dyslexia and Dysgraphia: board games is a fun way of learning. The child What can We Learn from the One About the can learn the concept of mathematics with lots of Other?. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 2045. fun. This is the interesting way and this also https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02045 motivate the child to do the mathematics. References : i. Robyn Hromek. (2009). conducted study on “ Promoting Social and Emotional Learning With Games: “It’s Fun and We Learn Things” retrieved from https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046878109 333793 ii. John O’Rourke ,Susan Main &Michelle Ellis. (2012). conducted study on ‘It doesn’t seem like work, it seems like good fun’: Exploring Hegemonic Masculinities in Malayalam Cinema : A Critical Study of Select Mainstream Popular Films

Dr. Antony Joseph, (Ph.D.), Asst. Section Officer (Academics) Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kollam, Kerala

Abstract : sources depict Kochi as the center point of the film business. The paper questions how the movies indicate a particular thought of manliness or masculinity, Mainstream Popular Cinema in Malayalam and valoriseregularizing male standards such Normally these films areof hyper-real, trans- as;aggression, violence, animosity, brutality, and coded space of dominant social and cultural a gendered division of space and labour. discourses.Certainly comic films of this Violence, dominance and strength are legitimized genrevocalize the inherent and acceptable value and developed as normal (or) natural of the male systems.Malayalam mainstream popular films “will to power”. The paper likewise assesses the that are from Kerala state, India hastraditionally populist intrigue of the film as a response against been given huge respect for being radical, endeavours to engrave a “new man” into the ideal progressiveand for its immense promotion of models of sexual orientation or gender; the modern social values in the screen. Right from ordinary heroes are customary male supremacists the beginning of the year 1980, comic laughter who dichotomise open and private areas and films were very popular in Kerala. After the order women to work inside the standards of 2000s, two mainstream popular comicfilms, family. The research paper examines the select MeesaMadhavan (Lal Jose, 2002) and Malayalam films that work cooperatively to Rajamanikyam (Anwar Rasheed, 2005) were the makethe manly picture.The select Malayalam highest grossing films of their respective films for the study are Lal Jose’sMeesaMadhavan years.The popularity of comic films proves that (2002) and Anwar Rasheed’sRajamanikyam laughter as a tool can be used to study the (2005). ideologies of society. Keywords : Masculinity, Violence, Dominance, The Significance of the Study Malayalam film, Gender An analysis of two select mainstream popular 1.0 Introduction to Malayalam Cinema : comicfilms, MeesaMadhavan (Lal Jose, 2002) Malayalam film is the Indian film industry and Rajamanikyam (Anwar Rasheed, 2005) situated in the southern province of Kerala, brings out the caption of a new patriarchy of committed to the creation of movies in the heroes who express stereotypes of acceptable Malayalam language. It is additionally known by male behaviour. It showcases a neo-conservative the sobriquet “Mollywood” in different print and image of prevailing hyper masculinity that is very online media. Malayalam film industry is the dominant and a discourse that elides female fourth greatest film industry in India. agency and pre-potency. (Wikipedia).The films created here are known for 2.0 Hegemonic Masculinities in Lal Jose’s their cinematography and story-driven practical MeesaMadhavan (2002) and Anwar plots. During the mid 1920s the Malayalam film Rasheed’sRajamanikyam (2005): A Critical industry was situated in Thiruvanathapuram, in Study spite of the fact that the film business began to create and prosper just by the late 1940s. Later the In MeesaMadhavan and Rajamanikyam, the hero business moved to Chennai (in the past Madras), is from an upper-caste background but is put on which at that point was the capital of the South by situation to dwell in lower class space by doing Indian film industry. By the late 1980s, the certain demeaning occupations. Later the heroes Malayalam film industry returned and set up tend to reclaimtheir masculinity through itself in Kerala with most of areas, studios, aggression, violence and the subjugation/ creation and after creation offices being situated marginalization of women. in Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi. A few media MeeshaMadhavan begins with the conflict suggestions of Krishna turning his Sudarshan between BhageerathanPillai and Gangadharan Chakra to destroy his adversaries. The title Nair. The emphasis of the caste name, “Nair”(Lal melody, wherein he is situated on a wild ox J o s e , 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d d i s c o u r s e l i k e swinging a noose and singing, “Today, you will “ValiyaNairaa”(Lal Jose, 2002) (He is an die”(Lal Jose, 2002), is additionally aromatic of individual from the prominent Nair rank) fills no male mythic symbolism. The image of Yama and structural need, as none of the social personalities the God of death are imagery used in the film. of the Nair people group become an integral Bellary Raja is a dairy cattle broker and his entry factor in the film. Meanwhile, Rajamanikyam in the initial opening scenes of his appearance exhibits a Brahmin wedding and the upper- swinging the ringer chain of bulls to mangle and station foundation of the hero who in the long run slaughter his adversaries is suggestive of the trades dairy cattle. Giggling in Rajamanikyam picture of Yama, the divinity of death or Shiva, emerges from the ignorance and clumsy conduct the Destroyer. Both Siva and Yama are Gods Bellary Raja displays, his absence of artfulness, related with fiends and goblins, the objective of the rusticity of his language, the gaudy lavishness the mythic world. The mythic reference to of his respect to the individuals who are taught Krishna, Shiva and Yama reverberates with the and all around set. The true to life arrangements hints of criticism that they, who either had a place compare these scenes with ones where the with lower ranks (Krishna was a Yadava) or individuals who criticize the dairy cattle related with lower creatures (Shiva occupied merchant are steered by him for which he incineration grounds) experienced. Thought acquires the approval of the onlookers. about ordinarily as dishonourable of love, their MeesaMadhavan’s parody is arranged in the droll forceful counter procures them regard as they situations where the adroit and well-to-do substantiate themselves unquestionably more BhagheerathanPillai is outsmarted by the strongly than the other perfect creatures. impoverished yet clever Madhavan. Both Madhavan and Bellary Raja imbricate the Historical Allegory : unexceptional heroes of the 80’s chiripadam Madhavan is additionally presented first as (Rowena: 2010) (Laughter film series), with the Osama Bin Ladan riding a horse with the hostage mega star heroics of the 90’s heroes. They are the Pillai dressed as Bush, a picture that interests to considerate supporters, loved by their English- the Muslim minority estimation, yet additionally taught helpers and associates; Raja and Rukmini. socially adequate in that Saddam and Osama The discrete classifications of caste and class are were viewed as Orientals who contentiously conflated in the characters of Madhavan and confronted the authority of Western political and Bellary Raja, and they recover their manly corporate forces. supremacy through subordinating/ subjecting their social bosses. Violence as a Masculine Feature : Malayalam film, therefore, turns into a site where ‘Viloence’ is predicated as manly from the the feelings of dread of men over all layers are absolute first succession in MeeshaMadhavanat enunciated. In these select movies, the mythical the point when dualist sexual orientation and historical suggestions imply the manly generalizations of forceful/detached are declarations of the underestimated male. naturalized: young men battling while young ladies snicker and applaud in consolation. Mythical Allegory : Brutality is occupant in the sexual orientation The sentimental union among Madhavan and governmental issues among men to declare Rukmini are reminiscent of the legendary matchless quality. As a grown-up, Madhavan is Krishna’s challenging snatching of Rukmini fit for taking on twelve goons sent to attack him against the desires of her family, since Krishna, and his rivals are jealous respecting of how no the Yadava, had a place with a lower layer of one but he can convey reverberating hidings society. The picture of Madhavan turning the when they keep an eye on the battered bicycle around over his head has the mythic EapanPapachi. In Rajamanikyam, violence goes further with the grappler’s undergarment) likewise point to a savagery scattering the scene irregularly. Bellary hyper-manly distraction – wrestling. The Raja is alluded to as “Elloori Raja”(Anwar essential methods for recouping manliness in the Rasheed, 2005) (one who can disjoin bones). ‘laughter film series’ is through physical hostility, Men who have been pummelled by the heroes, as and the declarations of affectability and EapanPapachi and Simon Nadar, require sympathy as showed by the station patriarchs of a ayurvedic rub medicines. The ‘tit for tat’ prior film were relinquished to make a reasoning makes the male masculine and Bellary personality that is, “driven, externalized and Raja is exhorted by the government official who conceited”. At the point when the Malayali male discharges Raju from care, to “go see who you could no longer state his personality through the need to see, and give what you need to give”. respectable patriarch of the land-family organize; Young men likewise must be prepared to battle; he looked to (re)masculinise himself through a Raju is affected to dole out retributions with reassertion of male centric qualities. As a Inspector Vikraman by his more seasoned response to the sentiment of incompetence and friends, Bellary Raja and Varkychan, who weakness, the movies strengthen the conviction evaluate the boy’s strategies for battling: frameworks that standardize men’s savagery. “Payyanaadiyamonnupadariyangilum...”(Anwar Masculine Jobs : Rasheed, 2005) (Though the kid faltered at first, presently he is battling admirably). The film Sturdiness is likewise strengthened through the reifies the cleverness of Bellary Raja’s clique ideal of physical work/ labour. The occupations when they affirm their aptitude in battle; the that both heroes take part in are male bastions. capacity to distinguish an aggressor by surveying Madhavan takes part in the shocking work of a the profundity of the injury and the quantity of petty hoodlum, while Bellary Raja exchanges lines required. dairy cattle, a humble activity, however the two of which request durability – the one, mental, and Violence is not just legitimized as voyeuristic the other, and physical. Bellary Raja reminds his element for fun; it likewise offers authenticity. aggressors that he is, “accustomed to managing Bellary Raja’s lack of education and graceless four-legged creatures”(Anwar Rasheed, conduct are pardoned and he can trim and strut 2005)which, certainly, causes hyper- before school young men once he whips the aggressiveness. teacher molester. Selvam is co-picked into the goals of domineering manliness when he Dominance over Women : communicates in the language of savagery: “In Viciousness physical and enthusiastic is utilized the event that you are a man, come alone [to to continue predominance over lady. The ascent fight]. In the event that you are the child of a of information based businesses and the single parent, come alone.” Manliness is development of advanced education debilitated inseparably connected to the capacity to re/act men’s ascendance over ladies, who not, at this fiercely. point demonstrated themselves on vulnerable and Assaulting the Body or Torturing One’s Own subordinate housewives. In films, the Body as Masculinity : domineering cultural structures legitimize the savagery against ladies by the patriarchs of the Attacking the body, regardless of whether family; Rukmini is whipped by her dad, and another’s or one’s own, is an indication of manly RajaratnamPillai slaps his significant other on accomplishment. Torment and physical misery their wedding night when she denies that the imp must be unflinchingly borne and calmly excused. at the entryway is her child. The political Bellary Raja modifies his watch lash between hugeness of these man centric ideal models of beating his rivals; and Raju, wounds up 'til now savagery, heartlessness and predominance is that unhealed, expels his swathes with his teeth before the characteristics related with bellicose taking on Sub-assessor Vikraman who ambushed manliness are standardized and strengthened. him in authority. The semantics of fight, Men stifle ladies both by sustaining and “thaaruduthu”(Anwar Rasheed, 2005) (wearing undermining savagery, and by making ladies objects of look. Madhavan murmurs to the dozing subsequent marriage, she is gotten some Rukmini, that in the event that he assaulted her, information about the kid, “All things she would stroll around in disfavour with a considered, he is a kid. When RajaratnamPillai swelling stomach for ten months. He sets out to wishes to resign however stresses over his take her gold hip-chain while she is snoozing, in youngsters, he inclines not on his significant light of the fact that noteworthy the burglary other yet his received child. The patriarch's seat would just serve to shame her. At the point when represents his lordship over his family unit – he utilizes his teeth to pries the snare and utilizes a Shelvan makes a case for it, yet he can't sit on it quill to stroke her stomach as she rests, the sexual since he doesn’t assume up the liability of the hints make her an object of fetishist scopophilia. family. Indeed, even on account of ladies, The lady has not offered herself however her paternalistic manliness builds men as liable for body is appropriated as an object of want by the her consideration and security. The undergrads male hero. Women bodies are divided hips, lips, who fight the attack on Mali's sister are for the midriffand offered as a tantalizing scene for the most part young men. The key jobs that men play male observer. The feeling of compromised in the film are those of providers/suppliers and manliness when the essential jobs of procuring gatekeepers. The satire emerges from the compensation and being suppliers were being restriction they confront and devastate in the taken over by ladies, youngsters saw, execution of their obligations. The story and “forcefulness and sexual mastery as a type of authentic methodologies embodies the sex-job manliness, to demonstrate their manliness as well desires for man centric society - a reaction to the as to likewise stamp their prevalence on the other danger presented to the endurance of sexual sex”. division of work. The Conflict between Men and Women : The idea that people preferably perform recommended jobs and society works agreeably The contention between men and women is in light of the biologically decided division of unavoidable on the off chance that she has agency work is re-presented in the movies. Men who or she refutes to submit. The conflict between the performed what are considered as ‘girly things’ j o b l e s s , u n e d u c a t e d M a d h a v a n a n d are scorned/subjected. The individuals, who, Rukministudied in an English-medium school, “wash woman’s underskirts” (In Rajamanikyam) Palakkad (Palakkad being urban rather than the are removed from the special hover of rustic foundation of the hero Madhavan) predominant guys. RajaratnamPillai remarries structures an essential piece of the diegesis of the simply because he requires a mother for his child: film. Rukmini’s strategies are inadequate against “I just needed a mother for Shelvan”(Anwar the sharp Madhavan, and she in the long run Rasheed, 2005) and the lady is required to fill a submits to him. household need, not to be a buddy or sweetheart. Customary Sex Job Conduct/ Behaviour Muthulakshmi serves RajaratnamPillai while he The kid Madhavan is the encapsulation of lies back in his armchair, a seat which the child customary sex job conduct. He relinquishes his not a little girl claims, “Achanmuthalai- adolescent games and battles when gathered by a irunnekaserayil, eneemma kanmodalal friend about the account holder at his entryway, iirikkum”(Anwar Rasheed, 2005) (The dad “Your mom is crying”. He is constrained into proprietor sat on this seat, presently the child stealing to help his family, forsake his proprietor is qualified for sit). The more ladies examinations with the goal that his sibling could raged the male bastions of business post- proceed with his instruction. His senior sibling progression, the more distribution of errands and heavily influenced by his companion and never jobs to 'those that are normally fit to execute them' having borne the obligation of his parental home, turns into the standardizing in the film. epitomizes subordinate manliness - decadent and Differences in Gender Roles : inadequate. Rajamanikyam, moreover, starts Women are ‘othered’ and a dualism developed to with the emphasis of manly personality and naturalize the expected contrasts between the autonomy. As Muthulakshmi sobs after her sexual orientations. Men are capable, discerning, interpellating space where the new man centric prudent, taught and extreme. Ladies, conversely, worldview is reified by mirth. are needy, silly, tame and frail; truly and inwardly. Works Cited / References : Madhavan is spoken to as supporting in Prabha’s marriage however there exists a common i. “ M a l a y a l a m C i n e m a . ” Wi k i p e d i a , fascination between them, since he perceives the Wikimedia Foundation, 6 January 2020, impracticability of their association, while she en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema. places her confidence in his delicacy down to the ii. Horrocks, R. Masculinity in Crisis: Myths, likes of her “senseless mind” (pottabudhi). Fantasies and Realities. New York: St. Ladies are fragile, defenceless and passionate, Martins’ Press, 1994. Print. where as men are cool, controlled and certain. iii. Kumar, Preeti. “Hegemonic Masculinities in In both films, the differentially assigned roles Two Comic Films in Malayalam: showcase familial responsibility as essentially a MeesaMadhavan e Rajamanikyam.” male concern while women are mainly confined ArtCultura, vol. 17, no. 30, 2015, pp. 31–42. to being good housewives and affectionate mothers. iv. MeesaMadhavan. Dir. Lal Jose.Perf.Dileep and Kavya Madhavan. Kalasangam Kas 3.0 Conclusion : Varnachitra, 2002. Film. The two movies exhibit the progress of the hero v. Rajamanikyam.Dir. Anwar Rasheed. Perf. from the awkward protagonist incidentally Mammooty, Manoj K. Jayan, Saikumar and discovering adoration and accomplishment in the Rahman. Valiyaveetil Relaease, 2005. Film early chiripadam (Rowena: 2010) (Laughter Film Series) to the heroes who despite their obvious vi. Rowena, Jenny. “The ‘Laughter-Films’ and inadequacy advocate for themselves and curb the Reconfiguration of Masculinities.” restriction. In the worldwide, post-current age, as Women in Malayalam Cinema: Naturalising upper-standing men lose their domineering Gender Hierarchies. MeenaPillai, ed. New situation through governmental policy regarding Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2010. Print. minorities in society, the lowerclasses distraught vii. Sreedharan, Janaky. “Marriage and Family by passage of corporates, and ladies step out into in Malayalam Cinema.”Women in the open area as instructed experts, a neo- Malayalam Cinema: Naturalising Gender preservationist male controlled society, halfway Hierarchies. MeenaPillai, ed. New Delhi: acquired from Western social settings, wins in Orient Blackswan, 2010. Print. Malayalam film. The heroes in the comic movies of the 2000s are illustrative of huge areas of the masses unfit to exploit the advantages of globalization, and seeing the prevailing job of men in broad daylight and private spots being dissolved. The response against the loss of intensity and dread of disappointment in the lived understanding of the 21st century male brought about the reaffirmation of the standardizing ‘generic man’. To approve their manliness through legends regurgitate man centric disdain, enjoy viciousness, practice mastery, display briskness, shun English training and represent its vanity, typify ladies and reaffirm sexual orientation chains of importance and sex-jobs. The chiripadam (Rowena: 2010) (Laughter Film Series) turns into an interpellated and Third Gender Portrayal in Indian Cinema: An Analysis with a Special Reflection on the Tamil Film Navarasa directed by Santosh Sivan

Baiju Krishnan, Research Scholar, (English and Communications) Dravidian University, Kuppam

Abstract : lady-like sexual orientation nor under manly sex The paper focus on the nature of the dilemma straightway. Thus their predicament is experienced by transgender community, based on increasingly similar to the ‘subaltern’. the textual analysis of the Tamil film Navarasa (Chaterjee: 2013). (2005) directed by Santosh Sivan.Santosh Sivan Impact of Films - It is to be well noted that the is an Indian movie director known for his works impact of films on the public sphere is more when in Malayalam film, Tamil film and Hindi film. compared with any other mainstream medium. By using Queer theory, the researcher makes an The regional and communal issues that are attempt to examine into thedejected discussed in the films actually contribute to the circumstances of third gender life and to identify consciousness of the society. Film establishes an with the politicsconcerned in the peculiar integral part of society. It functions as a mirror in experience of the community.The Tamil film which individuals could see the impression of Navarasa (2005) is a possible content for a socio- their lives. Film has the ability to impact more cultural examination of the assortment of issues than some other work of art. Subsequently, it is faced by the Indian transgender network in their imperative to see how a nation, its kin and its regular day to day existence, and it is additionally yearnings are spoken to in the film delivered in an eye-opener for the general public to re- the nation. evaluate and rethink its customary LGBTTQQIIA + Films in India conceptualizations and ordinary practices for a change for better in terms of present day thoughts Sexual minorities are gradually finding a spot in of human rights, law based qualities and dynamic Bollywood subjects. Producers in India are social cohesion. attempting to step outside the beaten track of conventional Indian topics however there has Keywords : Dilemma, Transgender, Queer, been no or little stipend for the depiction of the Politics, Social third sexual orientation, a subject that is as yet a 1.0 Introduction : no-no in a nation where the talk on sex itself is Third Gender - Sexual orientation/ gender limited by moral limitation. The depiction of their identity has been in consistent motion since the biographies and issues in Bollywood has veered postmodern time. The postcolonial scholars, between the mockery, refusal, one-sided, comic, women’s activists and poststructuralists have criminal and generalized. Their portrayal and tested the unbending nature of sexual orientation development in Bollywood are not liberated from character, subjectivity, and its portrayal from the common belief systems on sexual orientation various points. In this manner, the term gender or where they are taken as the third classification. sex has been in a perpetual clash coming about They are considered and decided by their sexual into new discernments every once in a while. conduct. They are appeared as mistreated Trans-sexual orientation individuals have been a exclusively because of their sexual direction or minimized segment in our general public with sex direction in India. Their social, political, personality disorder/ deprivation and portrayal in financial and social prohibition has been the the standard milieu. The term third sexual fundamental driver of their situation. The third orientation is utilized for the individuals who sex is an umbrella term utilized for violate social sex standards. It is an umbrella term LGBTTQQIIA+, which incorporates,“lesbian, utilized for individuals who neither fall under gay, bi-sexual, transgender, transsexual, queer, questioning, intersex, inter-gender, asexual and Even so, it stays as a reality that the supposed part the '+'” (Tuttlec: 1970) toward the finish of the of pride was given by a socially manufactured truncation is for fathomless sexuality. general thought, and this universalized viewpoint The films that portray the third gender regularly was given by without thinking about specificities fall into two categories : the art films that discuss regarding the different classifications in gender. the predicaments of the third gender seriously and The Need and Significance of the Present are scarcely or hardlyscreened to the Indian Study : public, and the mainstream films that purely are The present research attempts to show the based on entertainment.In India the Transgender identity construction of a third gender by people group were disregarded until the primary analyzing Santosh Sivan’s Navarasa. The paper years of the twenty first century.Third sex tries to prove the reality that a fair treatment to the characters in Bollywood have consistently been LGBTTQQIIA+ are needed in order to appeared as a bunch of rough jokes and are deconstruct the myth of this marginalized section commonly depicted as objects of joke and which deciphers their personal identity and role refusal. Eunuchs are generally depicted as through the lens of gender only. characters with boisterous cosmetics, hands applauding, affected sarees, singing, favoring or Objectives of the Research Paper : reviling in a raspy voice. Indian film has a long • To understand the issues that is faced by the custom of having tunes or clever scenes transgender community. highlighting crossdressing male characters like Rishi Kapoor in Rafoo Chakkar (1975) or • To Study the third gender portrayal in Tamil Amitabh Bachchan as an eunuch in Laawaris film with a Special Reflection on Santosh (1981) and numerous movies including hijras. Sivan’s Navarasa (2005). Movies like Andaz (1949) and Sangam (1964). Research Methodology : After the 1990s, gay sidekicks developed as comic characters constantly in films like Hum The paper focus on the nature of the dilemma Hain Rahi Pyaar Ke (1993), Raja Hindustani experienced by transgender community, based on (1996) and Taal (1999). At that point came films the textual analysis of the select Tamil film with unpredictable and genuine gay characters Navarasa(2005) directed by Santosh Sivan. like Bombay Boys (1998) and Split Wide Open 2.0 Review of Related Literature : (1999). Touchy and tense movies like Sadak In a web article titled, “100 Years of Indian (1991), Bombay (1995), Tamanna (1997), Cinema: Homosexuals and the third gender on Darmiyaan (1997), Shabnum Mausi (2005), celluloid”RituparnaChatterjee (2013), tries to Murder 2 (2011) depicted hijras (those who discuss on the stereotypical portrayal of the third belong to transgender community) in noticeable gender people films like Rules- Pyar ka Superhit jobs. Formula (2003), Girlfriend (2004), Page 3 The Malayalam language feature filmArdhanaari (2005), Life in a Metro (2007), Honeymoon (2012) directed by Santhosh Souparnikacame as Travels (2007) ended up in propagating the an eye opener about the forsaken predicament of stereotypes which the film directors’ were trying the transgender network. (Wikipedia). From to shun. Mainstream cinema has let down the there on a few studies were attempted about the third gender concern in general. However, at the predicaments looked by them as unmistakable same time, there area numerous films that are from the bigger society, which remark on the few representing the cultural phenomena of the third occurrences of infringement of human rights.In a gender seriously, such as;Tedhi Lakeer (2004), universe of heterogeneous populace, individuals Teen Deewarein (2003), My Brother Nikhil with sexual orientation disarray, by and large (2006), Touch of Pink (2004), Stag (2001), Yours goes unnoticed. Individuals assume that they all Emotionally (2006), Happy Hookers (2006), I typically have a place with the class of proudest Can’t Think Straight (2007), Luck by Chance among the accepted male and female gender. (2009). Filmmakers like Kaushik Ganguly, Sanjoy Nag, Sridhar Rangayan, Onir, and individuals of the third sex consistently meet to Rituparno Ghosh have enormous contributions to re-establish the narrative of Aravan, a character this genre of films. Their films like The Pink from the epic Mahabharata. Shweta chooses to Mirror (2006), Yours Emotionally (2007), 68 discover her uncle and bring him back home, and Pages, I AM (2007), Memories of March (2010), en route, she makes new companions of the third Aarekti Premer Galpo (2010), Chitrangada sex, and finds an entirely different culture. (2012) have been crucial to the case and were Analysis : Santosh Sivan’s Navarasa (2005) is the lauded at international film festivals. (Chatterjee: tale of Shwetha, thirteen old young girl, who in News18). her contact with her uncle Gautham sees that step 3.0 Representation of the Transgender by step kind of suspicious occurrences are hiding Dilemma in Santosh Sivan’s Navarasa(2005): behind his life, which she was unable to An Analysis comprehend. A transcendent episode in the film is Santosh Sivanborn on 8thFebruary, 1964 is an his loving towards antique adornments which Indian cinematographer, movie director, young ladies of every age acquire from their filmmaker and an actor known for his works in predecessors. Furthermore, she caught his Malayalam film, Tamil film and Hindi film. longing to turn into the spouse of Aarvan in the Santosh moved on from the Film and Television greatest Koovagam celebration. Koovagam is a Institute of India (FTII) and needs to date finished marriage and widowhood service of transgender; 45 feature films and 41 documentaries of 2014, they can wed Aarvan (Aarvan is a character from he has gotten eleven National Film Awards, and Mahabharata) and later become the widow of 21 International awards for his works. He was Aarvan. In the end, they lead an existence of granted the Padma Shri for his commitments to Aarvan’swidow till their passing. Swetha Indian films in 2014. (Wikipedia). becomes acquainted with his mystery plans and she attempts to discover him as he is missing from Navarasa (Nine Emotions) is a 2005 Tamil home. At last, with the assistance of another language feature film directed by Santosh Sivan. transgender companion Bobby Darling, she went It has met with a solid reception since its release to discover her uncle. Through Bobby, Shwetha in the theatres, and has been appeared at many comes to comprehend the few obstacles, which film celebrations over the world including the exhibit over an incredible span. She even Singapore International Film Festival, the Pusan discovers that Bobby Darling is freely annoyed International Film Festival, Korea, the Taipei by men, who try to shed her garments. Most Golden Horse Film Festival, Taiwan, the Sao definitely, people in general everywhere, not well Paulo International Film Festival, Brazil and the educated regarding the remarkable issues Lyon Asian Film Festival, France among others. encompassing them. Open ganders at them as In January, 2006 it was chosen as an official something unusually different from the typical passage to the International Film Festival sexual orientation chain of importance. After Rotterdam. (Wikipedia). Gautham’s widowhood, Shwetha brings back Summary : The film revolves around the Gautham as a young lady to their home yet he is narrative of a little youngster girl Shweta (P. adamantly unwelcomed by his sibling and Shwetha) making her first strides towards spouse. In a matter of seconds, when his sibling adulthood. Prepared for the experience, the hears reality and the entire puzzle behind thirteen-year-old is peppy, anyway before long Gautham, the weight of collective chain of finds that consistently, her uncle Gautam importance strikes his sibling's brain. Gautham (Kushboo) changes himself into a lady to lead a discovers it so choking out that he chooses to flee totally extraordinary life. When Shweta goes up from his place to some place on the planet where against Gautam on the issue, Gautam discloses to Gautham can live as a lady. her he wishes to flee and wed Aravan at a The plot of the film can be examined from the neighborhood celebration, the Koovagam point of perspective on Queer theory. Queer Festival. The celebration is held every year where theoryis a Poststructuralist critical theory that got developed in the mid 1990s out of the field of to slip off to no place. Gautham finally says, Queer examinations and Women studies. It is white is “purity”, white reflects widowhood: “It’s intensely affected by crafted by Lauren Berlant, time to show isolation” (Sivan: 2005). Leo Bersani, Judith Butler, Lee Edelman, Jack 4.0 Findings of the Study : Halberstam, David Halper, and Jose Esteban Munoz. Queer theoryassembles both upon the The transgender networks are detached women activist difficulties to the possibility that individuals from the standard of society.The gender is a piece of the fundamental self and upon transgender are dependent upon mental misery, Gay/Lesbian investigations of close assessment social alienation, and physical provocation.There of the socially built nature of sexuality what’s is solid cultural and social abhorrence and more, personalities. (Barry: 1994). Film, being a animosity towards the transgender. Tradition and thorough artistic expression, can take up such convention hold that sexuality and character are convoluted issues with their unobtrusive socially developed. The film Navarasa can be subtleties, both as education and workmanship. viewed as an amazing contextual analysis of the situation experienced by the Indian transgender In Navarasa,Gautham is slanted to become in their regular day to day existence. In spite of Gauthami as a result of the acknowledgment of the fact that the transgender endeavour character the actual gender that he is destined to be. As a assertion and network development, they are quiet, calm, and dubious boy, Gautam by birth consistently at loggerheads with the standard was made to break the obstructions of family and society. The issue of the transgender should be social pecking order of status to rise as another tended to from the viewpoint of present day person with chaperon feeling of uprightness and conceptualizations of human rights, and individual inclination very befitting to the like of democratic esteems. Film as a far reaching him. artistic expression and media has animportant From the time of his adolescence onwards, role in dynamically tending to the issues of the Gautam’s unrivaled dream, which does not let transgender and other minimized gatherings. The him sleep was that to turn into a lady. Despite that, instance of transgender torments includes dug in right from his birth and as a small boy, the general inside it a conspicuous instance of body politics. public where he lives gave him a character and Issues relating to the transgender and other presence and the general public can’t adapt to sidelined groups call upon us to think about the such a thought of character move. So as to satisfy need of deliberate change exercises in the nation. the inclinations of his psyche and soul Gautham 5.0 Conclusion : absconds from his local spot to a universe of freedom in all sense. Society is the primary Regardless of the fact that sexual orientation adversary of the transgender, since they are a generally alludes to both of the two genders, there classification which addresses the regular are likewise classifications among humankind structures. Society is not inviting of whatever which should be obliged inside the semantic field makes breaks the request for society. This of sex, as the instance of transgender difficulty of non-agreeableness, conceived out of conspicuously make out these days. Resulting non understanding as social repugnance and from mother' belly, they are likewise a vital part hostility is plainly obvious from the discourse of a of humankind as are qualified for equivalent transgender in the film, “They are also human rights and benefits as are happening to the possesthe same blood and flush born out of a individuals from the customary male/female mother’s womb notborn out of mortuary” (Sivan: classifications. This should be perceived 2005).The general public straightforwardly and formally just as in the general lead of derogatively labels them as business sex laborers, undertakings. The transgender likewise should be and treats them so. Due to the psychological enriched with the renown of character at standard misery brought about by social segregation from with the other two sexual orientation the family and the physical provocation from the classifications. The Santosh Sivan film general public, they are left with no decision yet Navarasa(2005) by depicting the regular day to day existence experience of the transgender network puts forth a solid defence for that sort of a mentality from the general public and acknowledgment from the piece of the official framework. Way of talking separated, ideas of equity, balance and equal opportunity ought to be interpreted as feasible goals for every individual, regardless of out of date thoughts, and universal conventions. This is indispensable to democratizing the standards of social attachment, and loving the goals of human rights, which are vital to the origination of a dynamic culture and society. The film calls upon the individuals to thoroughly consider its frameworks and rules, to achieve essential move in context, as a change for the better, in the genuine human sense. It is additionally a remark on the intensity of film as a successful media and a fine art to teach and edify the individuals, in the genuine soul of socio- cultural change, which despite everything stays to be an incomplete task in the nation. Works Cited / References : i. “Ardhanaari.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 May 2020, en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ardhanaari. ii. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester University Press, 1994. iii. Chatterjee, Rituparna. “100 Years of Indian Cinema: Homosexuality in Films.” News18, News18, 27 Feb. 2013, www.news18.com/ news/india/100-years-of-indian-cinema- homosexuality-in-films-593286.html iv. “Navarasa (Film).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Apr. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Navarasa_(film). v. Sivan, Santosh, director. Navarasa. Handmade Productions, 2005. Film. vi. Tuttlec. “Definitions.” Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, 15 Apr. 1970, www.vanderbilt.edu/lgbtqi/resources /definitions. lkfgR; leh{kk i= & vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa o ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh leL;k,¡ rFkk lUrqf"V Lrj

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MkW- vkHkk xqIrk] lg&vkpk;Z] x`g foKku] jktdh; ehjk dU;k egkfo|ky;] mn;iqj lkj % gkykafd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds Kku ,oa tkx:drk dks c<+kus lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk Hkkjr ljdkj dh vR;Ur gsrq le; le; ij çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk eglwl dh egRoiw.kZ ,oa o`gn ;kstuk gSA blds varxZr eq[;r% xbZ gSA uotkr f'k'kq dh ns[kHkky ,oa mlds lexz fodkl ij dh oMZ % lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk] cy fn;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr dh ;g ;kstuk ,d vuwBh vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ] vk¡xuokM+h ykHkkFkhZ] larqf"V ;kstuk ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr gS tks lh/ks rkSj ij lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk Hkkjr ljdkj dh ykHkkfFkZ;ksa rd vk¡xuokfM+;ksa ds ek/;e ls viuh igq¡p vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ,oa foLr`r ;kstuk gSA bl ;kstuk ds cuk jgh gSA lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ls lacaf/kr vUrxZr eq[;r% uotkr f'k'kq dh ns[kHkky ,oa mlds dk;ZØe 2 vDVwcj 1975 dks Hkkjr ds 33 [kaMksa esa ,d lexz fodkl ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA bldk eq[; y{; lkFk ykxw fd;k x;kA lkfgR; leh{kk vk/kkfjr 'kks/k lekt ds oafpr oxZ ds ckydksa ds fodkl ,oa thou i= esa laiw.kZ Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa lesfdr cky izR;k'kk dks c<+kuk gSA fodkl ;kstuk dk;ZØe ds fØ;kUo;u ,oa mlds çHkko dks ysdj v/;;u fd;k x;k gS ftlesa fofHkUu lesfdr cky fodkl lsokvkas ls lEcfU/kr dk;ZØe 2 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa] f'k{kdksa] laLFkkvksa }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dk vDVwcj] 1975 dks Hkkjr ds rSrhl ¼33½ [k.Mksa eas ,d leh{kkRed vkdyu çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA çLrqr i= lkFk ykxw fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us ckydkas ls esa ik;k x;k fd vf/kdka'kr% vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ lEcfU/kr jk"Vªh; uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk djrs gq, ?kksf"kr 30&45 o"kZ dh Fkh rFkk ftUgsa 10 o"kksZ ls vf/kd dk;Z fd;k fd cPps jk"Vª dh Js"Bre ,oa egRoiw.kZ lEink dk vuqHko FkkA vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkeus de gSaA bl uhfr ds vUrxZr ckydkas dh fofHkUu osru] vf/kd fjdkWMZ dk j[kj[kko dh çeq[k leL;k vko';drkvksa dks izkFkfedrk ds lkFk fu/kkZfjr djrs FkhA dk;ZdrkZ vk¡xuokfM+;ksa esa lapkfyr lsokvksa dks gq, miyC/k djkus ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa rd igq¡pkus esa iwjh rjg leFkZ ik;h x;hA orZeku eas lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk fo'o dh ykHkkFkhZ miyC/k lsokvksa dk ykHk çkIr dj jgs gSa lcls o`gn ;kstuk gS tks ckydksa ds iw.kZ fodkl ls ysfdu dgha&dgha lqfo/kkvksa esa deh Hkh ikbZ xbZ gSA lEcfU/kr gSA ;g dk;ZØe ewyr% cPpkas ds lexz lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ds varxZr fodkl ls lEcfU/kr lsok,¡ miyC/k djkrk gSA Hkkjr esa vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ ,oa ykHkkFkhZ lUrq"V utj vkrs gS bl ;kstuk dk fdz;kUo;u ewyr% vius cPpksa ds lexz fodkl ds izfr izfrc)rk dk izrhd gSA Hkkjr ds le{k vkdyu djukA egRoiw.kZ pqukSÇr;k¡ gS& cPpksa dks iwoZ fo|ky; f'k{kk 4- ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds larqf"V Lrj dk vkdyu djukA miyC/k djkuk] dqiks"k.k dks nwj djuk] f'k'kqvksa dks LokLF; lsok,¡ miyC/k djkuk ]cky e`R;qnj ds nwf"kr lkfgR; leh{kk % pØ dks rksM+uk vkfn A blds lkFk gh oSf'od Lrj ij lkfgR; leh{kk fo"k; dh igpku] p;u] xq.koÙkk ds lkFk cky fodkl dh miyfC/k izkIr djuk vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k vkSj miyC/k lkfgR; dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ o dM+h pqukSrh gSA le>us esa lgk;d gksrh gSA mDr lkfgR; leh{kk lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ekuo lalk/ku vk/kkfjr 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls lesfdr cky fodkl fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ dkjdksa LokLF;] iks"k.k ,oa f'k{kk lsok ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ ,oa ij cy nsrh gSA ;g ;kstuk bu eqíkas dks ysdj pyus ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds larqf"V Lrj dks ns[kuk gS rFkk lesfdr okyh vf}rh; ;kstuk gSA lesfdr cky fodkl lsokvksa cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk dk lexz çHkko dSlk jgk dk ds vUrxZr iwjd iks"k.k] Vhdkdj.k] LokLF; tkap ,oa ewY;kadu djuk çeq[k mn~ns'; gSA LokLF; lykg lEcU/kh lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gSaA ;s lkfgR; leh{kk dks fuEu fcUnqvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k lHkh lsok,a eq[; :i ls N% o"kZ ls NksVs cPpksa] x;k gS & izlwrkvksa] nqX/kiku djkus okyh ekrkvksa dks iznku dh 1-• vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa dh lesfdr cky fodkl tkrh gSaA vukSipkfjd iwoZ fo|ky; f'k{kk dk lEcU/k 3 lsokvksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa Hkwfedk ,oa leL;k,¡A ls 6 o"kZ ds vk;q lewg ds cPpksa ls gS rFkk LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k f'k{kk dk laca/k 15 ls 45 vk;q oxZ dh efgykvksa 2-• lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ds varxZr ls gSA mDr f'k{kk bu dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls bUgsa miyC/k vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ vkSj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks larqf"V djokbZ tkrh gSA ;g lsok ;kstuk cPpkas ds lexz Lrj dk vkdyuA fodkl dks n`f"Vxr j[krh gSa rFkk muds tUe iwoZ rFkk 3-• lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk dk lexz tUe i'pkr~ ds okrkoj.k vFkkZr~ ifjos'k o LokLF; ds ewY;kaduA lq/kkj ds fy, iz;kl djrh gSA vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa dh lesfdr cky fodkl lkfgR; leh{kk vk/kkfjr 'kks/k i= esa laiw.kZ Hkkjr ds lsokvksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa Hkwfedk ,oa leL;k,¡ % fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk dk;ZØe vk;Z ,e-] lpku oh-ds- bR;kfn ¼2018½ us mrjk[kaM ds ds fØ;kUo;u ,oa mlds çHkko dks ysdj v/;;u mŸkjdk'kh ftys esa 30 vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fd;k x;k gS ftlesa fofHkUu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa] f'k{kdksa] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj tulkaf[;dh; çksQkby rFkk laLFkkvksa }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dk leh{kkRed vkdyu muds lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ds ckjs esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj muds Kku ij v/;;u fd;k x;kA v/;;u esa ;g ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh leL;k,¡ ,oa lUrq"Vh Lrj rFkk ;kstuk ik;k x;k fd vf/kdka'k dk;ZdrkZ ¼50 ½ 36&45 o"kZ ds lexz ewY;kadu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, i=ksa dk p;u % dh vk;q ds Fks ,oa 97 fookfgr Fks A vk¡xuokM+h fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/kdrkZvksa ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij % dk;ZdrkZvksa esa 35 LUkkrd FksA muds vuqHko vkSj vk/kkfjr 'kks/k dk;Z ls fo"k; dk p;u dj fofHkUu % çf'k{k.k dks ysdj v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd dsoy 3 i)fr;ksa }kjk vkykspukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA % vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ikl dsoy 10 o"kZ ls vf/kd mn~ns'; % dk vuqHko Fkk vkSj 60% vçf'kf{kr gSA 33-33% 1- lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ds lexz çHkko vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa dks iks"kd rRoksa dh ek=k ds dk vkdyu djukA ckjs esa lgh Kku Fkk fd cPpksa dks dc ls iks"kd rRo fn, tk, ,oa mldh ek=k D;k jgsxh rFkk fdl vk;q ls 2- vk¡xuokM+h dk;Zdrkvksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd mlds çkjafHkd fodkl dh fuxjkuh djuh pkfg, ds i`"BHkwfe vkSj leL;kvksa dk vkdyu djukA ckjs esa lgh Kku FkkA 23-33% dk;ZdrkZvksa dks 3- lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ds varxZr xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku otu dh ns[kHkky ds mn~ns'; ds vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds larqf"V Lrj dk ckjs esa lgh Kku FkkA blds fy, vkSj vf/kd çf'k{k.k dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ A v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd 80% lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ds varxZr vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa us vR;f/kd fjdkWMZ vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ vkSj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks larqf"V j[k&j[kko dks ,d cM+h leL;k ekuk vkSj 56-66% us Lrj dk vkdyu % dk;Z dh vf/kdrk dks cM+h leL;k ekuk gSa A lesfdr naMksfr;k Mh-] fç;k ,-] VksIiks ,e- bR;kfn ¼2018½ us cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk ds lQy fØ;kUo;u ds fy, Hkksiky 'kgj fd 40 vk¡xuokM+h esa ,d ØkWl lsD'kuy vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa LVMh dks 3 eghus dh vof/k esa fd;k ftlesa 40 ds fy, mi;ZqDr mik;ksa dh cgqr vko';drk gS A vk¡xuokfM;ksa esa ls çR;sd vk¡xuokM+h ls iathd`r lqtkrk ,u-] cqaæk ,u-ds- ¼2020½ us jk;pwj 'kgj ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks lk{kkRdkj esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA dqy 'kgjh uxj ikfydk {kS= dh 210 vk¡xuokfM+;ksa dks 240 ykHkkfFkZ;ksa esa ls 35 ¼14-5%½ xHkZorh efgyk,¡ Fkha A vius v/;;u esa 'kkfey fd;kA v/;;u dh vof/k 1 40 ¼60%½ Lruiku djkus okyh efgyk,¡ Fkh A 81 o"kZ dh FkhA vf/kdka'k vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ ¼71%½ 40 ¼33-75%½ 0 ls 3 o"kZ dh vk;q ds cPpksa dh ek¡ Fkh A 49 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds FksA 44-3% esfVªd ikl gS A 60% ¼20-42%½ 3&6 o"kZ dh vk;q ds cPpksa dh ek¡ Fkh A 32 dk;ZdrkZvksa dks 10 o"kZ ls vf/kd dk dk;kZuqHko FkkA ¼13-33%½ fd'kksj yM+fd;k¡ ¼10&19 o"kZ½ Fkh vkSj 3 84-8% vk¡xuokM+h dsUæksa esa LFkk;h lg;ksxh ds :i esa ¼1-25%½ çtuu vk;q dh efgyk,¡ Fkh A 166 ¼69-16%½ vU; dkfeZd FksA 15-38% vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa dks lsokvksa ls lUrq"V Fks tcfd ckdh 74 ¼30-84%½ lsokvksa vkSlr lgh Kku FkkA 48-1% vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ls lUrq"V ugha Fks A lUrqf"V vkSj mi;ksx ds Lrj dks dks vkbZlhMh,l lsokvksa ds ckjs esa vPNh tkudkjh FkhA cuk, j[kus ds fy, lsokvksa dh xq.koŸkk esa lq/kkj le; vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa dks vius Kku esa lq/kkj ds fy, dh vko';drk gSa A fu;fer :i ls iquJ~p;kZ çf'k{k.k fn, tkus rFkk ÝsMh ,l- ¼2019½ us lesfdr cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk mudh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus dh vko';drk dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks ykxw djus esa vk¡xuokM+h gSA mudk ekfld ekuns; c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA dk;ZdrkZvksa dh lUrqf"V Lrj dk vkdyu djus gsrq fu;fer :i ls le; ij Hkqxrku fd;k tk, rFkk [kkstiw.kZ losZ{k.k fof/k }kjk eaxyksj esa 100 vk¡xuokM+h muds dk;Z Hkkj dks de djus vkSj fjdkWMZ ds j[kj[kko dk;ZdrkZvksa ij v/;;u fd;kA lexz fo'ys"k.k ls irk ds fy, lgk;rk çnku djus dh vko';drk gSA pyrk gS fd 64% vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ lesfdr cky [kq'khZn ,-] MhaMlk ,-] xks;y ih bR;kfn ¼2020½ us fodkl lsok xfrfof/k;ksa dks ykxw djus dks ysdj vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa esa f'k'kq LokLF; ns[kHkky ds lUrq"V FksA vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ e/;e ns[kHkky Kku ,oa tkx:drk ij vk/kkfjr v/;;u fd;kA ;g ¼72-42%½ çlo ds ckn dh ns[kHkky ¼60-47%½] iks"k.k v/;;u ckjkewyk ftys ds cksfu;kj CykWd ds 105 lsok,¡ ¼63-69%½] LokLF; lsok,¡ ¼69-72%½] vfHkys[kksa vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds e/; vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA dk j[kj[kko ¼67-66%½ rFkk dk;Z okrkoj.k vkSj 105 vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa esa ls dsoy 22-16% gh lqfo/kkvksa ¼62-38%½ dks ysdj lUrq"V gSA ogha dsoy tkurs Fks fd eka ds nw/k fiykus ds rqjar ckn cPps dk vukSipkfjd iwoZ fo|ky; f'k{kk ¼53-44%½] lkeqnkf;d eq¡g /kksuk pkfg,A 51-42% vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds laidZ vkSj laidZ ls dk;Z ¼55-26%½] ?kj dk nkSjk crk;k fd cPps dk eq¡g dksey diM+s ls lkQ fd;k ¼53-73%½ vkSj jsQjy lsovksa ¼55-8%½ esa gh larq"V gS A tkuk pkfg,A 11-4% vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ tkurh Fkh ,sls dkfeZdksa ds chp ukSdjh dks ysdj lUrqf"V ds ckjs fd vf/kdrd Lruiku 18 eghus ds fy, fd;k tkuk esa cgqr de v/;;u gS vkSj bl rjg ds dkfeZdksa dh pkfg, A 71-4% dk;ZdrkZ us mŸkj fn;k fd nw/k ds ukSdjh dh lUrqf"V ij vf/kd v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk nk¡rks dks cpkuk pkfg, A mDr v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kZ gS rkfd vkdyu fd;k tk lds fd og lHkh igyqvksa esa fudyrk gS fd vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ f'k'kq ds çkFkfed okLro esa lUrq"V gSA LokLF; ns[kHkky ds ckjs esa Kku vkSj tkx:drk j[krs tksl ,e-ts-] tkWulu ,- vkj-] FkkWel ,- bR;kfn gS gkykafd vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds Kku vkSj ¼2019½ }kjk xHkZorh efgykvksa 28 lIrkg ls vf/kd ds tkx:drk dks c<+kus ds fy, le; le; ij LokLF; xHkZikr vkSj Lruiku djkus okyh ekrkvksa çlo ds 6 dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu djus dh egŸkh vko';drk gSA eghus ckn rd ds chp ,d vLirky vk/kkfjr ØkWl vuqHkkxh; v/;;u nf{k.kh dukZVd ds jkeuxj ftys ysfdu vk¡xuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fu;fer çf'k{k.k ds ,d xzkeh.k {kS= esa ekr`Ro lky esa ekr`Ro vkSj cky vkSj cqfu;knh

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