International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches

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ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches

Vol. 7 No. 3 February 2021 ISSN : 2349-8684

CENTRE FOR RESOURCE, RESEARCH & PUBLICATION SERVICES (CRRPS) www.crrps.in

ROOTS

ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) is a peer reviewed, refereed and quarterly journal. The Journal is assigned by National Science Library / NISCAIR, New Delhi and powered & published by Center for Resource, Research and Publication Services (CRRPS) Tamil Nadu - India. The journal provides a valid space for academics, researchers and professionals to share the latest developments and advancements in Multidisciplinary Subjects. It aims to foster the exchange of ideas on a range of important international subjects and to provide stimulus for research and the further developments and updating of international perspectives. The international perspective is further enhanced and enriched by the geographical spread of the aspiring contributors.

There are many practical reasons to publish the research articles. We don’t really understand what we have discovered until we write it up, when we submit an article for publication, we get back reviews and criticisms from colleagues and readers which undoubtedly can often be very helpful and sometime point our mistakes or shortcomings in the applied logic therein.

When we share the results of our efforts through publication, we become a part of the scientific community. We benefit from the exchange of ideas and learn about what others have already done. We can often establish valuable collaborations with people on the other side of the planet even without seeing them. If everybody kept their results and ideas secret, the progress of science would slow to a crawl. If we want to benefit from the work others have done before we, it’s only fair that we contribute our bit too. The process of research publication creates a mindset that is vital for research progress.

The scope of the Journal is to facilitate the researchers, scholars, resource persons and practitioners to come on a strong potential platform and to share their findings of the research with the rest of the world. So that intellectual decisions can be instilled to enrich societies as a whole with attitude of magnanimity and openness.

Dr. S. Balakrishnan Publisher and Managing Editor [email protected] www.crrps.in 09944212131

ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal ISSN: 2349-8684, www.rootsjournal.com

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editors-in-Chief

Dr. M. DAVAMANI CHRISTOBER Dr. J. SURESH Principal & Secretary Principal The American College The Madura College Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India

Publisher and Managing Editor

Dr. S. BALAKRISHNAN Founder Director Centre for Resource, Research and Publication Services Tamil Nadu – India

Associate Editors

Dr. MANIMANGAI MANI Dr. MAMTA BRAHMBHATT Senior Lecturer Associate Professor of Management Department of English B.K. School of Business Management Faculty of Modern Languages and Gujarat University Communication Ahmedabad, Gujarat– India Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia Dr. J. JOHN SEKAR Head & Associate Professor of English Dr. S. THEENATHAYALAN The American College Member of Syndicate, MKU, Madurai Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India Associate Professor of Economics The Madura College Dr. SURESH FREDERICK Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Associate Professor and UG Head Department of English Bishop Heber College (Autonomous) Trichy, Tamil Nadu– India

Editorial Board

Dr. S. PAUL MARY DEBORRAH Dr.J. HELEN RATNA MONICA Controller of Examination Associate Professor of Chemistry Mother Teresa Women’s University The American College Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu– India Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India

Dr. V. DARLING SELVI Dr. M. MOOVENDHAN Associate Professor of Commerce Head of the Department Rani Anna Government College for Department of English Women , Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu – India Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu– India Dr.J. BALASUBRAMANIAM Assistant Professor Dr. M. CHITRA Department of Journalism and Science Assistant Professor Communication Department of Econometrics Madurai Kamaraj University School of Economics Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Dr. PRADEEP D. WAGHMARE Assistant Professor of History Dr. S.C.B. SAMUEL ANBU SELVAN Ramanarain Ruia College Assistant Professor of Commerce Mumbai– India The American College Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Dr. M. VASIMALAI RAJA Associate Professor Dr. N. SUNDAR Department of Education (DDE) Librarian Alagappa University Thiagarajar College of Preceptors Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu – India Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India

Dr. T. SUDHA Dr. K. VELLAICHAMY Associate Professor of Economics Assistant Professor Annamalai University Department of Education Chitambram, Tamil Nadu – India Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Dr. S. DIRAVIDAMANI Assistant Professor of English M. RAJESH Periyar University College of Arts & Assistant Professor of Zoology Science, The American College Salem, Tamil Nadu – India Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India

Dr. K. KAVIARASU J. ALAGIRISWAMY Assistant Professor of English Assistant Professor of Economics Vivekananda College Loyola College Agastheeswaram Chennai, Tamil Nadu– India Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu– India V.R. SURESH KUMAR Dr. S. RAMANATHAN Head of the Department Assistant Professor of English PG & Research Department of English VHNSN College St. Joseph’s College of Arts and Science Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu– India Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu– India

Dr. S. RAJARAJAN Assistant Professor of English Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research U.T of Puducherry– India

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ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed & Quarterly Journal ISSN: 2349-8684 | www.rootsjournal.com | 0452-4395131

GUIDELINES TO AUTHOR

About Roots ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) is a peer reviewed, refereed and quarterly journal. The journal provides a space for academics, researchers and professionals to share the latest developments and– advances in Multidisciplinary Subjects. This journal is an excellent forum for intra disciplinary and interdisciplinary study of various aspects of Arts, Science and Professional Studies as intellectually stimulating open platform for academicians, consultants, researchers, and business practitioners to share and promulgate their research works. Journal of Roots seek to publish research findings and articles that would promote research awareness and understanding dissemination.

Subjects for Papers ROOTS Journal expects qualitative and standardized publications of original papers on research in Multidisciplinary Researches. An Agriculture, Anthropology, Education, Geography, Advertising, Botany, Business Studies, Chemistry, Commerce, Computer Science, Communication Studies, Criminology, Cross Cultural Studies, Demography, Development Studies, Library Science, Mathematics, Methodology, Management Studies, Earth Sciences, Economics, Bioscience, Entrepreneurship, Fisheries, History, Information Science & Technology, Law, Life Sciences, Logistics and Performing Arts (Music, Theatre & Dance), Religious Studies, Visual Arts, Women Studies, Physics, Fine Art, Microbiology, Physical Education, Public Administration, Philosophy, Political Sciences, Psychology, Population Studies, Social Science, Sociology, Social Welfare, Linguistics, Literature, Zoology and other inspiring topics to meet the present trend and craze of aspirants to satisfy them.

Call for Papers The journal invites balanced mix of theoretical or empirical, conceptual papers to publish including research articles, case studies, review papers, comparative studies, dissertation chapters, reports of projects in progress, analytical and simulation models, technical notes, and book reviews, leading academicians, business peoples, corporate sectors, researcher scholars and students from academic institutions, research organizations, non – governmental organizations (NGOs), corporate sectors, civil societies, industries, and others from India and abroad.

Submission of Manuscript 1. Submit your article by email to [email protected]. 2. The manuscripts/papers should be research based or related, original and comprise of previously unpublished material and must be presented following scientific methodology. 3. Authors must send an abstract of the paper not exceeding 250 words, all manuscripts must be in font style of Times New Roman, size: 12, line spacing: double spaced and submitted only in MS Word 2003/ 2007 version. 4. All manuscripts should follow the MLA or APA style manual. The full paper must not exceed 3000 words, including tables and references. 5. The manuscript should be well-organized to have Title page, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Literature Survey, Problem Definition, Material & Methods, Findings & Results, Interpretation & Discussion, Conclusion and References.

6. All quoted, reproduced material should clearly be referenced. 7. All contents should be original – authors’ own words, ideas, findings and arguments. 8. Tables and figures should appear in the document near / after where they are referenced in the text. All figures and tables must have an intelligible caption in relation to the text. 9. Photographs must be sharp, and exhibit good contrast. 10. Correct and complete referencing of quoted and reproduced material is the obligation of the author. In the text, references should be inserted in parentheses in full. 11. If author uses a reference from an out-source, author should cite relevant source giving credit to the original author/contributor. 12. Review of Article/Manuscript  The manuscript will be numbered and sent to the review committee for review- report.  The author will be intimidated of the review and the process will take a maximum period of 15 – 20 days.

Ethical Policy 1. Authors are advised to adhere to the ethics of publication of his/her article to be considered for publication. 2. Acknowledgement of the original ideas, borrowed from other sources is imperative. 3. The authors of original research work (previously unpublished / under process for the publication elsewhere) should be an accurate submission of the work carried out, 4. provide the rationale of the significance of the research work in context with previous works, and should contain sufficient details to allow others for further research. 5. It will be the wholesome responsibility of the authors for such lapses if any on legal bindings and against ethical code of publication or communication media.

Plagiarism Alert & Disclaimer 1. The publisher & editors will not be held responsible for any such lapse of the contributor regarding plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their manuscripts. 2. All submissions should be original and must have a “statement of declaration” assuring their research paper as an original and fresh work and it has not been published anywhere else. 3. It will be authors are sole responsibility for such lapses, if any on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. 4. Contributors are advised to be aware about Plagiarism and ensure their paper is beyond plagiarism as per UGC norms.

Publication Policy & Peer-review Process Peer review exists to ensure that journals publish article which is of benefit to entire research community. Peer reviewers’ comments and recommendations are an essential guide to inform the editor’s decision on a manuscript that revisions and improvement. They are part of the publication process and actually help raise the quality of the manuscript. It also helps the readers to trust the research integrity of the article. 1. The Editor-in-Chief will primarily examine each manuscript. 2. The editor-in- Chief will advise the authors about the acceptance of the manuscript by email. 3. The manuscript will be evaluated on parameters of originality, practical importance, subject relevance, scientific level and contribution to the current academic scenario. 4. If the manuscript is accepted following publication policies. 5. Accepted manuscript will be forwarded to the double-blind peer review process. Such that the journal does not disclose the identity of the reviewer(s) to the author(s) and does not disclose the identity of the author(s) to the reviewer(s). 6. The review committee is not responsible for stripping of any information during panel review as the original author is not known to the committee. 7. Manuscript/paper will be published only when the article is ‘commended for publication’ from the review committee/editorial board.

8. If necessary the copy-editing work will be done by the members of the Editorial Board. 9. The review process may take minimum 20 working days. 10. In case of acceptance of the manuscript and commended for publication favorably, the manuscript will be published in online mode of time. If paper/article/manuscript is not commended for publication, the rejected manuscripts shall not be returned.

Copyright Notice Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent to the Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication. Copyrights for articles published in ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring any infringement action if so desired by the author.

Indexed The journal will be indexed as per database norms. The Indexing will provide the manuscript to achieve its purpose of being accessible to worldwide readers. Easy accessible will increase as manuscript’s and journal’s reputation. It will be a source of the quality information in respective areas/studies.

Privacy Statement We may collect the contact details from authors like names, designation with Institutional address, email addresses, postal address, phone numbers and other information to understand needs and provide with a better service that are entered in this journal site and will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal.

Frequency of Publication of the Journal Roots are a quarterly journal, will be published in February, May, August and November on respective Years.

Review and Evaluation Committee Quarterly review committee meeting will be convened by the editor-in-chief. Authors are expected to submit their manuscript before 20 working days of the publication of the respective month. The journal will be published regularly as per Journal publication policy.

No article-processing charge Policy As per our journal policy, No article-processing charge (APC) or publication fee to publish your articles in Bodhi International Journal.

Get your Roots journal Subscription We provide personal or institutional Subscription. Subscriber will get all issues within the current year as four issues. No automatic renewal, subscription will expire automatically at the end of the publication year. For subscription, contact email.

Article Submission Authors are kindly advised to send manuscripts along with registration & copyright forms. (Duly filled-in Registration form is mandatory with the paper for acceptance) Soft copy of the papers should be mailed to [email protected]

Conference Proceedings Roots will be published as special issues for the national / international conference and seminars volumes. The group of papers also will be published in Roots journal.

ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal Vol. 7 No. 3 February 2021 ISSN: 2349-8684

Aim & Objectives CONTENTS Academic Excellence in research is continued promoting in research support for young S. Page. Scholars. Multidisciplinary of research is motivating Title No. No. all aspects of encounters across disciplines and research fields in an multidisciplinary views, by 1 Syllabus Designing 1 assembling research groups and consequently Dr. S. Padmasani Kannan projects, supporting publications with this 2 On Translating into and From 7 inclination and organizing programmes. Marathi: Machine Translation and Internationalization of research work is the unit ‘Translate Document’ Tool seeks to develop its scholarly profile in research Dr. Kavita Patil through quality of publications. And visibility of 3 Impact of Covid – 19 on India 19 research is creating sustainable platforms for research and publication, such as series of Books; Economy motivating dissemination of research results for Nandini Sharma & people and society Dr. Geeta Lakhotra 4 Mapping Indian Culture Through A 24 Disclaimer Critical Lens: A Comprehensive Contributors are advised to be strict in Study on Gita Mehta’s Fiction academic ethics with respect to acknowledgment Mr. Bhagatram Seth & of the original ideas borrowed from others. The Publisher & editors will not be held responsible for Dr. Mahima Gautam any such lapse of the contributor regarding 5 Female Bodies and Male Gaze: The 33 plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their Female in Indian Popular Cinema manuscripts. All submissions should be original and Ms. Anna Anil George must be accompanied by a declaration stating your 6 Violence as A Language in 40 research paper as an original work and has not Malayalam Cinema- A Special been published anywhere else. It will be the sole Reference To K G George responsibility of the authors for such lapses, if any on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. Smitha E.K & Dr. J. Balasubramnaim Communication 7 Conquering Traumatic Reality with 51 Papers / Enquires should be mailed to Hyperreality: Self-Healing Through [email protected] Simulation in the Telugu Movie Game Over Preethu P 8 Emasculating the Curse of Caste - 55

Unheard Voices in Mari Selvaraj's

Pariyerum Perumal G. Rajkumar

9 Teaching Soft Skills in the Present 60 Scenario with Reference to G.B. Shaw’s Pygmalion Dr. P. Vaishnavi 10 Determining Rate of Heat Convected 66 From A Uniform Infinite Fin Using Gupta Transform Rahul Gupta, Rohit Gupta & Dinesh Verma 11 Teaching English as A Skill Subject 71 B.S. Bharathi 12 Together Apart: The Role of Digital 80 Communication Technologies on Covid-19 Outbreak in Kerala P. Ramis Salam 13 Towards ‘Storied Health’: 88 Post-Truth in Advertisements Gifty Mariam Alexy 14 Mahabharatha: - Its Influence on 99 Literature, Science and Visual Arts Beena Manohar 15 An IOT Appliance Control System for 105 Efficient Security Analysis based Home Medical System using Data Communication Protocol Ms. S. Siva Sankari & B. Uma Maheswari 16 A Study on Blended Learning: An 113 Effective Learning Pattern Krishna. Kulin. Trivedi 17 IOT based Anti-Theft System for 118 Two Wheelers Ms. K. M. Kirthika, S. Jefferson Samuel R. Harshan & C. Lekana 18 Rural Women Development Through 132 Volunteerism by Malankara Social Service Society in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India Rajan. M 19 Irony In O. Henry’s Selected Short 147 Stories: A Representative Technique B. Pavithra & Dr. S. Balu Subesh

Vol.7 No. 3 February 2021 ISSN: 2349-8684

SYLLABUS DESIGNING

Dr. S. PADMASANI KANNAN Director The Literary Seminary Dr.MGR ERI, Chennai

Abstract Curriculum and syllabus are part s of teaching profession.While curriculum is made on broad perspectives, syllabus is planned by the teachers that would fit into the framework of curriculum To understand this, let us see the various definitions of curriculum:“Curriculum typically refers to the knowledge and skills students are expected to learn, which includes the learning standards or learning objectives they are expected to meet; the units and lessons that teachers teach; the assignments and projects given to students; the books, materials, videos, presentations, and readings used in a course; and the tests, assessments, and other methods used to evaluate student learning” says, www.edglossary.org/curriculum/ This will be scripted by a particular teacher with prescriptive norms of learning standards. These standards make her form the syllabus that requires making an outline of what you will expect the students to do in one‟s class.The goals, the policies, the expectations and the requirements are spelt out. ”it is the summary of the topics covered or units to be taught in the particular subject” www.cmu.edu/teaching/designteach/design/syllabus. So it is descriptive in nature while the curriculum is prescriptive. Realizing this specification, a decision was taken to revamp the curriculum of English for the undergraduate science students .According to the requirement of UGC, there has to be five units. We decided to have selections of prose, poetry, etc thematic and the last unit to be Functional English. Accordingly a change was done in the objectives, presentation and the test to be given. No longer was it teacher oriented but interactive method and a continuous assessment Materials were prepared based on LSRW skills. Keywords: objectives, outcome, interactive teaching standardization, continuous assessment, LSRW

POSITION PAPER NATIONAL FOCUS perpetuating a kind of education which GROUP ON CURRICULUM, SYLLABUS has resulted in a set of practices AND TEXTBOOKS says: ‖At the very adopted for development of curriculum, outset, a critical analysis of the Indian syllabus and textbooks that is guided School Education System reveals that by the patterns and requirements of it is largely a monolithic system the examination system, rather than by

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the needs determined by a mix of teach; the assignments and projects ISSN: 2456-5571 criteria based on the child‘s learning given to students; the books, materials, requirement, aims of education and the videos, presentations, and readings socio-economic and cultural contexts of used in a course; and the learners. A marked feature of tests, assessments, and other methods educational practices in school is a dull used to evaluate student learning‖ routine, bored teachers and students says, edglossary.org/curriculum/ and rote system of learning‖ The above This will be scripted by a particular statement is applicable to the higher teacher with prescriptive norms of study courses also. learning standards. These standards After a decade, the educationists make her form the syllabus that have realized the lack of coordination of requires making an outline of what you the syllabus with the practical needs. will expect the students to do in one‘s Hence this paper emphasizes on the class. need of reviewing the syllabus more as a conceptual structure or decision First we should know how to making rather than what is done. construct a course design: Hence the curriculum should aim at epistemological perspective and the mental development of the learner .An attempt is done to revamp the syllabus of English of the first year undergraduates including the components of the importance of the active engagement of the learners‘ importance in the construction of knowledge so that they can realize the importance of experiences in learning. (Toula Sklavou/@toulasklavou in To have this, the curriculum and the ELTchat on January 25th 2012) syllabus should create a variety of situations. The above framework shows the Before going deep into this, let us course should be designed based on clearly say the difference between the needs of the students curriculum and the syllabus The needs of the students can be ―Curriculum typically refers to the tabulated based on the diagnostic tests knowledge and skills students are or according to the societal situation: expected to learn, which includes 1. It should have clear objectives and the learning standards or learning outcomes of those objectives, which objectives they are expected to meet; depend on the evaluating system the units and lessons that teachers

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2. It should be realistic and to fulfill Notional, thematic, and operational. the needs of the students. While situational and thematic syllabus 3. It should be flexible and concentrates on content, the notional informative. and operational syllabus give 4. It should have variety, placing importance to the interactive method. importance on different sub systems In Notional Syllabus, Shaw points out and skill based knowledge. the switch of emphasis from content to 5. It should be based on the learning objectives. We expect learners to do styles of the learners. three things: to produce grammatically 6. It should be according to the well formed sentences and to be aware availability of time and other of intra-sentential semantic identity, to physical constraints recognize and produce pragmatically 7. It should balance systems and equivalent utterances, and to manage skills. interaction [Yalden 1987) 8. It should have a clear idea of the With the above aim, the Department global goals, as English is no longer decided to frame a syllabus following second language or the five principles of Breen (1987): foreign, but of global. 1 What knowledge does it focus upon 9. It should allow the teacher to and practice? deviate from a narrow frame and 2. What capabilities does it focus and make it interesting prioritize? 10. Last but not least it should be 3. How to select and sub-divide what within the government framework. is to be learned? The course book was framed 4. How is sequenced what is to be bearing in mind the principles of learned? syllabus. 5. What is the rationale behind it? The syllabus as a 'device' for A course book was framed to impart planning must be explicit for the knowledge on: teacher so that the teacher can plan, 1. Facing difficult situations prepare and organize the course. A humorously syllabus must be more or less explicit 2. Enjoying the excerpts of classic to the learner and the learner must poems but suitable to modern have some idea of what he is going to situation learn. But, it should not be rigid; it 3. Stories of different culture should be flexible so that it allows 4. Excerpts from great minds negotiation during its use. A syllabus 5. Testing the LSRW skills operates as a means of control of the The five units, following the UGC learning norms were selected to impart the Four types of syllabus are above said knowledge and list the commonly accepted: Situational, capabilities

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Having these in mind the goals. To help them, the Bloom‘s ISSN: 2456-5571 department decided to frame a course Taxonomy was adopted to realize the book: outcome of objectives. The micro Need planning was suggested to be framed The students should be exposed to the earlier. Each activity should be inter culture meaning-focused activity through Purpose which a teacher can find out the As most of the students are rural based information gap, the reasoning gap and they would not be able to envisage the the opinion gap .This has to be done in global culture order to promote higher forms of Type thinking in education, such as It is a notional type which combines analyzing and evaluating concepts, situational and functional type processes, procedures, and The course material has a collection principles, rather than just of famous prose pieces, selection of remembering facts (rote poems, short stories, and the thoughts learning)The higher order thinking of great mind with a unit on Functional expected the three domains English aiming at recapitulating and Knowledge, Skill and Attitude or testing the knowledge and the skill they rather KSA. At the end of each have acquired through application and lesson, it is expected to have evaluating system. It has following acquired a new knowledge skill and objectives: attitude. To achieve this one has to 1. To impart knowledge on the create activities like flash cards contextual situation and to translate the idea into storytelling, understand the depth and meaning participating in group activities and of the text. in presentation 2. To comprehend the meaning through the words and the structure o the sentence. 3. To appreciate the hidden meaning. 4. To be able to increase the vocabulary and to teach them it‘s use in different contexts. 5. To construct meaningful sentences and to write coherently.

6. To concentrate on the speaking Each domain has its own skills. specifications. The knowledge and 7. To build one‘s own creativity. affective domain have following Having planned the course material, factors: the teachers have to set their own

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adapt himself and is able to think and do This is aimed at the fifth unit which concentrates on LSRW skill but tests the same components of grammar taught earlier, such as tense,

preposition, infinitive to and The above given table shows that preposition to and degrees of after each lesson one has to know comparison through strange passages, the facts; should be able to explain but is able to answer. It becomes the concepts and the processes of challenging to the teacher and to the reaching them; should be able to students if the given components are give relevant examples and also done, the teacher has the flexibility to solve any inquiry and finally able to frame her own passage or make the infer the meaning hidden. To fulfill students creative. Combining the three this, a set of exercises are added domains of taxonomy through different after each lesson; a few can be done instructional strategies suggested in at regular classes and a few can be the following table: done in practical session or as self study. Every teacher is expected to frame her own goal and go according to the level of the student. The third domain of this taxonomy- psycho motor domain, which is often neglected, has following principles that should be absorbed in teaching

While the Perception gives one the awareness to act, the mindset gets ready to act in a situation; the guided response they had earlier helps the students to apply the skill in a complex By revamping the syllabus and the situation. Thus the student learns to teaching methodologies and the

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evaluation system through internal and References ISSN: 2456-5571 practical components, the department 1. Anderson, L.W., Krathwohl, hopes to aim at reaching the following D.R., Airasian, P.W., objectives: Cruikshank, K.A., Mayer, R.E., 1. To get enriched with new knowledge Pintrich, P.R., Raths, J., of global situation Wittrock, M.C. (2001). A 2. To be able to comprehend any new Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, text and Assessing: A revision of 3. To get enriched in vocabulary Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational especially in collocation, Objectives. New York: Pearson, homonyms, synonyms, and Allyn & Bacon. antonyms 2. Bloom, B.S. (Ed.). Engelhart, 4. To be able to understand new words M.D., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H., and use them in proper context Krathwohl, D.R. 5. To be able to construct simple (1956). Taxonomy of Educational sentences with the understanding of Objectives, Handbook I: The concord of tenses Cognitive Domain. New York: 6. To be able to comprehend the tone of David McKay Co Inc conversation and reproduce the 3. https://celtathens.com/author/ same celtathens/ 7. To be able to strengthen the LSRW 4. Language Learning and Theories skills and face the global situation in ELT- chapter III.- www.innovationinteaching.org/.../b Thus English is taught not merely ook%20chapter%20- as a subject but also as a tool for %20Reinders%20and%20W... communication and also as a tool of understanding other subjects and relates them in practical situation.

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ON TRANSLATING INTO AND FROM MARATHI: MACHINE TRANSLATION AND ‘TRANSLATE DOCUMENT’ TOOL

Dr. KAVITA PATIL Assistant Professor of English B. M. Ruia Girls’ College, Mumbai

Abstract Machine translation and machine-aided translation has been a recent phenomenon. The term was earlier employed only to describe the communication process between software and hardware on the computer. Machine translation has been transposed into the field of Translation Studies to describe the translations carried out using various tools and websites stored on the cloud. However, machine translation is not a self-sovereign entity as the target text it produces is mostly raw and the only exception to this is the technical language. This paper analyses how the online tool „Translate document‟ which is inbuilt in Google Docs fails and ultimately needs human interference in an attempt of translating into and from Marathi. This tool denies the possibility of language to mature in the process of translation and cultivates an assumption that there is only one reading, interpretation and translation of the text possible as in the various attempts of translating the same text, the tool produces the similar target text instead of improvising it. However, the study finds that the tool works better when technical documents are translated into Marathi; but when it comes to translating colloquial Marathi into English or vice versa it flounders completely. It can be proved useful for the professionals who while hurrying the translation seek assistance from the tool. Key Words: Marathi language, Google Docs, Translate document, William Shakespeare, Walter Benjamin, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.

I am keying my research paper in a happens. How? Let me spend some ink Microsoft Word Document incorporated on the process. A scan code number is in my Lenovo ideapad 330 laptop, a allotted to every key on the keyboard machine which saves my pain of and when I press a particular key on writing and succours me to delete or the keyboard, a scan code number edit my errors seamlessly. When I press travels as a binary data to the Central a key on the keyboard, a part of the Processing Unit of the laptop. It is the motherboard, the primary circuit CPU which runs the operating system board, of my laptop and expect to see of the computer and it is the operating letters on the monitor, translation system which keeps on checking

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keypresses and transmits the scan called its raw translation.‖ (p. 215) ISSN: 2456-5571 code into Unicode character and However, to be precise, machine creates an event which emerges in the translation is a translation carried by hardware and later on, the software the varying range of tools and websites recognises and handles and sends the stored on a cloud available online and action to the appropriate application. It could be accessed through an internet is the operating system which identifies connection. The word ‗raw‘ is self- the active software at the time of explanatory in the sense that machine pressing a key and sends the event to translation cannot produce the final that application then it displays the copy of the source text as the target letters on the monitor being typed in, text needs to be revised and edited for example, a word document. It is to thoroughly after receiving a copy of it. be noted that in this process hardware It should be emphasized that the and software on a laptop communicate machine translation gets its feed from with each other. A computer is an corpora, online dictionaries and assembly of input, process, output and thesaurus. The tools are not self-reliant store data and a command or a in the sense that the corpora feed or message is encoded and then decoded dictionaries are not integrated into the and transmitted or transferred or tools. It should be highlighted that translated or carried across from one machine translation finalises the set of signs to another set of signs. meanings of the words as it does not Every physical machine works on a change or improvise the target text translation aspect as it transfers, every time it translates it, the way transforms, trans-creates, transfigures, human translators do and promotes carries across, takes further, interferes the false assumption that there is only creatively, carries beyond, encodes and one reading, interpretation and decodes the messages. This analogy of translation possible and therefore the machine process helps to faithful translations exist. Benjamin‘s understand translation in general. (1923) elaboration is significant here. In Translation Studies, Machine He, in his essay, explicates: Translation is understood as For just as the tenor and the translating using online tools and significance of the great works of websites stored on the cloud. Forcada literature undergo a complete (2010) defines machine translation as: transformation over the centuries, ―Machine translation (MT) is the the mother tongue of the translator translation, by means of a computer is transformed as well…Translation using suitable software, of a text is so far removed from being sterile written in the source language (SL) equation of two dead languages that which produces another text in the of all literary forms it is the one target language (TL) which may be charged with the special mission of

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watching over the maturing process and begins with Shakespeare‘s (1609) of the original language and the Sonnet 116: birth pangs of its own. (p.18) Let me not to the marriage of true The language of the source text, as mindes Benjamin argues, matures in the Admit impediments, loue is not process of translation as the meanings loue of the words change over the years and Which alters when it alteration are always in flux. There is the findes, possibility of production of multiple Or bends with the remouer to meanings through translation as remoue. translating is at the first place reading O no, it is an euer fixed marke and having a dialogue the text which That lookes on tempests and is leads to negotiation and becomes an neuer shaken; unavoidable mode of attack. However, It is the star to euerywandringbarke, MT discards the possibility of creating Whose worthsvnknowne, although multiple meanings or play of multiple his hight be taken. signs by producing the identical target Lou‘s not Times foole, though rosie text every time we upload it in a tool. It lips and cheeks encourages the postulation that every Within his bending sickles text has a stable identity, meaning, compasse come, origin, an end and the first reading of Loue alters not with his the text is final. However, it needs to be breefehoures and weekes, stressed that the process of translation But beares it out euen to the edge of is the renewal of the language of the doome: original; but the tools prove to be If this be error and vpon me insufficient to contribute to the proued, regeneration and growth of the I neuer writ, nor no man language. How? euerloued. (p.118) Let us imagine a situation here. A professor of Marathi, teaching at the The tool produced the following target university department in Maharashtra text: makes use of a tool ‗Translate मला खयाा मना楍या लग्नात आणू देऊ नका लुई document‘ inbuilt in Google Docs to अडथळा, अडथळया車ना कबूल करा,नाही translate certain literary as well as जेव्हा ते बदलते तेव्हा कोणते बदलते, technical texts from English into कक車 वा रीमूटसाठी झुकणायााबकड ेझुकते. Marathi and vice versa to demonstrate नाही, हा एक कनकित कनकित his students the inadequacies of MT किन्ह आहे जो परीक्ा車कडे पाहतो आकण हळूहळू हालिाल करतो; when it comes to a vernacular language like Marathi. He selects three texts भटक車 तीिी भुरभुर करणारा हा तारा आहे, ज्यािी कक車 मत from English and three from Marathi घेतली गेली तरी त्यािी कक車 मत वाढली.

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लू 楍या नाही टाइ륍स foole, Rosie ओठ आकण गालतरी Touch pad buttons: The functions of ISSN: 2456-5571 त्या楍या वाकलेली sickles आत आला compasse the left/right side correspond to

Loue त्या楍या breefe houres आकण कवक्स नाही those of the left/right mouse button on a conventional mouse. (Lenovo, बदलते, 2018, p. 2) पण बाहेर beares doome धार euen:

या त्रुटीबल असेल तर आकण मला वेदीवर proued, The tool produced the following मी neuer श녍दि , कक車 वा कोणीही आळशी झाले नाही. translation: (https://drive.google.com/open?id= टि पॅड: स्क्रीनवर पॉईट車 र हलकवण्यासाठी, आपल्या बोटा楍या टोक 1pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiq पॅडवर त्या कदशेने सरकवा ज्या कदशेने आपण पॉइट車 र हलवू इक楍ित NL) आहात. Shakespeare‘s sonnet is an टि पॅड बटणे: डावी / उजवीकडील काये पार車पाररक माऊसवरील interesting example here as it was डाव्या / उजव्या माऊस बटणाशी स車ब車कधत असतात. written in old English more than 400 (https://drive.google.com/open?id= years back. It is about eternal love 1pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiq which does not alter over the period. NL) The old English word ‗loue‘ has been The tool could not translate the spelt as ‗love‘ in modern English which English words ‗touch pad‘, ‗screen‘ and the tool fails to recognise and translate. ‗pointer‘ as there are no technical The rhyming scheme of Shakespeare‘s words in Marathi for these English sonnet, universally known as ‗ABAB words. The words ‗slide your fingertip CDCD EFEF GG‘, is not followed in the over the pad‘ are mistranslated as ‗the translation. Moreover, the target text tip pad of the finger. MT flounders has not employed iambic pentameter here. Yet, the tool still seems to provide and the arrangement of words is also a relevant and final rather than a raw incomprehensible. It also misses to translation when it comes to translate the words ‗foole‘, ‗Rosie‘ etc. translating technical documents into and retains them in the target text. The the Marathi in comparison with the translation of a couplet sounds funny. translation of literary texts from Many words like ‗edge‘, ‗remover‘ and English into the Marathi and vice ‗sickle‘ are mistranslated. This versa. translation would not even assist the The third text the professor selects translator who might seek assistance is a passage from a novel by Tolkien from the tool. The next example the (1954). It reads as follow: professor chooses is instructions from When Bilbo was ninety-nine, he a user guide of a laptop: adopted Frodo as his heir, and Touch pad: To move the pointer on brought him to live at Bag End; and the screen, slide your fingertip over the hopes of the Sackville-Bagginses the pad in the direction in which were finally dashed. Bilbo and you want the pointer to move.

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Frodo happened to have the same translate the phrase „irresponsible birthday, September 22nd. twenties between childhood and “You had better come and live here, coming of age at thirty-three‟ Frodo my lad,” said Bilbo one day; syntactically as well as semantically. “and then we can celebrate our Let me divert from the analysis of birthday-parties comfortably the target texts a bit here. It seems to together.” At that time Frodo was me the way English literary texts have still in his teens, as the hobbits been translated into modern Indian called the irresponsible twenties languages extensively since the mid- between childhood and coming of nineteenth century the texts written in age at thirty-three. (p. 28) vernacular languages should be translated into the English as it is the The tool produced the following language of the globe. In the late translation: nineteenth century, many Marathi जे핍हा बिल्लल्लवो एकोणतीस वषा車चा होता, त्याने फ्रू डोला त्याचा वारस scholars and critics urged the 륍हणून वीकारले आबण आणले िॅग एंड येथे राहण्यासाठी; आबण translators to translate into Marathi, as सॅकबवल-िॅबगबनस楍या आशा शेवटी धूसर झाल्लया. बिल्लिो आबण फ्रोडो according to them, the Marathi यांचा समान वाढबदवस 22 सꥍटेंिर रोजी झाला. language was yet to develop. They बिल्लिो एक बदवस 륍हणाला, “त ू इथे येऊन राहण्यास अबधक चांगल े claimed that the translations from English would enrich the Marathi झाला आहेस, मा畍या मुला बफ्रडो. “आबण मग आ륍ही एकत्र language. (Agarkar,1883; Shingne, वाढबदवस-पाटी एकबत्रतपणे साजरा क셂 शकतो.” त्यावेळी फ्रू डो 1887; Chiplunkar, 1889). It is worth अजूनही बकशोरवयातच होता, कारण लहानपणी व तेहतीस वषे mentioning that there was a surge in वया楍या वयात येणा between् या िेकायदेशीर बवसावांना translations of English literary works हॉिीट स 륍हणतात. including plays by William (https://drive.google.com/open?id= Shakespeare, novels, poetry as well as 1pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiq other subjects like mathematics and NL) sciences and that is how the new words Bilbo Baggins‟ age in the source text were coined in Marathi through is ninety-nine whereas the tool translations. translates it as twenty-nine. The It should be underlined that, sentence structures are based on the though, since then, the number of English sentence structures. Moreover, translations from English into Marathi the spelling of the name of the are abundant, the number undeniably characters varies and does not match lowers when it is the inverse. The when repeated twice or thrice. The tool English translators focus mainly on the has retained the word „between‟ in the award-winning texts, Dalit literature, target text and the last sentence of the and best sellers of Marathi. Why so? It paragraph does not make any sense as is important to point out that they have it is mistranslated as the tool falters to gained fame and there is a demand for

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those translations in the market. The written on translation in Marathi by a ISSN: 2456-5571 lesser-known, but path-breaking prominent essayist, journalist and literary works by other Marathi writers, biographer Chiplunkar (1889). He which have found their translators in reasons: Kannada, Hindi and other vernacular "भाषा車तर" हा श녍द आलीकडे इग्र車 जे ींत नवीन बनलेल्या श녍दा車पैकी languages, are still biding their time for कदसतो. प्रािीन स車स्क्कृ तात तर हा श녍द आढळत नाहींि; कारण English translators. त्या楍या प्रयोगािे कधी कारणि पडले नसावे… पुढ े स車स्क्कृ त माजी The state of a Marathi has always पडून प्राकृ त कक車 वा बालभाषा या車िा जेंव्हा प्रिार झाला, तेंव्हा त्या車ि े been cried out as deteriorating by the स車स्क्कृ तात व स車स्क्कृ ताि ें त्यात भाषा車तर करण्यािा प्रस車ग आला. पण nativists, and scholars, however, I do not see it weakening. The official या車स "भाषा車तर" ही स車ज्ञा नसून 'िाया' हे नाव आजपयांत िालत language of Maharashtra is Marathi. आलेले आहे. िाया 륍हणजे प्रकतकब車ब. आपल्या मराठीतही जुन े लोक The government, Marathi writers, वरील श녍द 륍हणत नाहीत, तर त्या楍या जागी 'प्राकृ तात अथा करणे' critics, and scholars are sparing no असे 륍हणतात. अथवा 'टीका', 'व्याख्या' हे श녍द घालतात, तेंव्हा effort for the survival of the language in प्रस्क्तुत श녍द शु इग्र車 जे ीतला आहे असें वाटते. (p.198) the era of globalisation. The number of translations from the Marathi into The professor gets the following other modern Indian languages and paragraph as a target text: foreign languages like Russian, The word "translation" appears to German, Chinese, Japanese, and be one of the newest words in French are more rather than English. English. The word is not found in Therefore, I regard, it is requisite to ancient Sanskrit; Because there translate the pioneering but less must have been no reason for his renowned literary texts along with the experiment… Later, when Prakrit or widely known texts into English as it Balbhasha was propagated after would be an enormous contribution to Sanskrit Maji, there was an world literature. However, it is not an opportunity to translate it into easy task as Marathi literary texts are Sanskrit and Sanskrit into it. But it mainly written in various dialects of is not the term "translation" but the Marathi and translating them into name "shadow" that continues to English is laborious as well as an this day. Shadow is reflection. Even unhurried process and MT too would in our Marathi, the old people do not be of aid here entirely as it does not not say the above words, but have a feed of the dictionaries, instead say 'interpreting in Prakrit'. thesaurus and corpora of those dialects Or when the words 'criticism' and which would lend a hand to tools to 'interpretation' are added, then the translate such texts. How? word presented seems to be in pure Now coming back to the professor English. who selects three texts from Marathi. Firstly, a passage from a seminal essay

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(https://drive.google.com/open?id= than they were understood in the late 1pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiq nineteenth century. Horace‘s NL) description in this context is relevant. It is necessary to keep Marathi He, compares the process of words like ‗भाषा車तर‘, 'िाया','टीका', 'व्याख्या' intact negotiation, of addition and negotiation in English translation, to make the of the words with the process of target readers understand the concepts changing the leaves in spring and nineteenth century Marathi scholars, autumn and believes in this process of literary critics and translators enrichment through translation at the employed in their discussions on same time natural and desirable. He translations. The only way, as a says: practising translator, I see is explaining ―As when the forest, with the them in the glossary in the end. bending year, Translating these terms into English First sheds the leaves, which would not help the readers to earliest appear, comprehend a trend in theory of So an old age of words maturely translation in the nineteenth century dies, Marathi literary circle. Even if a tool Others, new-born, in youth and translates the essay, human vigour rise.‖ (p. 294) interference is needed to revise and edit The next example the professor it as what the tool provides is a ‗raw chooses is a poem from Dhasal‘s (1971) translation.‘ Moreover, the translation anthology of Marathi poems. The poem of the words ‗प्रयोग‘, ‗कारण‘,‗माजी‘, and‗जुनेलोक‘ as depicts the lives of the deprived people ‗experiment‘, ‗reason‘, ‗maji‘, and ‗old by using metaphors of night, darkness people‘ would mislead the readers as and a young woman who has recently that is not the possible interpretation of become a prostitute. रसा楍या कन्वटीला the words. One of the possible ु रसा楍या कन्वटीला interpretations could be ‗use‘, ‗need‘, ु रु सा楍या कन्वटीला आपण आपला समागम उरकला ‗left behind‘, ‗the earlier scholars‘ कक車 वा पखाली भरभ셂न मुसळधार घाम कनथळला respectively. जीव ध셂न जळणा앍या कॅन्डल्स पायावरि कवझल्या It is important to note here that the हा車 हा車 륍हता 車 गावभर झाल्या essay was published in 1889 and the आपल्या माथ्यावर楍या काळयाकु ट्ट बेवारशी बेटावर tool is translating it in 2020, that is पालथ्या पडलेल्या ि車द्राकब車दीिे श्वास नवोकदत after 131 years of its publication. The वेश्येसारखे जागोजाग दखु ावलेल े Marathi language has been शेजारी होमगाडािे ररकामे मैदान दष्ु मनदावा साधलेले transformed in these years and the कोस楍या कोस िाळवलेल車 륍या車व 륍या車व रातमा車जर words have undergone the maturing रस्क्तोरस्क्ती आपण प्रशान्त प्रदीघा रातडा車बर (p. 27) process in a sense that the meanings of the words I have mentioned above are Alliteration, a figure of speech, understood little differently in 2020 which has been conventionally used in

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Marathi poems, has been repeatedly just a transcription of the Marathi ISSN: 2456-5571 used in the above poem. The repeated words into English rather than a use of the consonant sound /k/ in the translation. Dhasal broke away from first line as ‗रु सा楍याकन्वटीला‘, /d3/ in the the stylistic tradition of writing poetry third line as ‗जीव‘, ‗जळणा앍या‘, /h/ in the in Marathi by addressing the problems and deprivation faced by the fourth line as ‗हा車हा車‘, /b/ in the fifth line impoverished people who never found a as ‗बेवारशीबेटावर‘, are some of the examples place in the poems written by upper- of alliteration. Moreover, the poem is caste Marathi poets before Dhasal and without punctuation marks and thus, other Dalit poets. It is interesting to note difficult to comprehend in a few that Dhasal employs the institutionalised seconds or minutes. The words like Marathiand as well as diction spoken by ‗समागम‘, ‗श्वासनवोकदत‘, ‗प्रशान्तप्रदीघा‘ etc. are the the destitute to represent the Sanskrit influenced Marathi words. The underprivileged people. It is worth tool produced the following translation: mentioning that the tool could translate Cross the kanvatila only the institutionalised Marathiwords cross the kanvatila you your sex and disregarded to translate the colloquial urakala Marathi. or pakhali bubbling heavy sweat The last example the professor selects nithalala is a passage from Nemade‘s (2010) Marathi life holding burning novel, where the local custom of Khandesh kendalsapayavaracavijhalya region of Maharashtra of getting a distressed wife back home has been YesYesmhatamgavabhara after described. In regards to this custom, the your mathyavara the kalyakutta group of experts from a village go to the dead island wife‘s village along with her husband and palathya who candrabindice breath unmarried and lecherous brother-in-laws. of young Her husband cannot touch her without her Hurt everywhere, harlot consent while picking her up, whereas the Emptying the Home Guard brother in laws can as they have the right neighbors field dusmanadava linked to do that. An expert called Khushalrao Cos of Coase calavalelam behavior Pahilwan would put his hand between the management two legs of the wife and lift her by pressing Anvamyanvaratamanjara her clitoris hard and throw her into the rastorasti one of the longest-Pacific bullock cart, she would feel ashamed of ratadambara this punishment and learn a lesson. A passage is as follow: (https://drive.google.com/open?id= बायको ओढता車ना प्रत्यक् नवरा हजर असावा लागतो, पण काही 1pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiq झⴂबझⴂबी楍या गोष्टी तो क셂 शकत नाही. ह्यासाठी पोरीशी जी कनलाज्ज NL) शारीररक मस्क्ती करावी लागते ती कदरा楍या नात्यान 車 ररतीनुसार क्륍य ठरते As it is visible, the tool forsakes to आकण ती पार पाडण्यात कारे दीर वाकबगारि नव्हे तर आसुसलेलेही translate the poem completely and असतात असा अनभव आहे. अस 륍हणतात की कनळकाकापवी what the professor of Marathi gets is , ु 車 , ू ू

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बायको ओढण्या楍या ह्या हुन्नरात आमिे एक गाववाले खुशालराव than ‗getting one‘s wife back home‘, पकहलवान फार नावाजलेले होते. एरवी स楍िील कदसणारे हे गहृ स्क्थ ‗zombie‘ rather than ‗touching her body पोरगी उिलण्या楍या झटापटीत कत楍या दोन्ही पाया車मध्य े हात घालून without her consent‘, ‗Pori‘ rather than आग車 ठा आकण बोटा楍या किमटीत कतिी कोयनी मुळापासून पक्की ‗a girl‘ or ‗one‘s wife‘, ‗Dira‘ rather than दाबूनि कतला वर उिलीत आकण गाडीत टाकत. पोरगी आ वासून ‗brother in law‘, ‗Kare‘ rather than कळवळत गाडीत बसे आकण सासरी न येण्या楍या गमजा車ना ही कशक्ा ‗unmarried‘, ‗put his hands on both her कतला पुढे आयष्ु यभर अतीि कठोर वाटत असे. असो. (p. 344) legs‘ rather than ‗put hands between The professor received the following her legs‘, ‗pinched her thumb and target text of the above-mentioned forefinger‘ rather than ‗pressing her passage: clitoris hard‘, ‗lifted her up from the The real husband has to be present root‘ rather than ‗lifting her by holding while pulling the wife, but he can't her clitoris hard‘, ‗into the car‘ rather do some zombie things. For this, the than ‗into the bullock cart‘, ‗Porgi‘ shameless physical fun that has to rather than ‗a girl‘, and ‗feeling sorry be done with Pori is forgiven for her mother-in-law‘ rather than according to the ritual as Dira, and ‗feeling ashamed/sorry‘ are the signs of in carrying it out, Kare is not only misapprehensions which machine competent but also inspired. It is provides and deludes the interpretation said that Khushalrao Pahilwan, one of the source text. The tool is not of of our villagers, was very famous in much support to the professor of this art of pulling his wife before Marathi in either case of translation, Nilukaka. In an effort to pick up the that is into Marathi and from Marathi. erg, the householder put his hands Now, let us think about the questions on both her legs, pinched her which arise at the end of the analysis of thumb and forefinger, lifted her up the extracts from English as well as from the root and threw her into the Marathi texts. Why do the online car. Porgi used to sit in the car dictionaries, thesaurus and corpora do feeling sorry for her mother-in-law not succeed in reaching out to old and the punishment for not coming English language, to translate few to her father-in-law was very severe technical words, to form a coherent for the rest of her life. Anyway. sentence structures, go downhill to (https://drive.google.com/open?id= grasp the contemporary meanings of 1pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiq the nineteenth century Marathi words, NL) the concepts used in the theory of The above translation produced by translation, the colloquial diction used a tool misleads and misinterprets the in Dhasal‘s poems and the culture- Marathi culture-specific words, phrases specific customs described in and customs. The words like ‗real Bhalchandra Nemade‘s novel? Why do husband‘ rather than ‗husband must not the compilers of the online be present‘, ‗pulling the wife‘ rather dictionaries and so on widen their

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scope by including colloquial Marathi Google Docs, provides a quick translation ISSN: 2456-5571 words? Why do not they collate corpora of the source texts, trusting and following it of Dalit diction and various dialects of blindly, lead to mistranslations as it is Marathi? Why does the ‗Translate incapable of establishing a dialogue with the text which is always two way, document‘ tool get feed only of negotiable and in a constant flow. Every standard Marathi? The simple answer time the tool translates the same text, it to these questions is that these dialects produces the alike target text without are not in demand. Apter (2001) improvisations or revisions, however, argues: contrary to this happens when the The impact of machine translation translators work on the drafts of their on the global politics of translation translations. Yet, this tool seems to be is clearly double-edged. Machine beneficial when one is in a hurry and needs translation both strengthens the to translate something quickly though one position of the master language of has to edit the target text afterwards. Spivak (2000) contends that: machine language (currently ―Translation is the most intimate act of English) and, in theory at least, reading. I surrender to the text when I provides greater access to translate‖ (p. 398). By surrendering to technological information for the text and reading it intimately she minority language speakers, appears to recommend that the potentially leveling the field. (p. 9) translator must provide special Apter appropriately points out that attention to the rhetoricity of the MT ultimately reinforces the English language of the text she is translating language as it continues to dominate and further distinguishes between the the machines. Concerning Marathi translation done with devoting a lot of language, MT seems to be faulted since time, with inordinate attention and it produces only a mechanical others done hurriedly. transcription rather than a translation If I extend her argument a little from or into Marathi. It works both the further then it can be supposed that way. the machine translation too comes out Even though Spivak (2001), is in a hurry and becomes sheer material worried that: ―no one will ever translate production. The engagement with the into Fulani or Maya-Quiché without source text makes the translation some particularly egregious agenda‖ (p. responsible, a creative interference and 16), who would be interested to rewriting since it is meant for the readers translate from the languages Spivak who cannot comprehend the language of mentions or Marathi, the language into the original and therefore should be read and from which I translate? for its own sake. To conclude my argument let me Failures of the tool ‗Translate admit that even though the online document‘ are, undoubtedly, the case translation tool ‗translate document‘, in of translation in the era of capitalism

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and it will continue to replicate the Google Docs. (Original work same. As Spivak (2001) argues further: published 2009) ―But capitalism, in order to be itself, 7. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1 will always need buyers and sellers and pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiqN a necessary translation between the L two categories; the stock market will 8. Forcada, Mikel L. (2010). Machine need winners and losers.‖ (p.17) translation today. In Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer Luc van References Doorslaer (ED.) Handbook of 1. Apter, Emily. (2001). On translation translation studies volume 1 (pp. in a global market. Public culture 13 215-223). John Benjamins (1), 1–12. Publishing Company. https://read.dukeupress.edu/publi 9. Horace. (1815). Art of poetry. In The c-culture/article- works of Horace (pp. 290-308). pdf/13/1/1/453037/PC131- (Francis, Trans.).Printed by 01Apter.pdf Plummer and Brewis, Love Lane, 2. Benjamin, Walter. (1923). The task Little Eastcheap. of the translator. In Lawrence 10. https://play.google.com/books/rea Venuti (Ed.), The translation studies der?id=dKxEAQAAIAAJ&hl=en_GB& reader (pp.15-25). Routledge. pg=GBS.PR3 3. Chiplunkar, Vishnushastri. (1889). 11. Lenovo. (March 2018) Getting to Bhashantar. Nibandhmala: know your computer. Lenovo Athapasuniti paryant (pp. 197- 226.) ideapad 330: User guide(pp.1-12) Aryabhushan Printing Press. Retrieved from 4. Chiplunkar, Vishnushastri. (2020). https://gzhls.at/blob/ldb/0/3/b/8 Translated copy of An extract from /b214b6c0510a50e7ff17c13d03fcec Chiplunkar's essay bf56fc.pdf "Bhashantar". (Translate document 12. Lenovo. (2020). Translated copy of tool, Trans.). Google Docs. (Original Instructions from a user guide of work published 1889) Lenovo ideapad 330. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1 (Translate document tool, Trans.). pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiqN Google Docs. (Original work L published 2018) 5. Dhasal, Namdeo. (2009). https://drive.google.com/open?id=1 Krusachyakanvatila. In Golpitha (6th pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiqN ed). LokvangmayaGruha. L 6. Dhasal, Namdeo. (2020). Translated 13. Nemade, Bhalchandra. (2010). Hindu: copy of A poem by NamdeoDhasal. Jagnyachisamrudhhaadagal (10th ed.). (Translate document tool, Trans.). Popular Prakashan.

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14. Nemade, Bhalchandra. (2020). 19. Shakespeare, William. (2020). ISSN: 2456-5571 Translated copy of An extract from the Translated copy of Let me not to the th novel "Hindu"(10 ed.). marriage of true minds. (Translate (Translate document tool, Trans.). document tool, Trans.). Google Docs. Google Docs. (Original work (Original work published 1609) published 2010) https://drive.google.com/open?id=1 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1 pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiqN pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiqN L L 20. Shakespeare, William. (1883.) 15. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. (1887). Vikaravilasita: Shakespearekrut Yashwant vijayanatika. (Moro hamlet natakache bhashantar Vinayak Shingne, Trans.). (Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Trans.). Gauri Prasad Chapkhana. (Original Venus. (Original play performed work published 1775) 1609) 16. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 21. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). A long (2000). Politics of translation. In expected party. Lord of the rings: Lawrence Venuti (ED.), The Part I, The fellowship of the Ring (pp. translation studies reader (pp. 397- 27-54). HarperCollinsebooks. 416). Routledge. https://s3.amazonaws.com/scscho 17. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. olfiles/112/j-r-r-tolkien-lord-of-the- (2001). Questioned on translation: rings-01-the-fellowship-of-the-ring- Adrift. Public Culture, retail-pdf.pdf Volume 13, (1), 13-22. 22. Tolkien, J. R. R. (2020). Translated https://muse.jhu.edu/article/2623 copy of An extract from the first 6 chapter of the novel The 18. Shakespeare, William. (2001). Fellowship of the Ring. (Translate Sonnet 116. Sonnets (pp.118). document tool, Trans.). Google Docs. Global Language Resources, (Original work published 1954) Inc. (Original work published 1609) https://drive.google.com/open?id=1 http://triggs.djvu.org/djvueditions. pklxfk3hpq5x5VWspjceoT0bvzldiqN com/SHAKESPEARE/SONNETS/Do L wnload.pdf

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IMPACT OF COVID – 19 ON INDIA ECONOMY

NANDINI SHARMA Ph. D Scholar Banasthali University

Dr. GEETA LAKHOTRA Assistant Professor GDC SAMBA, Jammu

Abstract The covid 19 pandemic is also known as coronavirus .This pandemicis engulfingall around the world. Its upsurge was first identified in Wuhan, china in December 2019. The virus spread among people during close contact through small droplets produced by coughing, sneezing and talking. It can be transmitted by handshake too. Common symptoms of covid 19 includes fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, loss of sense of smell and taste. The preventive measures of covid -19 denotes handwashing, covering one‟s mouth with three layered masks but avoid doing exercise or running with it, maintaining distancing in social gathering, wear glass shield in workplace, sanitize one‟s handsproperly and monitoring and self- isolation from the people who are suspected infectious. The impact of covid 19 on economy has identified by SWOT analysis where s stands for strength, wstand for weakness, o stands for opportunities, and t stands for threats. Keywords: pandemic, sanitizer, platform, digital world, SWOT analysis.

Lockdown in India symbolizes as a wall closing of malls, temples, virtual to curb the interference of covid-19 in classes, work from home even in Indian‘s life. Government has taken corporate section. this step to save the lives of Indian Somewhat the effect of this people so that their life would be safe pandemic situation effects the and cheerful but the effect of this place education system as students are not effected the two main cities that is able to connect with the teacher Mumbai and Delhi. Effective strategies emotionally. in virtual classes some to minimize the bad effects have been students switch off their videos in zoom taken of covid -19 and maximize the classes and they get in the class for positive vibes all around the world, the attendance purpose even the teacher effectives measures are social won‘t be able to keep a watch on the distancing, wearing masks, sanitizers, videos of the children all the time as avoid visiting the homes of relatives, this activity of scrolling the screen

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again and again. It distracts the mind limited output. There is not an ISSN: 2456-5571 of the teacher and it affects the flow of equilibrium in demand and supply as the teacher. This mode of teaching the basic demand is same but the creates the hindrance in understanding supply of product is lessened day by the expression or emotions of a day; this gap of have and have not is as students while teaching because some worse as hell. Many people lost their of the students are introvert, they feel jobs and there is unemployment difficulty in expressing their doubts. spreading all over the nation. This only extrovert students are able to phase has an impact on livelihood and clarify their doubts in this session. As spending power of the people. Job digital world covers the shallowness of loses, reduction in incomes, pay cuts the dark era with no online platform. and weak sentiments unfurl all over there are many benefits of online the work. Postponement of new vehicle teaching such as flexibility of time, purchase by customers and reduced in location, diverse and enriching the context of exports are likely to experience, awareness of digital world result in the markets. There is a drastic where as access to technology, access repression in the markets. This to the internet especially in Jammu pandemic has changed the markets with 2g network speed , work with totally everywhere. the entrepreneur different capabilities of students fire outs the employee‘s even corporate grasping power , face to face interaction sector. For these employers this problems, problem with proactive pandemic is an worse as hell because students who switch off their videos earlier with their high pay grades they and do some other works are the have set the standard of living at drawback of online classes. pedestal position but now after they Covid – 19has not only effects the lost their jobs they are unable to meet education system but economy of all those demands so they get depressed over the world. This pandemic has not and feel dejected this sense of loss of only confine millions of citizens to their money creates depression in the mind homes, shutting down business and of people and they take the help of ceasing almost all economic activity. medication to cure themselves from According to the international this mental ailments. Some patients monetary fund – ―the global economy is take the help of psychiatrist or expected to shrink by over 3 percent in counsellors but some patients need 2020 – the steepest slowdown since the pills to suppress this disorder. great depression of the 1930s. one of moreover, the medical facilities of the main reasons of diminish in the government hospitals are very poor in progress of economic is lower some cities whereas the private availability of manpower is 20 to 50 hospitals charge more money which percent for operations resulted in every strata of society cannot afford.

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According to the organisation for have a never-ending urge to earn more economic cooperation and for their family. India is an agriculture development. ―the Indian government country where there is good source like only invests about one percent of the water, land and climate so majority of GDP in public healthcare because of the people are associated with it. The such by the govt, hospitals run short of world‘s largest exporter of rice is India. staff. on dated medical equipment‘s, it produces 51 major crops and unhygienic condition in washrooms, provides food to nearly one billion poor ambience and negligent attitude, people. Moreover there are some unattended behaviour of the staff weaknesses that are prevalent in India because of their government job they in terms of corruption, vision weak, know the fact that nobody would cut political environment, poor and starved their salary and no one is there to population, biased attitude of the question them. Covid-19 has restricted people, greed formoney, high the movement of man power like it acts aspiration, blindly follow the footsteps as a barricade to the growth of the of respective role models, short cut people. It contracted the whole world methods, lethargicness etc. Every into a small hole where spark of light‘s individual is different from the other penetration appears to hope for the person, some are weeks in their vision best in the urge of every human soul. and some are strong actually the Covid -19 can be analysed with the weakling are not ready to come out of help of SWOT analysis, W stands for their comfort zone. This lead to their weakness, O stands for opportunities fall an indirectly it affects the economic and T stands for threat, growing business they contribute their effort population of India can be controlled as very less for the upliftment of the Indian strength, which includes hunger country. In terms of political for the growth manual work by the environment our society is divided into people, intellectual within the country. main two parts upper class people and Every individual wants to grow from lower class people this division is the sphere where they are in that bifurcated on the basis of the of caste instinct helps the country flourish. as and class. In ancient time the scenario Indian never believe in solo living is different; the bureaucrats suppress unlike some western countries. they the dalit and they had taken all their have more sense of responsibilities on privileges. Now the situation is totally their shoulders. Indian have more different everyone has the right to mouth to feed in American the basic express their individuality and even the theme of people is individualism rather delicate people get more comfortable than ―we‖ feeling of India. The positive life than what they had earlier Off feeling of family head to provide better COVID-19 affects the nationwidely. lifestyle to their family members, they People have lost their earnings that

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lead to starvation and depression. The single country run without aid of the ISSN: 2456-5571 government has given the chance to the other country .India is a developing employees to work from home so that country and need support for its import social distance would be maintained. In and export service but due to COVID- doing so there are some drawbacks like 19 every service has been highly difficulty in sticking to the office affected. In case of opportunities routine, eating habit, boredom less COVID-19 has given improved lifestyle human interaction with the people, related to hygienic. Earlier people were many distraction, less productivity, not aware of the cleanness of their lack of motivation from the head, environment but nowadays every unhealthy lifestyle, sitting posture, on person tried to sanitize their the bed is quite an appropriate, hike in surrounding before entering into it, electricity bill because of the excessive even people with incomes are fully use of the air condition and charging of involved in it, in order to maintain the laptop. Economic class is one of the healthy environment in India. Covid - major and avoidable circumstance. It is 19 has also promoted digitalization of the big challenge for the MNC‘ S to run India like every person tries to become their organization without proper computer savvy so that their physical outflow of money .As healthy mind movement can be avoided. Business resides in healthy body but the fear of shifting from China is also enhanced COVID-19 engulf the mind of human the scope of opportunity in India if beings. Whereas threat is also hovering people would buy made in India around the Indian economy like cost products and avoid any product that viability, cost Competitive, Technological has been made by foreigners country dependence on other agencies, Threat that the scope of the opportunity will from more developing economic like automatically enlarged in India. People Mexico Brazil Thailand etc. For any should keep one thing in mind that project to be viable the return on whenever there is an invention and investment must be greater than the innovation that should be on the basis cost of investment that has been done of betterment of the people not for on the project for its manufacturing replacement of the people it will help process. Cost competitive is a threat to the government to create heaven out of retailers like when the cost of any hell. Many students even enroll in their product is higher compared to the foreign universities, if the same other similar product is wholesale situation persist for a long time there market then every individual would like would be a chance of decline In the to buy the same quality product from demand for international higher the wholesale market rather than the education. But COVID-19 has given the retailers. India needs support from advantage to parents who are less other developed countries not even a equipped well money as they are able

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to do their daughters marriage with knowledge .All these online sessions less monetary burden on their not only improve the academic skills in shoulders. the child but also to explore the new world with green eyes. Conclusion COVID-19 has transformed the old References pattern of teaching with chalk and talk 1. Shailendra K. Saxena, et al. mode of teaching now-a-days every ―Current Insight into the Novel employee tried their best strategy to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- retain in the ongoing market with less 19).‖ Coronavirus Disease 2019 resources. Government has taken (COVID-19), 2019, pp. 1–8. various step in order to cease this 2. Dhatrak, Swapnil P. ―The Socio- pandemic Like lockdown, shut down off Economic Impact of Covid-19 or schools, colleges, social gathering, Corona Pandemic in India.‖ Shanlax conferences, workshops etc still the International Journal of Arts, Science rate of the affected people increase day and Humanities, vol. 8, no. 1, 2020, by day the need of the R is to maintain pp. 84–88. social distance, wearing masks you 3. Pradeepa, V. ―Covid-19 Pandemic sanitizer properly, avoid touching and Its Effect on Indian Industry.‖ hands on eyes mouth and nose while ComFin Research, vol. 9, no. 1, traveling outside. COVID-19 has 2021, pp. 22-25. promoted digitalization in India from 4. Jayaselvi, S. ―COVID-19: An the date of Reserve Bank of India. India Overview of Economic Waves on is now clocking around 100 million Indian Economy.‖ Shanlax digital transactions per day Moreover International Journal of Economics, online applications like DIKSHA, Bijus, vol. 8, no. 3, 2020, pp. 114–119. extra marks, vedantuetc. are used by 5. www.weforum.org many students for enhancement of

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ISSN: 2456-5571 MAPPING INDIAN CULTURE THROUGH A CRITICAL LENS: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON GITA MEHTA’S FICTION

Mr. BHAGATRAM SETH Ph D Research Scholar Department of English MATS University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Dr. MAHIMA GAUTAM Professor in English Department of English ICFAI University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Abstract The writing of Gita Mehta does lie accorded as like the almost practical representation of India. Gita Mehta endeavors according to furnish inconspicuous delicacy about Indian culture via unique stories. The study ambitions to seriously evaluate India's representations of Gita Mehta's selected novels- Karma Cola, Raj, yet A River Sutra. Upon inspecting the works by using Gita Mehta, certain perform find up to expectation the writer is profoundly eager about outlining educators, instructors, priests, masters, political yet conventional pioneers. Mehta possesses a position as like a writer anybody clarifies pretty Indian journey together with an unmistakable and smart voice. Gita Mehta's first rate psyche made the genuine heart on Indian way of life or legacy, the secularity of thought, nature's function within a people's lifestyles then moreall, man's aim for fact and thought a spirit. Keywords: National disparities, Indianness, Contemporary writer, Indian Customs, Modern society, Gita’s novels

Introduction an India so much is not a painted The writing about Gita Mehta do lie colorful picture, nor a colorful over- accorded as much the just practical populated the place nourishment is illustration over India, an India where questionable. The creator shows India not whole female are docile, an India as like it is, grounded into culture, but the place lifestyle is no longer born to not always trustworthy to the ordinary entire its people, then an Indian the ties, and the commercialization about place the difference and internal the cultural values, as within flip misogyny hides in the back of the veil shines a mild over the exceptional sides over customs, traditions, and culture. on the Indian lifestyle as like such is. A instruction about Mehta's The author's insight, exposure, yet composition offers one the grasp about household records so much follows

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Mehta of her composition are beyond refreshingly recent viewpoints. prominent, where her books are clever Not that he is unaware over turns a examinations regarding the thoughts, steep eye in conformity with the theme individuals, history, then characters so regarding women's problems yet up to much bear concrete abroad where had expectation she is impenetrable in built cutting-edge India yet eventually, conformity with the diasporic herself as like a female together with an uprooting, simply that finds a tussock Indian background. As Mehta states, all the more charming topics after set ―India is a location where worlds yet forth on. Gita Mehta's works differ, times are colliding together with huge managing subjects, because example, velocity: we are putting satellites the ride about ennui, wistfulness, among space, yet we bear bullock chronicled, yet political modifications carts; there, to that amount consistent within India or the ageless subject tension then contradiction concerning matter on East-West experience. Indian immense sophistication yet an almost students bear definitive full-size and pre-medieval course regarding life,‖ Engrave inquiries concerning and which is impeccably absorbed yet diasporic portrayal regarding home portrayed between her factory on then culture, nationality, and identity. literature. Gita Mehta's factory reflects As the speculations clarify, the the competencies received thru her previous leisure makes an idealistic editorial or political foundation. rendition; else, such is a static picture. However, he has too composed a In both cases, the changes achieved by variety of articles because of unique way of powers kind of globalization Indian, America and European then multiculturalism are disregarded. magazines. She made narratives and It might be stated that is within no documentaries because European yet road that is better than playing the American TVs so well. Gita Mehta, a exceptional pioneer round about famous columnist, turned author, romanticizing the East namely pleasantly and actual combined India's colourful then exotic, a vast region glorious history, lifestyle then where at that place are legends and spirituality thru her books. At the point secrets. In distinctive cases, writ gets now it has turn out to be an overall elegiac as much the writers strive pattern in conformity with ask for according to enquire because the final feminist leanings between somebody endorsement, indicating their position. work composed by means of women, The unpredictability regarding diaspora yet for the intuition of misadventure or lies among couple concurrent requests; rootlessness of someone job born about the one hand, in that place is beyond the diaspora, that is electable yearning because of the country; an alternate encounter to fall Gita regarding the other, even is a under Mehta whosoever takes a gander at life according to base use because of

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patience in the 'other' land. This makes Desai, Arundhati Roy, Shashi ISSN: 2456-5571 an unpretentious grid concerning Deshpande, Upamanyu Chatterjee, coalition of the diasporic subject, Gita Mehta, Bharathi Mukherjee, then culture, the country, then the military Amitav Ghosh. These are the front- nation. Mehta's events have a tendency most 0.33 era authors or whoever in imitation of rejoinder to or re-vision maintain centrality in the modern-day the past; however, such does now not inventive scenario. They have come up out of yearning. Instead on committed a precise eye of the ball construction an creative fatherland literary aspect with theirs wealthy after curb up rootedness, in that place cultural legacy yet proficient sound are cognizant endeavours to store the control.In the cutting-edge Indian indigenous identity about home way of literary scenario, Indian writers among life yet show India's perfect picture. European are the ones whosoever reflect the actuality about Indian Aim and Objectives reality. They have dominated the The study aims to critically evaluate worldwide scholarly ideas employ by India's representations in Gita Mehta's using the submit trailblazer yet selected novels- Karma Cola, Raj, and postmodern journalists as Salman A River Sutra. The objectives pertaining Rushdie, Vikram Seth, Vikram to the study are as follows: Chandra, Sashi Tharoor, Arundhati ● To scrutinize the Indian culture in Roy, then consequently forth. These selected novels of Gita Mehta. hold grow to be the colossal umbilical ● To examine the opposing views of socio literary figures along considerable natives of India and the westernizes labor brush the international about the Indian culture and consideration. They bear additionally traditions. grow to be the principal moderators in ● To provide a true image of India as a conformity with trespass within India's nation by side-lining the stereotypes medium cultural and convivial troubles linked with the cultural or lousy colonized countries. All theirs representation of India. sizeable manufactory hold aged in of great bulk scholastic deliberation Literature Review international or hold welcomed or built Contemporary Writers and their a lot scholarly analysis, specifically Depiction of India about women's liberation, custom, then The new Indian writing, posted between culture. Indian Writing into English the center over the 1980s and 1990s, communicates a honor convention, has brought an abstract renaissance is convivial encounters also, Indian the 1/3 generation Indian fair legacy. Early Indian journalists have complexion pupils kind of Salman utilized severa Indian phrases and the Rushdie, Vikram Seth, Vikram encounters entire through their mill Chandra, Shashi Tharoor, Anitha

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regarding art then literature. R. K. modern issues. The intellectual Narayan has made Malgudi like newborn depicting the ethnic character Thomas Hardy's Wessex. These then real inner factors over lifestyles journalists statement regarding supplanted the smart novel. The books conventional troubles as notions, written between the post-Independence casteism, destitution, scarcity length efficaciously render that Indian regarding education, or numerous reality. sordid convivial wrongs tugging at the kernel on Indian culture. Indian Gita Mehta’s India Writing into English has seen but Upon inspecting the mill by Gita someone contentions of its evolvement. Mehta, certain do locate that the writer It needs after substantiate itself over is profoundly keen of outlining prevalence, and mediocrity seemed at educators, instructors, priests, overwriting created of vile Indian masters, political yet associative dialects. It has together with pioneers. These conspicuous considered allegations concerning characters over the universal commons existence shallow, imitative, superficial, hold a giant role of people's lives so he or and on. Indian authors within fair educate individuals between varying complexion hold additionally been backgrounds. Gita Mehta's character condemned regarding life no longer real yet prerequisites have full in imitation socio-social representatives of India. of entrust her asylum, protection, yet They hold been referred to according to isolation required because of such get themselves removed beside the books; along this traces evading actual Indian sense. Notwithstanding, troubles a greater objective author the current majority over Indian needs to manage. She depends atop journalists in English has made grasp as a substitute of a personal seriousness concerning the spread vision. Her factory uncover real interior concerning themes yet the subject elements and clandestine resonation matters. The new fashion over over her characters. Women writers are contemporary writing is colorful respected because the default on afterwards comfort so the matters innovative mind, fortitude, nerve, iron, changed like mutual clashes, agonies parody, analysis; however, this about lower classes, the unimportance demeanor is no longer accurate of tab over existence, yet an individual's of Gita Mehta. She seems after keep alienation. The epic earlier than deeply modern yet daring according to autonomy used to be genuinely portray unique issues. She is a tussock intrigued by way of social, political, yet about full of life in accordance with true concerns, whilst the novel, among delineate the ordinary public's proper present self reliant India, seems in picture during a period about conformity with keep keen about misplaced qualities, misplaced men, or

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lost divine beings. She is worried in Critics hold identified some concerning ISSN: 2456-5571 relation to thought, feeling, and the prominent examples concerning the sensation, or between this way, that character representations between the affords a report in imitation of the early River Sutra. Gita Mehta options accusation so ladies writers are no the first-person tracing into each story, longer generally able because which reasons us according to reach in inventiveness. Mehta's novels journey the entirely skin on the characters thru age to then beside peruses Indian beyond the Jain Monk making an records yet be brought the strings up to attempt according to fair himself about expectation ought to match in her the chains concerning common need account. Therefore, severa individuals thru the promises on destitution, may grip about the validity regarding abstinence, or peacefulness after the the story. Her books bear a performer whichever discovered oversea combination concerning conventional touching the genie about the ragas, then current; the city yet the nation; about its rasa as gave it life or the the eminence and the plebeians; the songs over the sex ragas as proceed the celebrations then teases; the fragrances harmonies regarding living things. Gita yet the doors. In managing Mehta's Mehta makes use of a easy works, certain investigates a fluctuated conversational fashion of composing. domain over various scholarly types She investigates the matters barring about genuine fable (regularly time award the appropriate responses. She period group), an unique novel, a new displays no feminist leanings as much into the Indian fashion about that offers no answers or passes no narrating, then an assortment judgment. The authorial play is concerning contract works. Examining prominently missing every through the their style, methods, or structure yields novel. However, it has been sharp the author's vision about sureness yet abroad between the characters so confidence between her road over much symbolize the discriminatory lifestyles yet conventions. However, she society. Practically all the predominant is now not inadvisable over the idle characters, together with the peer he strains, the manifest realism, yet the strive in accordance with getaway out speedy disruption beneath over the of regular reality, barbarism, and qualities. materialistic methodology over the whole community .at the outset, it Characters Mirroring India appear in accordance with stand far The plethora regarding characters outdoors out of the woman, namely birthed by using the contemporary, those recognize for the duration of their among a way, be able keep recognized concretion together with girls as ladies as much the reflections over the one-of- become obstacles over trucking on a-kind sections on Indian society. theirs lives in conformity with the

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eternal reputation yet to keep liberated According to this views, conventional beside unsettling intellectual influence. orders up to expectation did now not This epic uncovers the monetary follow the Western way of life had been wellbeing of modern-day class within a seen as like broad or socially 2d rate; it variety of manners. The male integrated entire the colonized characters sense so much to get greater countries and individuals—the Indian effulgence of women's being turns into way of life then tries in conformity with obstacles, consequently he function to lie westernized. Western lifestyle stay stored outside from. This custom fantastically influenced our about some precise approaches has conventions, customs, yet the pathway still existed into our normal public. regarding life. The vast alternate within They would select now not in imitation the road on life and expectation for of appear at a woman's face, and those individuals' daily comforts not modified would pick no longer in conformity with enormously within India; however, the bear theirs unreal thing over theirs exchange regarding ball perspectives lives. This practice indicates the yet thoughts has arrive in relation to woman share over the standard extensive alternate universally. During public's carelessness, which wish be the epoch spent change, Indian way of established peccant closer to a steady life has no bar. Our intensive society's reorganization. Women not established conventions then customs ever grew to become obstructions at bear unembarrassed on their preserve some point of anybody's lifestyles together with the improvement on venture. The fame then indenture westernization. India has a prosperous about female into Indian lifestyle have neighborly foundation, or delight into been one extra rousing monitoring for its access of lifestyles is well-known the Indian author together with a worldwide. In each share on society, conventional reason. westernization accompanied changes, which positively and negatively affect Breaking the Stereotypical Indian culture. Mehta's Karma Cola Photograph Over India won essential celebrate for the scornful Indian way of life or course about life cure attached to India's dissident be able stand traced returned in intrusion and its outcomes on each imitation of 4,500 years. Nonetheless, Western then Indian societies. quintessential advances bear been instituted within certain regions, for Findings or Discussions instance, design, science, medication, Gita Mehta's manufactory execute then facts innovation. Pundits yet stand accepted namely one over the antiquarians carry up so the Western sensible representations about Indian ball has now not usually performed culture. She manages its unpredictable Indian lifestyle virtually great. doctrine through investigating its

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exceptional perspectives as mysticism, anybody case, Gita Mehta recognizes so ISSN: 2456-5571 the east-west cultural crosscurrents, cutting-edge India is languishing below renunciation, folklore, the intensive the jeopardies concerning actual rootedness over Indian characteristics unforgiving factors; at the identical in spite of acknowledging present day time, she moreover suggests the walk techniques because living, people's in the park so eventually, such choice customs, then therefore on. The bear the alternative in accordance with intriguing fastening among the hit them. Among the manufactory by traditional then the advanced Indian using her friends into India, Mehta's culture flows certain regarding her composition separates itself by means predominant themes. Gita Mehta of newness as tons namely via a provides a helpful association of universalize standpoint. She composes testimonies to that amount raise India along worship and friendship, yet various indigenous convivial issues. what unique her image is beside the Alongside this, it bills either present illustration on the men and women the electricity regarding Indian culture. whoever also explain into India yet The books square both traditional and under no circumstances figure out modern India or exhibit to that amount whether according to break outdoors Indian humans are attempting after on metropolitan limits or points. Gita combine them. The creator Mehta, forcefully declining in imitation unpretentiously exhibits the of disorder the town approaches shortcomings so are chewing present including the majority's methods, day Indian culture. A cautious taking projects her internet complete, club the care of regarding it debts clarifies so women's lives in tea ranches, over the human desire is the almost despised hereditary men and women in the antagonist on humankind. Vindhya ranges, yet the day-to-day Additionally, within her works, person among the core about the Thar Mehta has dispensed the ancient and Desert. the modern so a huge factor on Indian culture. She used to be questioning as Conclusions YET Recommendations regards the assessments concerning Mehta possesses a position so a writer researchers concerning convention, whosoever clarifies quite Indian advancement, modernization, then experience together with an accurate westernization, Gita Mehta's yet sensible voice. She relates a superintendence regarding the prosperous then successful records – communication on the embodiment its subtlety, unpredictability, yet logical parts concerning the Indian variance – rudiments entryways or consecrated previous or its modern-day windows of Indian life among manners, delicate present, their association, and now not many one of a kind students their effect over the Indian culture. In do. While her preceding new would

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possibly stand viewed as like daintily existence and more all, man's quest portrayed then ailing pinnacle in because of fact and anxiety a spirit. accordance with bottom, her work's parity, consisting of her following novel, References establishes an uncommon and vital 1. Schneller, B. (2001). " Visible and dedication after the world's portions Visitable": The Role of History in over literature. Equally condemning Gita Mehta's Raj and Rohinton India then the West, the vignettes up to Mistry's A Fine Balance. Journal of expectation perform above the e book Narrative Theory, 31(2), 233-254. are into the concept about an 2. PARAB, V. V. GLIMPSES OF tremendously assured then touchy MODERN INDIA IN GITA MEHTA‘S lady's journal stored over her moves ‗SNAKES AND LADDERS‘. through India. The representations 3. Bhatnagar, M. M. Gita Mehta‘s uncover a keenness very a great deal Snakes and Ladders: A Study of sharpened then a talent confounded Tradition and Modernity. through human credulity or 4. Manimekalai, G. (2017). Man's inconsistencies. The good, sparkling Eternal Quest for Significance in exposition, the unsentimental access in Gita Mehta's A River Sutra and Raj. imitation of behave along the subject, Language in India, 17(12). and the practical archives of spots 5. Sankaran, C. (2012). Women, rivers, hand over abroad beyond where is and serpents: Reifying the between store out of this essayist. She primordial link in Gita Mehta‘s A brings the reporter's acute perception, River Sutra. The Journal of the columnist's circumspect exactness, Commonwealth Literature, 47(3), yet the commercial author's 429-446. enthusiasm because efflulgent 6. LAKSHMI, G. V., & NATARAJAN, M. expressing after her errand as a writer. REPRESENTING THE UNDER- These characteristics makers Mehta's REPRESENTED: ETHNIC WORLD action is famously lucid, too essential. IN GITA MEHTA‘S A RIVER SUTRA. Nonetheless, Mehta's unique 7. Markandaya, S. K., De, A. H. A. D. disposition as like a author in S., &Nimbkar, S. D. J. accordance with accumulate the Markandaya's Two Virgins and wastage of residing then the rare KamaiaDas‘ The Alphabet of Lust. perspectives gives her an innovative 8. Sharma, M. S. (2006). Gita Mehta‘s capacity in accordance with symbolize A River Sutra and the Law of India's vision thru her books. Gita Karma. Indian Women Novelists in Mehta's decent psyche built the English, 114-131. genuine heart concerning Indian way of 9. Mohanlal, S., Sharada, B. A., Fatihi, life then legacy, the secularity of A. R., Gusain, L., Bayer, J. M., thought, nature's function of a people's Ravichandran, S. M., ...

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&Ramamoorthy, L. Narmada River: 18. Buell, Lawrence. The Environmental ISSN: 2456-5571 An Abstergent Refuge for Corrupted Imagination. Cambridge: Belknap and Distraught Soulsin Gita Press, 1995. Garrard, Greg. Mehta's A River Sutra. Ecocriticism. 2nd Edition. New 10. Gale, C. L. (2016). A Study Guide York: Routledge, 2012. for Gita Mehta's" A River Sutra". 19. Glotfetly, Cheryll and Harold Gale, Cengage Learning. Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism 11. Sharma, A. (2002). Translating Reader: Landmarks in Literary desire: The politics of gender and Ecology. London: U of Georgia P, culture in India. Katha. 1996. 12. Renuga, P. M. S. Gita Mehta‘s A 20. Kaur, Gurreet. ―An Exegesis of River Sutra: A Silent Symphony of Postcolonial Ecofeminism in Indian Culture and Heritage. Contemporary Literature.‖ GSTF 13. Rao, M. U. (2006). A Unique Insight International Journal of Law and into Colonial India: A Thematic Social Sciences. 2.1 (Dec. 2012): Study of Gita Mehta's Raj. Indian 188-195. Women Novelists in English, 96. 21. Mallick, Krishna. ―Capabilities 14. Singh, S., & Kaur, Z. Location and Approach and Sustainable Landscape in a Text: A Study of Environment: The Case of Save the Gita Mehta‘s A River Sutra. Narmada River Movement in India.‖ 15. Thapa, A. B. (2015). Significance of International Journal of Humanities Myth Gita Mehta‘s A River Sutra and Social Science 1.14 (Oct. 2011): (Doctoral dissertation, Central 272-292. Department of English Kirtipur, 22. Mehta, Gita. A River Sutra. New Kathmandu). Delhi: Penguin Books, 1993. Shiva, 16. Bite, M. M. An Exploration of Vandana. Staying Alive: Women, Narrative Technique in Gita Mehta‘s Ecology and Development. New A River Sutra. Delhi: Kali for Women, 1989. 17. Sharm, B. S. (2012). Mapping Sturgeon, Noel. Ecofeminist culture through ―A river Sutra‖: Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Tribal myths, dialogism, and meta- Theory and Political Action. New narratives in postcolonial fiction. York: Routledge, 1997. Universal Journal of Education and General Studies, 1(2), 17-27.

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FEMALE BODIES AND MALE GAZE: THE FEMALE IN INDIAN POPULAR CINEMA

Ms. ANNA ANIL GEORGE Student, Mount Tabor Training College Pathanapuram, Kerala

Abstract Since its invention at the end of the nineteenth century, film industry has grown to become an iconic media form of popular culture. Popular cinema has become a part and parcel of everyday life in India, producing impacts on both individual as well as social level. There is a power-culture mechanism in the success of such formulaic movies which tend to interpellate perceptions of the masses by appropriating the cultural elements of a particular class through images and discourse. The representation of women in movies has always reflected the position of women in the Indian societal setup. Popular movies act as a medium to reiterate the misogynistic notions of patriarchal society. Apart from a few female-oriented movies which portray empowered women characters, majority of Indian popular movies show women either victimized or as femme fatales, commodifying their bodies. She is projected as a body to satiate the male gaze. This paper aims to study the correlation between gender roles and portrayal of women in cinema through the images projected by popular movies by taking into analysis two films of the Baahubali franchise which has garnered several commercial and critical acclaims. Keywords: popular cinema, women, gender roles, stereotypes, feminism, male gaze, baahubali franchise

Introduction potent tools for the representation of a ―Men act, women appear. Men look at preferred reality through constructed women, women watch themselves being themes‖. Cinema, being the cheapest looked at‖. (John Berger: Ways of and most effective means of mass Seeing) entertainment, is, undoubtedly, a Popular cinema is the largest and reflection of the cross section of society the most powerful medium of and is reflected upon by the society too. communication in India since its After the introduction of cinema in inception. What began as an innocent India in 1896, a year after its invention art form has transformed itself into a by Lumiere Brothers, India grew up to social, political and cultural artefact. become one of the largest producers of According to the film critic Fareed films in the world. Cinema has been Kazmi, ―It has become one of the most proclaimed as an industry in India

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because of such a large output. Indian them with a sense of control or ISSN: 2456-5571 Cinema has become a global enterprise possession over the female body. The by producing about 1600 films in spectator watching the movie in a dark various Indian languages annually. room with brilliant flashes of light and India ranks first in the world in terms the sense that no one is aware of him of annual film output with markets in provides him with a voyeuristic more than 90 countries. Beginning pleasure and a narcissistic with The Flower of Persia (1898) by identification with the male protagonist Hiralal Sen, several attempts were of the movie. The power dynamics of made to capture reality into reel, which the active male gaze and passive female finally triumphed with Dadasaheb is institutionalized through images as Phalke‘s Raja Harishchandra (1913), well as the technical aspects of lighting the first full-length motion picture in and camera angles. When the male India. It was followed by a plethora of gaze towards the female is normalized film productions which carved the in the conventional film, the female name of India in the realm of world gaze towards the male is considered cinema. Initially the movies were based licentious. She is bannered a slut and on the myths of the Ramayana and the is kept out of the mainstream society. Mahabharata. But gradually with the The most evident of such medium attaining wider popularity, the representations is the so called items content of such films were drawn from dance numbers which are found often the interests of the audience. in all conventional movies. It shows a In Indian cinema, women have dancer performing to a predominantly always occupied a subjugated position- male audience with sexually revealing either as weak and marginalized costumes and attractive make up, with awaiting the protection of their male the least connection to the plot of the counterparts or as glamorous, femme movie. As Mulvey points out, the fatals, whose sexualized bodies are woman is represented in their commodified. As Laura Mulvey says in ―traditional exhibitionist role‖ as the her groundbreaking essay ―Visual subject of the erotic looks. Their figure, Pleasure and Narrative Cinema‖, actions and behaviour are sexualized women is the ―bearer, not the maker of and commodified. The woman or ―the meaning‖ (834). She stands as the other‖ is to be rescued or to be tamed mother, lover, sister or wife of the man to fit into the stereotypes. whose story is being narrated on the Even though contemporary Indian screen. The woman is merely the cinema has witnessed a paradigm shift subject of the look or gaze- both the in the representation of women in gaze of the characters inside the movie movies from glamorous dolls to and the gaze of the spectators in the empowered characters, these are very theatre. This look or gaze provides few in number and fail to represent the

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mainstream. Apart from a few female- stateswoman who protected the oriented movies which portray kingdom against all odds and ruled it empowered women characters, majority single-handedly. Devasena was of Indian popular movies show women depicted as a ‗progressive-minded‘ either victimized or as femme fatales, princess who dares to stand and fight commodifying their bodies. The for justice and truth even against the Baahubali Franchise, a series of two king. She too is trained in martial arts movies - Baahubali: The Beginning and remains inspiring throughout. (2015) and Baahubali 2: The Conclusion Thus all the three characters are (2017), has become a pan-Indian film played by mainstream actors, who are franchise hoisting the prestige of Indian highly bankable. The films have indeed film industry in the international objectified and sexualized their bodies arena. Baahubali was a path breaking and beauty to profit out of it. franchise in many ways. The movies Tamannah Bhatia is already familiar to are both commercial as well as critical the Bollywood industry and this too successes and no other movie in Indian has been manipulated usefully for the film industry has enjoyed such popular success of the movie. acclaim in history. Even though the On a superficial level, these three movies have been praised for its scale, characters seem strong and bold artistic rendering, special effects and enough, but indeed they are sidelined. story line, it is basically and essentially All three of them get great old wine in new bottles. Baahubali introductions and roles, but are then franchise also falls in line with this made to suffer either due to the conflict trend of popular movies produced by between men or are sidelined to the male for a predominantly male highlight the male characters. Thus audience. behind the seemingly empowered When the films were released, many female characters of Baahubali, the film critics and connoisseurs had movies subtly interpellate the idea of lauded the heroines for being strong submissive women or women falling willed and independent of their male prey to ―feminine‖ fallacies. Baahubali: counterparts. The duology presents The Beginning introduces us to the three main female characters- character of Avantika who was Devasena, Avantika and Shivagami portrayed a fierce warrior, trained all played by Anushka Shetty, Tamannah her life to achieve a particular mission; Bhatia and Ramya Krishnan that of rescuing their legitimate Queen respectively. Avantika was portrayed a Devasena from the clutches of the fierce warrior and skilled fighter trained tyrant King Bhallaladeva. She and her in martial arts with a life goal to save clan live in the forest training their rightful queen while Shivagami, themselves and waiting for their the Queen Mother, an undaunted chances to prove their valour by

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rescuing the queen. And finally when contrast to the real Avantika, who is ISSN: 2456-5571 she gets the opportunity to prove bold, aggressive and warrior-like, which herself, she is stripped off of all her upsets Shivudu. Since anything which agency and identity by Shivudu. The tends to upset or alter the dominant moment he puts some paint on her face hegemonic positions are silenced by the and undresses her without her ideological or repressive forces, permission, she falls in love with him Shivudu also attempts to change her and becomes physically incapable of mental and physical make-up to create taking care of herself. Shivudu a conforming figure to the standards of obviously takes over her mission and the concept of ―woman‖ as envisaged by rescues Devasena single-handedly as if a patriarchal society. He undresses her she was placed in the movie to facilitate without her permission, and paints the Shivudu‘s performance of traditional image of a beautiful woman onto her. masculinity. The fact that Avantika is Shivudu not only affects her external nearly absent in the second part of the appearance, but alters her mental series is a proof to this. psyche too. Avantika had trained When Shivudu gets Avantika‘s herself as a bold and daring lady mask from downhill, he is fascinated by readying herself for her life goal. When the charm and the beauty of the Shivudu asks her: ―Who are you, anonymous lady. When he tries to truely, inside your inner mind?‖, the mould her face in sand, he draws a patriarchal man is insisting the woman typical female beauty with flowing locks to cast off her rugged appearance and of hair, necklace, ear rings and head- attitudes to become a subservient lady. dress which shows that in every society This is followed by an array of scenes of there is a particular framework for the forceful stripping and ‗beautification‘, existence of woman which is at the end of which the heroine falls for predominantly constructed by the the hero who ascended the male. The celestial figure which unconquerable water mountain for her, Shivudu imagines of in the song which she believed could only be ―Deerane...‖ also depicts a sensual ascended by Lord Paramashiva. This, female figure with voluptuous beauty again, reconfirms the patriarchal dressed in revealing clothes and notion that woman could be conquered adorned by gold ornaments. This again easily by power or powerful men. reaffirms the stereotypical female figure The character of Devasena too is which is expected of women in a similarly placed. In Baahubali 2: The patriarchal society, which considers Conclusion, she is portrayed as a wise female bodies only as a source of princess who has mastered martial arts pleasure for the men and gratification including archery and sword fighting of the male desires. Later in the movie, unlike typical princesses. She too it is revealed that this figure is in stark courageously participates in the

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warfare when a group of bandits ‗empowered‘ to rescue her in both the attacks her palace. But when it comes situations. Again, women is portrayed to Baahubali versus Devasena, it is not able to take care of and defend always Baahubali who outruns her. For herself and thus as ultimately instance while Devasena, dependent on their male counterparts. Kumaravarma and Baahubali venture Even when she is held captive by the to hunt wild pigs, when all of tyrant king for twenty five years, she Devasena‘s arrows miss their targets, aspires that her son will come and Baahubali is the one who shoots all the rescue her. This reminds one of Sloka pigs indirectly through Kumaravarma. three, Chapter IX of Manusmritiwhich Even while allotting blue-feathered describes the defenselessness and arrows to Kumaravarma and pink- vulnerability of women by stating that a feathered ones to Devasena, Rajamouli woman remains dependent on men all tends, indirectly, to exhibit the age-old her life, protected by father in gender-specific colour allocation ‗blue childhood, by husband in youth and by for boys and pink for girls‘, which is an son in old age. essentially Western notion; which Shivagami is yet another powerful appears again in the movie in the song characterin both the movies which is ―Humsa Naava...‖ when Devasena‘s aptly portrayed by the actor Ramya spell is coloured pink and Baahubali‘s Krishnan. She is the Queen Mother of blue. Mahishmati who takes the reins of the Devasena is a wise as well as kingdom after the death of King courageous woman who cannot Virendra since her husband Bijjaladeva withstand and thus dares to question was crooked and deformed, both in any form of injustice and corruption. body and in mind. She is portrayed as She not even fears the court of a valiant and a sharp stateswoman Mahishmati to pronounce truths; for who, with the help of her confidante instance when she first comes to Kattappa, protects the kingdom from Mahishmati and comes to know that an internal civil war after the untimely Shivagami decided to betroth her to death of the king. From then she Bhallaladeva without asking her assumes the autocratic power of the consent, she attacks the absurdity of kingdom ruling with justice and equity the decision of Rajamatha. Later when and also protecting the throne. She she is convicted for attacking the king‘s gives her children, her own child ‗senathipathi‘, Sethupathi for molesting Bhallaladeva and her foster-child women, she stands strong on the moral Baahubali, equal opportunities to the grounds of her action. Initially she is throne and shows no signs of partiality portrayed as a woman valiant enough in judging the rightful king. But she to cut the fingers of a man who tried to eventually proves to be the tragic hero molest her, but it is Baahubali who is of the movie, with the tragic flaw of

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hubris clouding her judgments. Her viewership. The three women in the ISSN: 2456-5571 pride and overconfidence soar to such song are portrayed in revealing clothes an extreme that she becomes blind of and sensual dance movements by the intrigues hatched out against her. which they try to lure Baahubali in a Her own husband and son, the tavern. All this add up to sexualize the cunning Bijjaladeva and Ballaladeva body of women for the benefit of the respectively who plan to murder her, male viewers. It is ironic that the very manage to turn her against Baahubali same movie which portrayed Devasena who eventually sacrificed his life for her as cutting the fingers of the man who sake. Thus how grand the introduction dared to molest her, depicts sexualized of Shivagami was, that deep her fall female bodies falling for the ‗powerful‘ too. When Bhallaladeva says he wants male. Devasena, she promises him the girl without even thinking once about the Conclusion wish of the girl. Evidently, she too Thus on a superficial level, the speaks of woman as a commodity Baahubali Franchise tends to give an which could be purchased with or array of strong female characters. But without her will and this proves how they are indeed sidelined and women themselves are used as tropes stereotyped. It essentially tells the story to internalize patriarchy‘s misogynistic of Baahuabli, his birth, his upbringing, messages. his merit at wars, he winning the Both the movies, Baahubali: The throne, his courtship with Devasena, Beginning and Baahubali 2: The his untimely death which is followed by Conclusion tend to objectify and the saga of his son, and all other sexualize female bodies and projects characters could only be considered as the women indeed as to be looked at. embellishments to his story. Indeed the The songs ―Deerane‖, ―Pacha Thee‖ and seemingly strong women characters in ―Manogari‖ in Baahubali 1 explicitly the movies are used as tools to tend only to satisfy the gaze of the internalize the patriarchal concepts in men- both the male characters inside the minds of the audience. the film and the male audience. In the first two songs, a beautiful and sensual References Tamannah Bhatia appears in revealing 1. Baahubali: The Beginning. Dir. S. S. clothes, ornaments and dance Rajamouli. 2015. Film. movements. Her body is sexualized to 2. Baahubali 2: The Conclusion. Dir. S. be the object of the gaze of Shivudu as S. Rajamouli. 2017. Film. well as the male viewer. ―Manogari‖ is a 3. Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. typical ‗item dance number‘ which London: Penguin Books, 1972. could have been deliberately inserted Print. into the movie for its high rating and

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4. Kazmi, Fareed. The Politics of India‟s Baahubali‘s Casteist, Supremacist 6. Mulvey, Laura. ―Visual Pleasure and Logic‖. The Narrative Cinema‖. Film Theory and Quint. 1 May 2017. Web. 11 June Criticism. Ed. Leo Braudy and 2017. Marshall Cohen. 5th edition, New York: OUP, 1999. Print.

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ISSN: 2456-5571 VIOLENCE AS A LANGUAGE IN MALAYALAM CINEMA – A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO K G GEORGE

SMITHA E.K Assistant Professor, Research Scholar Department of Journalism and Science Communication CHMKM Govt Arts and Science College, Tanur, Kerala

Dr. J. BALASUBRAMNAIM Assistant Professor Department of Journalism and Science Communication Madurai Kamaraj Unversity, Madurai

Abstract Encyclopedia of Britannica defines violence as an act of physical force that causes or is intended to cause harm. The damage inflicted by violence may be physical, psychological, or both. Violence may be distinguished from aggression, a more general type of hostile behaviour that may be physical, verbal, or passive in nature. It had been part of the cinema from its inception. The prank that the gardener‟s friend does in the first ever cinema by Lumiere Brothers can be considered as a small exhibition of violence. As cinemas started taking ideas from the society, violence started being an inherent part of them. This is the case of Indian and Malayalam cinema as well. In thrillers, violence becomes the major ingredient while in some other one can witness subtle presentation of violence. Being a director who did honest and true discourse with the society he lived, George too presents several versions of violence ranging from personal violence to collective violence. This paper analyses five films directed by K G George to know how his films differ from others in the depiction of violence and to make the audience think about different meanings of violence.

Violence 1Merriam-Webster defines the use of University. I also extend my regards to all physical force so as to injure, abuse, the experts who patiently cooperated with me to provide opinion on the films of K G damage, or destroy. George- 2 Smitha E K is a part-time research 1 I am extremely grateful to Dr. J. scholar in the Department of Journalism Balasubramaniam, my guide for the and Science Communication, Madurai proper mentoring and directions without Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil which this paper will not be possible. I Nadu. She works as the Assistant feel privileged to work under his guidance Professor of Journalism, Department of as a research scholar in the Department Journalism, CHMKM Govt. Arts and of Journalism and Science Science College, Tanur, Malappuram, Communication, Madurai Kamaraj Kerala.

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Violence Prevention Alliance addresses Thomas Hemmeter (2003) in his the problem of violence as defined in study on the violence in Hitchcock the World report on violence and films, points out that most of such health (WRVH), namely: studies concentrates on the depiction. ―The intentional use of physical He argued that one should not negate force or power, threatened or actual, the social structure that created the against oneself, another person, or characters like Norman Bates in Psycho against a group or community, that (1960).―The violence depicted in either results in or has a high likelihood Hitchcock‘s American films arises not of resulting in injury, death, from the abnormal, but from normal, psychological harm, mal-development, accepted social values, practices, and or deprivation.‖ structures of the United States.‖ Erum Haneef (2016) studied the Cinema and Violence violence in Bollywood cinema and Most of the studies on violence in violence in Pakistani society to find out cinema centres on the impact of such a striking correlation. The study found depiction in the society. Helena that the relation was weak as the mass McAnally, Lindsay Robertson, Victor media message take time to get Strasburger, and Robert Hancox penetrated in the society. She also (McAnally et. al. 2012) studied the pointed out an impact of desensitization depiction of violence in James Bond among the viewers due to the cinemas by analysing the 46 Bond continuous exposure to violent cinema. movies from 1962 to 2008. They found Aneeta Rajendran (2014) studied the that over the years the films have portrayal of women in Malayalam become more and more violent. cinema in general and the response and Nicole R Cunningham and Mathew revenge she takes for violence against S Eastin (2013) studied violence in her womanhood. She examines how the films using catharsis, aggressive cue, vengeance of a rape victim is being desensitization and social learning conducted; initially either by a male or theories. And they also narrated several by the ghost of the rape victim. She real life violence inspired by film examines how the new film 22 Female violence. They analyse the two Kottayam (2012, Aashiq Abu) is prevalent views; one violence in film different as the victim herself takes increases violence in society and the revenge on villain by castrating his second there are no substantiate phallus. evidences for the above blame. They Preeti Kumar (2005) analyses two argue that the blame negates other mainstream comic films in Malayalam possible causes of violence in the released in 2000s; Meesamadhavan society. (2002, Lal Jose) and Rajamanikyam (2005, Anwar Rasheed). She narrates

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that even being treated with comedy, done by P N Menon with his film ISSN: 2456-5571 these films assert and legitimise OlavumTheeravum in 1970. He took the violence against women, such as shooting outdoors, moved the camera slapping, voyeurism, vulgar comments and asked the actors to exhibit subtle and the like with a tint of comedy. acting. Following his path a group of She argues that the director did not FTII (Film and Television Institute of hesitate to add a comment in India) alumni entered Malayalam Meesamadhavan by the male cinema and gave their contribution. The protagonist that he would rape her and group include Adoor Gopalakrishnan, she had to walk around with big tummy Aravindan, John Abraham, K G George (pregnant) as a comical sequence. and the like. Besides she also put forward the idea that the masculinity of the male K G George protagonist is proclaimed also through K G George started his career as the the exhibition of violence. assistant of RamuKariat, the renowned director of Chemmeen, in his films Malayalam Cinema in Seventies Maya (1972) and Nellu (1974). After The evolution of Malayalam cinema can that he became independent director be divided in to those before seventies through his debut Swapnadanam in and those after seventies. From its 1975. The cinema dealt with inner inception to 1970 Malayalam cinema mind of the male protagonist through more or less followed the path of psycho analysis. theatre drama or literature. There were His succeeding 18 cinemas include good cinemas like Newspaper Boy Ulkkadal (1979), Mela ((1980), Kolangal (1955, Ramadas) or Chemmeen (1965, (1981), Yavanika (1982), Lekhayude RamuKaryattu) which won National Maranam Oru Flashback (1983), acclaim. But those experiments were Aadaaminte Variyellu (1984), based on famous Malayalam novels. Panchavadippalam (1984), Irakal The main thrust was on literature than (1986), KathakkuPinnil (1987), Mattoral on camera; the inner dilemmas of the (1988), EeKanniKoodi (1990) and character were depicted using Ilavankodu Desam (1998). Being an dialogues. There were some isolated auteur (author) he never repeated his experiments such as Bhargaveenilayam ideas even when they became (1964) of A Vincent or Yakshi (1968) of successful. Yavanika, a detective K S Sethumadhavan which proved cinema, was a popular hit. But the camera could move. succeeding film was Lekhayude Seventies could be denoted as Maranam Oru Flashback which dealt determining decade as a group of with the sacrifices and compromises innovative youngsters started taking and pitfalls faced by thousands of girls cinema out door. The initial push was aspiring to enter film industry. At the

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same time, George considered the during its evolution, most of the violent psychology of each character in all his acts were primitive where the villain films. When Swapnadanam dealt with finally got beaten up thoroughly. In the inner mind of a doctor, Yavanika Sixties when cinema depended on solved a murder mystery traversing literature, it showed several subtle through the minds of the victim, the forms of violence like violence against a people involved and the culprit. mentally challenged man (Iruttinte Aadaaminte Variyellu earned George Aathmavu, 1966, P Bhaskaran), against critical acclaim as the director who an employed woman (Anweshichu approached the problems of women Kandethiyilla, 1967, P Bhaskaran), a empathetically. Here also the inner destitute (Adimakal, 1969, K S feelings of each character were shown Sethumadhavan) or against the in a detailed manner. Irakal diseased (Aswamedham, 1967, A allegorically confines India to a Vincent). household where the protagonist is a As Malayalam cinema took two psychopath finding pleasure in killing paths in Seventies, the art and popular or abusing others. George himself money oriented (Mainstream), the claimed that the film was his creative depiction of violence too changed as the reaction to the ‗Internal Emergency‘ nature of cinema changed. Popular declared by Ms. Indira Gandhi in 1975. cinema started showing more and more In Mattoral one can see the closed mind violence explicitly (Cross Belt, 1970, set of a female protagonist who quits Mani, Postumane Kaanaanilla, 1972, the family life which peripherally seems Kunchakko, Thacholi Marumakan to be happy. Kolangal and Mela deal Chanthu, 1974, P Bhaskaran or with the closed nature of villages where Kalliyangattu Neeli, 1979, M Krishnan he shatters the purity concept of Nair) while art cinema tried to narrate it villages. In a way psychological connotatively. The popular cinema of approach can be visible as an eighties witnessed underworld dons, auteuristic signature made by the business magnets and political rivals. director in all his films. Violence is an (Rajavinte Makan, 1986, Thampi inevitable psychological state of a Kannanthanam, Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar, human being and throughout his 1987, Thampi Kannanthanam, New psychological approach violence played Delhi, 1987, Joshy) The middle cinema subtly as an undercurrent. like art movies, tried to be less explicit in the depiction of violence with certain Violence in Malayalam Cinema exception like Irakal of K G George or Since cinema deals with human beings, Thakara (1979) of Bharathan. It showed violence penetrates to the art with or the different perceptions of violence without the deliberate attempt of the with subtlety. It discussed the inception creators. In the case of popular cinema, violence as the resultant of hegemony.

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It subtly showed how a well-educated, Hariharan,).Besides, violence crept in to ISSN: 2456-5571 cultured person can exercise violence the popular cinema as telling the story against others. Violence by an insecure of ballad heroes (Oru Vadakkan Veera man is shown by Padmarajan through Gatha, 1989, Hariharan) and moving many of his films: violence against a towards the climax of comedy films young classmate in Idavela (1982), (Ramji Rao Speaking, 1989, Siddique- against lover in Koodevide (1983) and Lal) violence against a lonely mother in Thinkalazhcha Nalla Divasam (1985). At Violence in K G George’s Cinemas the same time George gave a Violence was there in the films of K G psychological perspective to violence George as an undercurrent. It is not an through his films. explicit portrayal of violence but a Violence in popular cinema was subtle way of expression. Most of his shown as the quality of the hero and characters are from the social situation sometimes the heroine where he may where they face denial of justice. The slap the wife to open her eyes and situation entrapped them and has retract her from her misdeeds. made them arrogant inside and violent (Avidathe pole Ivideyum, 1985, K S outside. From his debut film Sethumadhavan and Kaattathe Swapnadanam itself one can witness Kilikkoodu, 1983, Bharathan). violent characters who may burst out at Sometimes he rescues the victims from any fragile situation. rape, robbery or murder with the help To understand the characteristics of of violence. (Kottayam Kunjachan1990, violence in his films, this paper has T S Suresh Babu). Another popular selected five films Yavanika, Aadaaminte glorified violence from the part of the Variyellu, Panchavadippalam, Irakal and hero is related to the vengeance – Mattoral.Yavanika explains the missing vengeance of the victim. A victim of the and violent killing of a Tabalist, circumstances takes the revenge AadaaminteVariyellu deals with the through violence. (EeSabdam Innathe lives of three women from three Sabdam, 1985, P G Viswambharan, different social strata; Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal, Panchavadippalam humorously sets a 1988, Kamal, New Delhi, 1987, Joshy). utopian village where the whole The image of anti-hero too was politicians destroy a well-built bridge prevalent. An anti-hero emerged from opening ways for corruption; Irakal the surroundings becomes a mafia king describes the violent mind-set of a or don or political pimp or king maker. psychopath who find happiness in (Rajavinte Makan, 1986, Thampi killing or hurting others and Mattoral Kannanthanam, Bhoomiyile depicts the violent and rebellious self- Rajakkanmar, 1987, Thampi expulsion of a wife confined in four Kannanthanam, Oliyampukal, 1990, walls of her own household.

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Yavanika (The Curtain) tussle with a broken liquor bottle she The story revolves around the missing stabs him. The director even shows the of a tabalist from a drama troupe who passage of blood through the broken leads a lawless life. The detective tries bottle. to solve the mystery through intensive The intention of K G George did not conversation with each character seem presenting violence as a solution, involved directly or indirectly. Through though the audience feel relieved seeing this inquisition the character of Rohini stabbing Ayyappan. Even Rohini Ayyappan, the tabalist, gets evolved is a victim, being a murderer, she has through multiple narration technique no escape. She finally was arrested by and is understood that he is a the police. drunkard who considers every female as a sex object. The same troupe Aadaaminte Variyellu (Adam’s rib) contains a victim of Ayyappan‘s sexual The film shows the lives of three women abuse who is the main female lead also. in different social strata. But through Finally it is proven that it is she who their lives the director proves that the killed him accidentally. life of a female is in misery, whatever is The character Ayyappan is always her status. The first lady, Vasanthi is a violent. He orally abuses everyone and government employee and the only physically abuses if the person opposite breadwinner at home but could not to him is fragile. When a strong escape the household abuses her opponent challenges him he withdraws mother-in-law and husband lashes from the scene. This shows his violence upon. Finally the pressure takes her to is a play of chance. At the same time a mental asylum. Second one, Alice is a Rohini, the actress who was abused by high class lady for whom anything him understands that she is being under the Sun is possible other than entrapped by Ayyappan. She was taken the love of her children and respect of out of her home by deceiving her her husband. Her husband had mother that she would be safe in his exploited her sedative beauty and body hands like a father. But he rapes her for his personal achievements. As and dominates her with muscle power revenge she gets into an extra marital and violence. Every rescue attempts relationship which too gets broken and were blocked by him. And finally from she finds resolution in suicide. The that helplessness she becomes violent third one is Ammini who is the servant resulting into the murder of Ayyappan. of Alice. She was sexually abused The murder scene has been shown everyday by Alice‘s husband, elaborately in the film. In rainy day Mammachen, which was not new to when the drunken Ayyappan attacks Alice either. When Ammini gets Rohini she reacts. He had taken her pregnant, Alice demands him to throw earning forcefully. In the hassle and her out and Ammini was taken to

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different place. After her delivery As the domestic violence increases, ISSN: 2456-5571 Ammini leaves her kid and reaches to a Vasanthi starts hallucinating. In her rescue home. From there she leads a hallucination she sees her maternal revolution of the inmates which even uncle who was her father in law too. In destroys the shooting team and Kerala, the Nair caste had a practice of director. The last sequence which was a marrying the uncle‘s daughter or son as kind of surreal one earned applauds to a tradition. He was her solace too. She George as a director with serious starts behaving like him and ordering feministic perspective. It is studied that her mother in law and husband as if he is stating that when middle class she were the father. In that scolding, finds solace in madness and upper actually the internal frustration of class in suicide, it is the downtrodden Vasanthi comes out violently. ladies who store the temper to break The violent actions, be a look, or the system. madness or final action, are the The final act itself is a depiction of resultants of the entrapment they subtle violence. It is the entrapment suffered in their lives. In that way it is that forces the females finally to revolt not the physical atrocities but the violently.Ammini gathers all the women mental violence that are more visible in in the rescue home, opens the gate and this film as well. forces them to flee. In that violent self- rescue, the women smash the shooting Panchavadippalam (The Bridge team, their camera and other Panchavadi) production equipments leaving the It is considered to be one of the best team cameraman and director in examples of political satire in bewilderment. Before reaching the Malayalam cinema. The name was rescue home Ammini leaves her new mentioned by the honourable High born baby in front of stranger‘s house. Court of Kerala during a hearing a case In a way she is violently replying to her in connection with the corruption in environments. Palarivattom bridge3. The film satirically In a scene Mammachen warns Alice sets a village Airavathakkuzhy where for her extra marital affairs. He asks the President was DussanaKurup and her to beware of the fact that their kids his wife was Mandodari Amma. All the are growing. The look that she returns characters‘ names were taken from itself is violent. The anger and Hindu, Christian or Islam mythology frustration she bears is visible in her like Jeemoothan, Panchaly, Habel, violent stare. In that incident she starts Raahel, Anarkali, Poothana or answering him but without finishing Jahangeer. Irrespective of the party all what she wanted to say she just utters the politicians unite together for ‗go to hell‘. destroying the current strong bridge and rebuilding it. The connecting point

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was corruption associated with all the expelled from his college for attacking activities. In the final scene when the juniors and leaving one junior near to entire politician along with death in the name of ragging. Kathavarayan, the handicapped who His father, brothers and even sister can be considered as the representation are no exception. His father and of public, stroll on the bridge on the brothers attack anyone who 2comes in first day itself as it breaks. All are between their illicit business and rescued except Kathavarayan. money. They have no regrets in Though the total tone of the cinema confronting with anyone even the Police is humour, the film discusses how with their muscle and money power. machinery or a system does violence Sister has no regret in telling lies over the common people. There is no regarding her husband and even her explicit showcase of violence but all the daughter. Baby loves a girl in the village actions are violent as they were against and even their love making is violent. If the common man. no human beings are available, his It is the common man who suffers hobby is harming the trees. He kills the from the destruction of the bridge. It is male helper with whom his sister had a the common man who has been secret sexual relationship. Then he kills forcefully separated and thrown in to the fiancée of his lover. He attempts to religious calamity and chaos by kill the person who becomes ready to politicians for their personal interest marry the girl when her fiancée was and it was the common man again who killed. Finally when police was about to has been fooled by the politicians by catch him, his father had to kill him. reaching private contract with their The name Irakal when translated own interest in mind. The floating of means Victims. Baby is a victim of the Kathavarayan‘s push cycle in the river surroundings. When the Arch Bishop, at the end is the epitome of such who is his maternal uncle too, asks atrocities. what is that which is less in his house, he replies the problem at his house is Irakal (The Victims) that everything is in abundance, George claimed that Irakal was an allegoric representation of India during 3.https://www.newindianexpress.com/state the ‗Internal emergency‘. The s/kerala/2019/sep/19/high-court- protagonist Baby can be seen as Sanjay compares-palarivattom-flyover-to-film- Gandhi and his father Mathukkutty as panchavadippalam-2035747.html Ms. Indira Gandhi. Baby is a https://www.onmanorama.com/entertai psychopath who loves to harm others. nment/entertainment- He even conducts two murders in his news/2020/09/28/panchavadipalam- village. Besides he makes several release-day-palarivattam-bridge- demolition.html fruitless murder attempts too. He was

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nothing is of short. Besides the explicit Warren Buckland: 2014 P.464). Similar ISSN: 2456-5571 exhibition of violence, there are certain reading is possible for Irakal too. The subtle violent moments in the film. The film flows like a magical river that husband of his sister is frustrated with shows the future society. her misdeeds. So whenever he speaks he explodes. Mattoral (The Other Man) Baby is so violent that the way he The movie tells the story of a closed tries to wake up his room-mate is family which rarely opens up in front of ghastly. He just covers that boy‘s nose strangers. It is the family of Kaimal and mouth to that extent that he where he, his wife Susheela and his struggled for life. During leisure time he kids live according to the invisible rules makes knots with the rope for hanging and regulations made by him. Kaimal is nobody. a traditional man who prefers to stick The director never blames Baby for on old, ill-conditioned Ambassador Car being cruel as he explains that the rather than buying a new car.His close reason behind his nature is his house friend and his family too is not much itself. After every murder he cries. The welcomed in his house though director is presenting a case study of Susheela and kids love it. One evening violence through the film. But even Susheela elopes with the car mechanic then the director never put this as a Giri. All are shocked, so did Kaimal. solution but leads the story to a natural Initially he wants to kill Susheela and ending where Baby and thus then Giri. But later he reaches to the Mathukkutty himself have to pay for conclusion it is he whom to be blamed. their deeds. Meanwhile Giri brings another girl and The Symptomatic reading of The Susheela understands that the decision cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) conducted was wrong. When with the help of their by Siegfried Kracauer proposed that friend she returns she finds Kaimal has ―German Expressionism‘s interest in stabbed himself. madness that permeates authority as Susheela was entrapped in the well as the genre‘s emphasis on issue of monotonous life with no care, support group submission, reflected the and respect. And eloping is her violent collective German soul and the political response to the entrapped state. Kaimal inability in the years preceded Hitler‘s was shown as a fragile and weak ascension to power. Kracauer reads the person. But finally he does revenge by film‘s (Caligari) finale as the violently killing himself. Other than symptomatic of the psychological stabbing there are no explicit violent revolution taking place in German scenes in the film. It is a kind of slow society which forced people to pace film. But it gives the hint of the reconsider their traditional belief in domestic violence in the form of non- authority‖ (Edward Branigan and freedom and that is why the eloping

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seems violent. Kaimal doesn‘t consider situation- mind, family, village or his wife. He does not give her the choice Nation.When they realise the trap to make any decision. She has been they try to escape and that trial shown as an un-paid glorious domestic becomes violent. Rohini was in a help. When Veni the wife of Kaimal‘s way ready to accept her fate, but the friend Balachandran asks Susheela for moment she understands that lending some money, the helplessness Ayyappan would not allow her Susheela experience itself is a great family to be free; she has no other atrocity to womanhood. It is to this choice than killing that man. Alice violence she reacted violently. was provoked by Mammachen‘s disrespect to yell the truth. Conclusion on Characteristics of Vasanthi‘s madness too is a fruitless Violence in his Films trial. 1. No glorification of violence: He never 3. Violence of the victim, females- glorified the violence even though George didn‘t place the characters there are violent scenes and that do violence as villains. They sequences. The violent characters perform violence under the pressure never became successful finally even of many outside reasons upon though they were doing violent which they do not have any control. actions being helpless. Neither In that way they are victims. Rohini nor Alice becomes Secondly most of the victims are successful. So do Ammini, Vasanthi females. Thus he shows the violence or Susheela. In popular cinema, out of helplessness from the part of violence is shown as solution. In females. order to solve the violence of villain 4. Shattered the conventional the hero resolves to violence and patriarchal family- Put forward a clears all the problems with family based on love- the violence. Thus violence is expressed conventional family he describes is as a solution for everything. Besides patriarchal which is based on the popular cinema gives a notion violence- power relation between that the violence of villain is bad men and women. The power lies on and that of the hero is good. But the man. In some cases the man George didn‘t classify between the works hard to reinstate patriarchy. violence of villain and hero. This This family shatters as the cinema means that there is no glorification proceeds. Look at the families of of violence. Vasanthi, Alice, Kaimal, Baby, his 2. Violence of the entrapped people- sister and Rohini. All are based on Since he didn‘t glorify violence, the power relation with violence of the action of violence is that of the man in one way or another. Thus people who were entrapped in some George indicates that family based

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on love-less relation are violent in http://www.researchgate.net ISSN: 2456-5571 nature and finally it has no option 5. Cunningham, Nicole R and Mathew other than shattering. He shows two S Eastin, 2013. Films, examples one in Mattoral-the family representation of violence and its of Balachandran and Veni and other effects. Encyclopaedia of violence. in Yavanika-the family of Sage Publications. investigating officer where both the http://www.researchgate.net wife and husband are partners. 6. Hemmeter, Thomas (2003), Horror 5. Violence with a historic perspective: beyond the camera: cultural sources Irakal is an allegory. And in that of the violence in Hitchcock‟s mid- way it has a historic value too. The century America. violence of a family can shatter itself https://www.questia.com and sometimes a country is the 7. Hafeez, Erum. (2016). The portrayal perspective he tries to bring in. of Violence in Bollywood Movies and its Effects on Real-life Violence & References Crimes against Women in Pakistani 1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/ Society. 14. 197-213. violence 8. Rajendran Aneeta (2014), You Are 2. https://www.merriam- Woman: Arguments with Normative webster.com/dictionary/violence Femininities in Recent Malayalam 3. https://www.who.int/violencepreve Cinema. Economic and Political ntion/approach/definition/en/ Weekly .Vol. 49, No. 17 4. McAnally Helena, Lindsay www.jstor.org Robertson, Victor Strasburger, and 9. Kumar, Preeti (2005). Hegemonic Robert Hancox, 2012. Bond, James masculinities in two comic films in Bond: A review of 46 years of Malayalam: Meesamadhavan and violence in films. JMA Paediatrics. Rajamanikyam. https://jamanetwork.altmetric.com http://www.seer.ufu.br /details/1470158

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CONQUERING TRAUMATIC REALITY WITH HYPERREALITY: SELF-HEALING THROUGH SIMULATION IN THE TELUGU MOVIE GAME OVER

PREETHU P Assistant Professor, Department of English Saraswathi College of Arts and Science Vilappil, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

Abstract Trauma is something that shatters a victim‟s sense of reality. Lacanian psychology speaks of how the unconscious is structured like a language and Cathy Caruth, eminent theorist in th field of Trauma Studies, develops on the theory to postulate that trauma causes a dissolution of signifiers, or a loss of language, in the victims. In order to address trauma, one has to make it accessible. This paper explores how hyperreality becomes a tool for surviving traumatic reality. The Telugu movie Game Over is analysed to explain how simulation can aid in therapeutic healing of trauma. Keywords: trauma, healing, therapy, hyperreality, film, virtualreality, simulation

Trauma is something which shatters discusses how hyperreality becomes a the very core of a victim‘s existence. vehicle of creating such narratives Bessel A. van der Kolk, in Traumatic thereby constructingan illusory world Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming which helps in the healing of trauma. Experience on Mind Body and Society, Illusion, termed ‗maya‘ in Indian has rightly stated that ―Unlike other philosophy, is also discussed in the forms of psychological disorders, the context of simulated reality. core issue in trauma is reality‖ (6). The Indian movie Game Over (2019) Therapeutic efforts at healing trauma features the plight of a young game have opened up many possibilities, out designer, Swapna, who suffers from a of which narrative therapy is a very fear of the dark as well as anniversary important one. It relies on the use of reaction, a condition associated with personal narratives or stories which PTSD, in which the subject experiences can serve as a potent medium to distress around the time of a past emotional healing. The narrative used traumatic event. Swapna was raped on in this can take any form, like an oral, a New Year‘s Eve and the memories of textual or visual one, in which the the event cause unsettling reactions in participation of the victim is essential her mind during the time of the in the creation of stories.This paper year.According to Lacan, the

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unconscious is structured like a which repudiates representation, also ISSN: 2456-5571 language. When language fails, the causes dissociation and irrevocable unconscious manifests itself. Trauma injury to the human psyche. The is an absence that causes the Caruthian model of trauma claims that dissolution of signifiers and thus a loss language is unable to find truth of the of language. The event thus becomes experience. The human mind which inaccessible for the victims due to the fails to process and symbolise the trauma.This makes trauma traumatic event when it is witnessed, unrepresentable. revisits the experience, in what is Cathy Caruth speaks of trauma as known as latency or delayed action, as unspeakable. It is something that flashback, nightmare, or other repeats itself as nightmares and affects repetitive behaviour. Trauma is thus the daily life of the victim. In Trauma part of the human unconscious. In the Explorations in Memory, Caruth defines Symbolic Order (Lacan), the trauma as: unconscious comes into being. The a response, sometimes delayed, to meaning which is ciphered and coded an overwhelming event or set of is deciphered and decoded in the events, which takes the form of unconscious. In order to come out of repeated, intrusive hallucinations, trauma, the traumatic experience dreams, thoughts or behaviors should be symbolised, that is, moved to stemming from the event... solely in the Symbolic Order where action and the structure of the experience or involvement can occur on it. reception: the event is not In Unclaimed Experience – Trauma, assimilated or experienced fully at Narrative and History, Caruth explains the time, but only belatedly in its the Freudian theory that human repeated possession of the one who consciousness, which has once experiences it. (4) encountered the risk of annihilation, Staying true to the Lacanian can do nothing but replicate the tradition, Caruth proposes trauma to destructive event over and over again in be an unfathomable dilemma of the a vicious circle, which in itself is a unconscious that sheds light on the traumatising experience. Confrontation intrinsic inconsistencies of language of the threat of death over and over and experience. Trauma is seen as a again can pose a risk to the natural ‗recurring sense of absence‘ that splits chemical configuration of the brain apart knowledge of the severe leading to its deterioration. Caruth experience, putting off a linguistic explains Post-traumatic Stress significance other than just a reference. Disorder or PTSD as: There exists an ‗unspeakable void‘ of The pathology consists, rather, trauma in the centre of any discourse solely in the structure of its in this school of thought. Trauma, experience or reception: the event is

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not assimilated or experienced fully talks about her daughter.Gathering the at the time, but only belatedly, in its tales of Amritha and the news of the repeated possession of the one who serial killer from the background of her experiences it. To be traumatized is life, Swapna‘s mind starts to weave a precisely to be possessed by an story. As a gamerwho is addicted to image or event. (Trauma: Pac-Man, a maze chase video game in Explorations in Memory 4–5) which there is a gang ofcoloured ghosts Swapna, as mentioned above, chasing a character controlled by the suffers from trauma, which manifests player, her mind is quick to add in her mind as nightmares and an elements from her favourite game into irrational fear of darkness. She has her narrative. Her sittings with the also become a recluse. In order to come mental therapist in which she is put out of the traumatic shock, her mind through a session with virtual reality needs a language which it creates in headset is also embedded into the the form of a narrative. The name of narrative she makes. Swapna, who is the protagonist,Swapna, which means wheel-chair bound, is threatened by ‗dream‘, is a good instance of the presence of three killers and is left foreshadowing employed in the to fight from within her house. Like the narrative.Her mind creates a narrative, game of Pac- Man, all she can do is to knowingly or unknowingly, for her to roll in straight lines (due to the wheel- regain her confidence and dispel her chair). The tattoo on her hand becomes fears. Like a dream, the imagined or three in number, suggesting the three illusory reality she constructed works. lives she has to beat the killers. Swapna‘s tattoo, which she got a Swapna creates a hyperreal world year ago, hurts her hand and she later which is akin to the video games she comes to know that the ink got mixed designs. up in the parlour. She has got a Hyperreality is a postmodernist memorial tattoo, i.e., a tattoo made of concept which denotes the incapacity ink in which the mortal remains of a of consciousness to differentiate person has been added. Amritha, a between reality and a simulation of it. young woman who was a cancer In hyperreality, the border between survivor, was killed by a serial killer reality and fictionality is blurred. and it was her ashes that formed a part According to Jean Baudrillard, of Swapna‘s tattoo. Amritha had hyperreality involves the creation of survived three relapses of cancer and asign or set of signifiers that was an epitome of confidence, but her correspond to something which does life was nipped. Her mother wanted to not exist in reality. He calls it get a memorial tattoo with her ashes simulacrum, which denotes a copy of but it got traded with Swapna‘s. something to which there is no original. Amritha‘s mother visits Swapna and It is important to discuss the Indian philosophical concept of maya or

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illusion in this context. Maya is defined survive through the traumatic reality. It ISSN: 2456-5571 in different ways by the various schools does not have any potential for her of Indian philosophy. Unlike the recovery. She realises that her sessions common thought of maya as with the mental therapist are also distraction, Atharva Vedadefines it as a liminoid in nature, where she is put creative power, which Gonda explains through virtual reality, and that she as "wisdom and power enabling its requires something which can help her possessor, or being able itself, to recover, something closer to her reality. create, devise, contrive, effect, or do Thus she creates a hallucinatory something" (Goudriaan1). In Yoga hyperreality, which has elements from school, maya is something that can be her own life, to tackle her trauma. This created and transformed by power (of stresses the importance of Yoga), which is termed as Yogamaya. In personalising narratives in therapy. Vedanta, the chance of maya being Testimonial narratives are used in misunderstood as the final reality is narrative therapy which helps the discussed. The creation of maya can be victims to create stories. Technology equated to simulation. can also be used to create hyperreal Swapna fights for her life, failing in experiences which can aid in emotional two attempts and succeeding in the rehabilitation of trauma survivors. last. She has to come into terms with darkness as light can give away her References location to the killers. She has to bring 1. Caruth, Cathy. Trauma: forth all the energy within her that she Explorations in Memory. Johns thought to be lost after the traumatic Hopkins University Press,1995. incident which happened a year ago. 2. Caruth, Cathy.Unclaimed The simulated world she creates in her Experience: Trauma, Narrative and mind has elements from reality. She History. Johns Hopkins University converts the liminoid nature of gaming Press,1996. experience to a ‗liminal‘ space from 3. Felman, Shoshanna. The Juridical where she emerges transformed. Unconscious: Trials and Traumas in Liminality is a concept put forth by the Twentieth Century.Harvard folklorist Arnold van Gennep and taken University Press, 2002. up by Victor Turner. It denotes a state 4. Goudriaan ,Teun. Māyā Divine and where the order of things is shattered. Human. Motilal Banarsidass A liminal space is the place of Publishe, 1978. transition. The term liminoidsuggests 5. van der Kolk, Bessel A., liminal experiences that are optional. It et.al.Traumatic Stress: The Effects of does not entail a personal Overwhelming Experience on Mind transformation. Swapna used to spend Body and Society. Guilford Press, her time playing video games, which is 2012. a liminoid experience, which helps her

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EMASCULATING THE CURSE OF CASTE - UNHEARD VOICES IN MARI SELVARAJ'S PARIYERUM PERUMAL

G. RAJKUMAR Assistant Professor of English Annai Fathima College of Arts and Science Thirumangalam, Madurai

Abstract The film Pariyerum Perumal BA.BL, directed by Mari Selvaraj, has been broadly bantered for its express conversations on position since its delivery on 29 September. Specifically, the chief has portrayed different natural types of rank viciousness delivered on Dalits. The story rotates around an undergrad, Pariyan, who faces trouble in getting English. To adapt to the language better, he takes help from his colleague Jo (Jothi Mahalakshmi). Before long, the two of them become companions. In any case, Jo's dad and her cousin respect their relationship dubiously and release physical and mental viciousness on Pariyen to get him far from Jo. The remainder of the story describes what befalls their companionship and how Pariyan reacts to these conditions.The movie, through it is overt gestures and symbolisms serves to prick the conscious of the audience and engage with the difficult conversation of caste. Keywords: caste, pariyan, anti-casteism, desires, discrimination, education, honour killing etc

Tamil film has reflected and reacted to person among the majority. In the the pictures made in the well known landmark of caste station framework in psyche of Tamil society in various India, Tamil film has depicted the occasions of the historical backdrop of individuals of various standings in Tamil Nadu. One reason of the various manners mirroring the social depiction of the glorification of reality in Tamil Nadu. In a large portion moderate standings in Tamil film is of the Tamil motion pictures, the Dalits because of the predominance of a were introduced as docile, agreeable, gathering of positions (Caste) and grimy; the films have been a device throughout the entire existence of the for the denigration of Dalits. Tamil Tamils. Film, regularly a mode for films spoke to and in some cases proliferating certain belief systems contorted the truth of Dalits who have among the majority, assume a been abused and stifled in the station significant part in how society sees disapproved of society. This is obvious different areas, networks or even a in the under representation of Dalits on

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media stages particularly in the Tamil unrest inside Tamil film, which ISSN: 2456-5571 film Industry. Thus, however there are deliberately tended to this social a couple of Tamil motion pictures imperceptibility and cheapening of which underlined the significance of inferior gatherings. The overseer of the social uniformity of Dalits in a Pariyerum Perumal, Mari Selvaraj, has thoughtful way, at this point there are made a stride ahead and has broken numerous Tamil films which utilized the set up cliché social portrayal of Dalits as an issue of fool. The Dalits in the film. Pariyerum Perumal is moviemakers take the aggregate an exceptionally solid film which cognizance of thinking about Dalits as welcomes the general public to low in the general public as a social investigate the biases for the sake of reality. It is hard to challenge and standings and gets some information change the social realities as they are about the extraordinary types of coercive and uniform in their separation. The plot of the film belongings. The social realities of Pariyerum Perumal has a lot of segregation, disparity, bias and allegories and semiotics which spotlight aggression looked by Dalit people group the monstrosities of prevailing ranks by prevailing gatherings, are appeared against the Dalit people group in the in the films as a standardizing capacity general public. of their social reality. The chief shows the separation of The film Pariyerum Perumal (God Dalits in the study halls of instructive who Mounts a Horse, 2018), foundations. Like by and large for the coordinated by Mari Selvaraj, is an Dalits, study halls as a space are not a enemy of rank dramatization portraying space of uniformity but rather of the embarrassment and disgrace differed types of segregation. There has looked by the Dalit people group, made been a custom even now in a couple of in the southern area of Tamil Nadu. spots that Dalit understudies are Pariyerum Perumal is the name of the constrained to be situated at the back neighborhood god of the individuals of seats of the homerooms as the legend a lower rank in southern Tamil Nadu. of the film was situated at the back and This film is a work of art and a not permitted to be situated at the front significant achievement in Tamil film. seats. The grounds communities of the Throughout the entire existence of vast majority of the schools mirror the Tamil film, the lives of inferior station mindedness among the gatherings have gotten imperceptible or understudies by the arrangement of distorted, or exhibited in a way that companions' gatherings dependent on legitimizes their position in the social position. This film additionally mirrors request. Be that as it may, the section the fondness and hostility among the of Dalit chiefs Pa. Ranjith and Mari understudies dependent on rank in the Selvaraj proclaimed another social school grounds. The chief shows that

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the biases dependent on rank are in with between position love, and he the psyche of the understudies as well additionally endeavors to murder as among the directors and teachers of Pariyan. The chief projects his doubts the instructive organizations. During on the vast majority of secretive self- the affirmation of Pariyan in the law destructive passings of the couples school, the head from higher standing uniquely close to the train tracks as tells Pariyan 'a person like you ought to only honor murdering. In this film, the be sufficiently fortunate to join this chief shows the executing of saint's school.' It implies that 'a person like canine Karuppi (blacky) on the train you from a Dalit people group however tracks as an image of honor murdering not qualified to join this school, yet you of numerous Dalits in comparable are adequately fortunate to go along style. Both the individuals of ruling with it.' It mirrors the solid unfair high position and the individuals of psyche of numerous directors who are overwhelmed low rank consider the from prevailing ranks over the control and segregation for the sake of individuals of lower stations. The law standing as a business as usual in the school head, having perceived Pariyan Indian social structure which is sent from lower rank, thinks him possible custom. instigator. It reflects the vast majority In spite of the fact that this film of the educationalists from dependent on Dalit issues, yet it is predominant stations considering the acknowledged, acknowledged and Dalit understudies as routine guilty acclaimed by the individuals of various parties. ranks, classes, and ideologies. The The personal connection of a Dalit pundits, individuals from the movie kid with a higher position young lady business, and media collectively the other way around is viewed as approached to cheer the chief for giving inadmissible and culpable according to a rousing message in an unbelievable watchmen of station pride. In this film, manner. One reason is that the chief the close connection between the Dalit has introduced various issues on legend Pariyan and his colleague Jo victimization Dalits in the everyday (Jothi Mahalakshmi) from higher rank existence absent a lot of distortion in is respected dubiously by the group of the greater part of the scenes. He Jo. There were numerous physical and doesn't simply censure the individuals mental brutality on Pariyan and even of upper position for the victimization an endeavor to murder him. In the film the individuals of lower rank, yet he Pariyerum Perumal, the chief shows makes the individuals mindful of the the various parts of honor slaughtering uncaring activities acknowledged and by depicting an expert assassin of an communicated for quite a long while as elderly person who has executed a convention without even batting an numerous couples who are engaged eye to them. Accordingly, the new wave

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films have not just made the Dalits In the beginning snapshots of the ISSN: 2456-5571 mindful of the victimization them, yet film, a specific people from a higher in addition has made the higher ranks standing strap Karuppi to a railroad mindful that the stifling the Dalits is track and leave. Being an honest dog, brutal. Consequently, the depiction of she doesn't have a clue why she will victimization Dalits in a novel and bite the dust. She doesn't have the innovative manner in late motion foggiest idea what is behind this pictures, have brought a change in savagery. perspective in the mentality of Unkitta padichi padichi sonnane individuals of all positions from kettiya concealment of Dalits to freedom of Yaar kooptu nee pona Yendi pona Dalits. Ethana thadava solliyiruken Karuppi, the Dog was perhaps the Ellam manusanum inga onnu main characters in the film. The illenu… holding among Karuppi and Pariyan Pariyan screams his heart out, but was wonderful to the point that we as a no matter how many times you tell whole pined for all the more such Karuppi about the differences. There is scenes. a quote which says - When you love Who is Karuppi? Within the initial someone, they become a part of you. 10 minutes of the film, the dog Karuppi Similarly, Pariyan is a Karuppi by bites the dust in a shocking ―accident.‖ himself. In the first scene of the film, Who is Karuppi? Why did she die? Pariyan and his companions are seen What is her significance in the movie, bathing in a pool of water. They when she has very little screen time? additionally wash their dogs here. At Karuppi isn't only a dog here. She is an the point when they see a gathering of metaphor for each abused soul out upper rank men come there, they leave. there. Karuppi is a guiltless bitch that What we see straightaway - The upper doesn't have a clue about the contrast standing men begin peeing in the lake. between different Caste or ranks or Pariyan and his companions have no religions. However, it is a casualty of clue about this. Maybe, they've been the barbarous standing framework doing it for quite a while and Pariyan pervasive in the general public. doesn't think about it. Or on the other Additionally, every human who is a hand, this is the first break of survivor of station based brutality is commonly that they're doing it. In any Karuppi. It doesn't need to be lethal, in case, the honesty of Pariyan and his light of the fact that even the smallest companions make every one of them type of separation is segregation. Karuppis. Karuppi may have kicked the bucket All through the film, to hurt very soon, yet at the same time she Pariyan, they murder his canine, they shows up in different scenes of the film. assault his dad, they hurt 'his' Jo,

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lastly even attempt to execute him. can't stop the train. Or the Despite the fact that he gets away from consequences will be severe, the the executioner, he can't get away from sounding of the train is sufficiently the caste framework. He grapples with uproarious to quietness Karuppi's the reality - the best anyone can hope barking. for at this point is to bark at the framework. The caste framework is the References train that hits Karuppi. Karuppi, being 1. Selvam, Mari. Pariyerum Perumal, attached to the track, can just bark at Neelam Production. 2018. it. At times, the bark is heard, yet it

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ISSN: 2456-5571 TEACHING SOFT SKILLS IN THE PRESENT SCENARIO WITH

REFERENCE TO G.B. SHAW’S PYGMALION

Dr. P. VAISHNAVI Professor & Soft skills Trainer Eluru College of Engineering and Technology

Abstract Soft Skills are considered necessary and complimentary to hard skills and a prerequisite to succeed in one‟s career. Developing countries like India have huge young population and are considered the destination for skilled workforce. On the other hand they are rendered unemployable due to the lack of soft skills like the ability to work in a team, pressure management, innovation etc. One of the main reasons for students‟ lack of Soft Skills is the absence of holistic education from the primary level. The unpreparedness of the student at the end of his education and the need for soft skills in industry makes Soft Skills all the more important at the undergraduate level. Teachers cannot and should not treat their wards as Pygmalions but try to bring real change in the personality which happens only if there is real effort from the beginning of education and not just in 6 months and 1 year. George Bernard Shaw in his drama Pygmalion brings out the shallow importance given to corporate behavior and speech of a person than to the actual personality, to gain acceptance in high society. Soft Skills trainers play a significant role in training the students to bring long lasting changes in their personality and not create superficial changes that leave the student helpless. The real challenge is to inculcate best work practices and positive personalities that would equip the undergraduate engineering fresher with all the Soft Skills they would require to survive and grow in a ever demanding workplace. Keywords: Soft Skills, Skill Gap, Training, Pygmalion, Shavian Drama

Soft Skills are defined in Collins Hard Skills are the knowledge base, dictionary as desirable qualities for technical knowhow required to do a certain forms of employment that do particular job. For example, writing a not depend on acquired knowledge: computer program requires prior they include common sense, the ability knowledge of the programming to deal with people, and a positive language whereas Soft Skills helps the flexible attitude. Soft Skills are programmer to coordinate well with his considered necessary and team, communicate well with his team complimentary to hard skills and a members, maintain a good rapport with prerequisite to succeed in one‘s career. his colleagues at the workplace, and

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thereby grow in his career. Thus, we employability is not only the lack of can state that Soft Skills are very hard skills but also deficiency in Soft important for one‘s career and some of Skills. It is also disheartening to note the important Soft Skills required, to that the attrition rate is also very high grow at a workplace are teamwork, in many MNCs. It has been reported in leadership skills, interpersonal skills, an article in Times of India (July 13, pressure management, communication 2019) that the attrition rate at Infosys skills, to name a few. Skill is the rose to 23.4% in that current quarter ability to do a thing with expertise. compared to 20% in the same quarter Soft Skills has always been part the previous year. ZeeBusiness.com and parcel of a person‘s life and has brings to live the attrition rates of acquired paramount importance in the MNCs like TCS, Infosys, Cognizant and present global scenario as people from Wipro and states that the attrition different time zones, work together to rates where 17-22%, 23%, 22.6%, and complete a task. It has been time and 17.7% respectively. The reasons for again reiterated that one cannot really attrition could be pursuing higher achieve success in one‘s career if one education but the major reason being does not possess Soft Skills. lack of Soft Skills, to promote smooth Developing countries like India have transition and integration from study to huge young population and are work. considered the destination for skilled Every state and the Union workforce. In India, lakhs of youth government are trying to bridge this are churned out of colleges every gap so as to make India the destination year, and might have the requisite of skilled human power at the global hard skills to pursue their job. On the level, in the near future. The National other hand they are rendered Skills Development Corporation (NSDC) unemployable due to the lack of soft aims to promote skill development by skills like the ability to work in a team, promoting the establishment of large, pressure management, innovation etc. quality, and nonprofit vocational As per the data shared by the HRD institutions to impart skills required to ministry, India has a total of 6,214 fill in the skill gap and to make Engineering and Technology students employable. Bridge institutions in which around 2.9 Conferences to promote interaction million students are enrolled every between Industry and Academia also year. On an average around 1.5 state the need of soft Skills to enable a million students get degree every year, fresher to survive and grow in a of which less than 20 percent of company. One of the main reasons for students get jobs related to their area students‘ lack of Soft Skills is the of study. (Sarkar, Sudhipto) The main absence of holistic education from the reason for the gap in education and primary level. Our education system

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depends heavily on marks and the flawless woman figure and falls in love ISSN: 2456-5571 society, including parents consider with it. The goddess of beauty and ma rks as the deciding factor of their love, Venus/Aprodite transforms the child‘s performance. This marks sculpture into a real woman fulfilling oriented assessment method is taking the sculptor‘s wishes. This Greek myth its toll when it comes to success at the since its first presentation in Ovid‘s workplace. Metamorphosis has inspired a lot of The unpreparedness of the student writers and each writer has interpreted at the end of his education and the it in a different way. The musical need for soft skills in industry makes drama My Fair Lady revolves around Soft Skills all the more important at the this theme of creating a perfect model undergraduate level. Thus, soft Skills for the lack of perfect women. Similar are given a lot of importance during the thought process is found in Disney‘s undergraduate program, especially for Pinoocho where the toy is turned to a engineering and general degree groups. real boy. The concept of Pygmalion is Imparting soft skills during a few years followed by Shaw in presenting Eliza at the undergraduate program is Dolittle, the flower girl with a cockney challenging because the student has to accent and poor dress sense, and is unlearn his faulty ways acquired from transformed into a beautiful and rote learning and faulty assessment attractive woman with impeccable systems and learn the importance of dressing and excellent accent that she team work, interpersonal skills, is passed as a duchess by the most negotiation, problem solving, self renowned professor of phonetics. management, self confidence, critical G.B. Shaw in his Shavian romance, and decision making skills, satirizes the social and political communication skills etc. However, discrepancies of the Victorian era, Soft Skills is generally connected to presents Eliza DoLittle as the spoken English, and verbal English Pygmalion-carved, shaped by Professor leaving very little room for real change Higgins, a renowned researcher and in the personality of the student. professor of phonetics and Colonel George Bernard Shaw in his drama Pickering. Shaw in the Victorian drama Pygmalion brings out the shallow presents the inevitability of dress and importance given to corporate behavior proper accent in determining one and speech of a person than to the growth and acceptance in higher actual personality, to gain acceptance society. The protagonist Eliza agrees to in high society. Prof. Higgins‘ proposal of training her G.B. Shaw‘s Pygmalion is derived to get rid of her ‗keberstone‘ English from a Greek myth where a talented within a few months passing her off as sculptor not satisfied with the women a duchess at an ambassador‘s garden around him, carves a beautiful, party. Eliza Dolittle‘s simple motive

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was to move on to a better job in a words reiterates the importance of the flower shop if she could improve her spoken word. However, Prof. Higgins accent and dressing sense. thinks that he is the sculptor who has The importance of dress in deciding transformed Eliza into a Cinderella and a person‘s social status and his boasts ―You will jolly soon see whether superior upbringing is revealed in she has an idea that I haven‘t put into several instances in the play. Professor her head or a word that I haven‘t put Higgins is caught by the people taking into her mouth. I tell you I have notes secretively at a bus shelter at the created this thing out of the squashed beginning of the play but he is spared cabbage leaves of Covent Garden….‖ by the irritated public, when a (Act V, pg 92). bystander comments on his dressing Towards the end of the play Prof. ―It‘s aw rawt: e‘s a gentleman: look at Higgins‘ allegation does not hold good his boots‖ (pg 9), reiterating the as Eliza does not succumb to Higgins importance given to dress. Eliza Dolittle and Colonel Pickerings‘ expectations is despised in her shabby dress and an and states that she has an individual untidy hairdo as a flower seller but she self and is just not a lifeless stone. is instantly admired in her designer Higgins, the renowned professor in dress and expensive jewelry during her phonetics was able to train her in her first social appearance at Mrs. Higgins outward manners and accent but was palatial home. In the present job not able to bring a real change in her scenario if there are two equally personality. She finds herself to be a eligible candidates for a particular job misfit in her own lower strata and an with equal education and experience, outsider in the upper strata of society. it is considered fair to offer job to ―I sold flowers. I didn‘t sell myself. Now the one that presents a more polished you‘ve made a lady out of me I‘m not fit image. to sell anything else. I wish you‘d left Next to appearance it is the me where you found me (Act IV p. 77) articulation that is given importance. Shaw through his play wishes to The pronunciation and the accent reiterate that superficial changes create a great impact in an interview or cannot be long-lasting and real change at the workplace. Prof. Higgins remarks has to come from within as in case of ―a woman who utters such depressing Mrs. Higgins acknowledged time and and disgusting sounds has no right to again by her son ―You certainly are a be anywhere no right to live. pretty pair of babies, playing with your Remember….that your native language live doll‖ (Act III p 63). is the language of Shakespeare and The modern education system Milton and the bible: and don‘t sit speaks of superficial changes like the there crooning like a bilious pigeon (Act changes brought by the professor 1 p 14). Thus, Shaw through these Higgins on Eliza and must aim at

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internal changes from the beginning teamwork, critical problem solving, ISSN: 2456-5571 years itself. The national education emotional intelligence, time pol icy 2020 aims at some changes but management and adaptability. – thus it has to be done seriously. Corporate this has to be inculcated from primary behavior and skills must happen with school level with qualified teachers‖ real and not superficial levels because (Generation Awkward: Berkeley MDP). there will not be real effect. What was Thus, Eliza Dolittle was made a doll said in Shavian society holds good in the hands of educated and even after so many years. Teachers patriarchal researchers. Beyond the cannot and should not treat their fairy tale aspects, Pygmalion is a social wards as Pygmalions but try to bring commentary on the systems of real change in the personality which education and class in Victorian happens only if there is real effort from England, and the importance given to the beginning of education and not just language, its power, and the in 6 months and 1 year. preconceptions attached to it by Eliza Dolittle belongs to the third society. There are a lot of lessons to be class workforce who according to learnt from this Victorian masterpiece Hobsbawm division fights for a better as today‘s teachers are in an excellent life, in accordance with the social position to share the historic, linguistic conditions. Her reaction to Higgins and cultural significance of Pygmalion. treatment is a portrayal of the struggle In a society where English language of the third group of working class who and corporate manners are very study mostly in 3 tier cities/society, important in deciding the fate of young due to the class antagonistic conflict undergraduates in a global work between the capitalists and the scenario, Soft Skills trainers play a laborers. For Shaw education is an significant role in training the instrument to develop human values students to bring long lasting changes he states that education plays an in their personality and not create inevitable role in transforming society superficial changes that leave the and that every child and every person student helpless. The real challenge is must be educated and must reform to inculcate best work practices and him before reforming the society. positive personalities that would equip Bavani Munik has stated that ―My the undergraduate engineering fresher experience as a soft skills trainer in with all the Soft Skills they would tier 2 and 3 cities unearthed that the require to survive and grow in a ever general perception of soft skills by the demanding workplace. Central Board of Education (controlled by the government) is limited to basic communication skills, with no emphasis on concepts such as

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References: Challenge-Needs-To-Address/01- Primary 06-2019-171291/ 1. Shaw, G.B. Pygmalion. A Penn 5. Simon, Louis, Shaw on Education. State Electronics Classics Series New York, Columbia University Publication, The Pennsylvania Press, 1958. State University, 2004. 6. Buzwell, Greg. ―An Introduction to Pygmalion, a Romance in Five Acts‖, Secondary Sources British Library, 20th Century 1. Yohanes Tuaderu, STBA Prayoga Literature,7 Sep, 2017. Padang. ―Class Struggle as a https://www.bl.uk/20th-century- Reaction Towards the Social literature/articles/an-introduction- Condition in Capitalist Society as to-pygmalion-a-romance-in-five-acts Reflected in George Bernard 7. Livingston, Sterling.J. ―Pygmalion in Shaw‘s Pygmalion‖. Jurnal KATA: Management‖. Harvard Business Vol. 1, No. 1, Mei2017. Review. January, 2003 https://hbr. 2. Dr. Hashemipour, Saman, Asya org/2003/01/pygmalion-in- Vedia Guvensoy, Dilara Arap. ―An management Intertextual Study of Pygmalion 8. Muni, Bhavik. ―Generation Muth: George Bernard Shaw Awkward: India‘s Soft Skills Trap‖ Interprets an Ovidean Tale about Berkeley MDP https://mdp. Transforming‖ International Journal berkeley. edu/generation-awkward- of English, Literature and Social indias-soft-skills-trap/ Science (IJELS) Vol-4, Sep-Oct 9. Hindustantimes.com 2019, ISSN: 2456-7620. https://www.hindustantimes.com/ https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.4 education/new-education-policy-

5.57 2020-live-updates-important- 3. Patacsil, F. Frederick, Christine takeaways/story- Lourrine S. Tablatin, ―Exploring the yYm1QaeNyFW4uTTU3g9bJO.html Importance of Soft and Hard Skills 10. timesofindia.indiatimes.com as Perceived by IT Internship https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com Students and Industry: A Gap /business/india-business/infosyss- Analysis‖, OmniScience, JOTSE, attrition-level-at-record- 2017, ISSN: 2013-6374 high/articleshow/70201941.cms 4. Sarkar, Sudiptho. ―Employability of 11. zeebusiness.com Engineering Graduates In India: A https://www.zeebiz.com/companies Challenge Nees to Address‖ /photo-gallery-infosys-vs-tcs-vs- BWEDUCATION, 1 June 2019. wipro-vs- cognizant-vs-accenture- http://bweducation.businessworld.i attrition-rates-compared-67240 n/article/Employability-Of- Engineering -Graduates-In-India-A-

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ISSN: 2456-5571 DETERMINING RATE OF HEAT CONVECTED FROM A

UNIFORM INFINITE FIN USING GUPTA TRANSFORM

RAHUL GUPTA Lecturer of Physics Department of Applied Sciences Yogananda College of Engineering and Technology Jammu and Kashmir

ROHIT GUPTA Lecturer of Physics Department of Applied Sciences Yogananda College of Engineering and Technology Jammu and Kashmir

DINESH VERMA Professor Department of Mathematics NIILM University Kaithal, Haryana

Abstract In practice, to improve the heat convection rate, fins are projected out from the conducting medium. Generally, the amount of heat convected from the fin surfaces is determined by solving the general differential equation describing heat dissipation from the infinite fin by different approaches. This paper presents the use of a new integral transform called Gupta Transform to analyze the uniform infinite fin bysolving the general form of energy equation describing the heat dissipation from the surface of the medium and obtaining the distribution of temperature and hence the rate of heat convected into the surroundings from an infinite uniform fin.This approach put forward the Gupta Transform as a new mathematical tool to analyze the uniform infinite fin for obtaining the rate of heat convected into the surroundings by uniform infinite fin. Keywords: heat convected; uniform infinite fin; gupta transform.

Introduction heat, where 푘 is the thermal To improve the heat dissipation rate conductivity of the medium, 풜 is the from the conducting media, fins are area of the cross-section of the projected out from them [1-3].Fourier‘s medium, H is the rate of heat 푑푡 푑푡 law expressed as H = −푘풜 , is the dissipated, is the temperature 푑푦 푑푦 law of conduction or dissipation of gradient and the negative sign shows

66 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 3 February 2021 ISSN: 2349-8684 that the heat is transferring in the Formulation direction of decreasing temperature. The differential equation which Generally, the temperature distribution describes the heat dissipated from a and the rate of heat convected from the uniform infinite fin is given by [6-9] infinite fin surface are determined by ′′ … (4) the calculus approach [1-3] or by the ( It) −has been[ ( ) −assumed] = 0 thethe one end different methods [4-8]. This paper (at y = 0) of the infinite fin is attached presents a new integral transform to a heat source and the other end (at y called Gupta Transform to analyze the = infinity) is free for heat dissipation uniform infinite fin to obtain the into its surroundings. Let = …. temperature distribution and the rate of heat convected into the (5) ( ) surroundings by uniform infinite fin. And Here, is known as the excess The Gupta Transform was proposed by ( ) − = ( ) … (6) temperature at the length ‘y’ of the the author Rahul Gupta and Rohit ( ) Gupta in recent years, and generally, it infinite fin. is applied in different areas of science Then equation (4) can be rewritten as and engineering [9-11]. ′′ = 0 ….. (7) ( ) − ( ) Basics of Gupta Transform The Gupta Transform [9, 10, 11, 12] of g(y), y ≥ 0 is defined as ∞ , provided{g (y that)} = the∫ integral( is) convergent,= ( ) where may be a real or complex parameter, and is the Gupta Transform operator. The inverse Gupta Transform [9, 10] of the function G(r) is written as-1{G (r)} or g (y). If we write {g (y)} = G (r), then - 1{G (r)} = g (y), where -1 is called the The equations (4) and (7) are the inverse Gupta Transform operator. general form of energy equations for The Gupta Transforms of some one-dimensional heat dissipation from derivatives [9-12] of g(y) are given by the surface of the infinite fin. ′ The initial conditions are [4, 5] 1 (i) = T. At y = 0, = T- or ′′( ) = { ( )} − (0), ′ = … (8) (0) − 1 1 (ii) ∞ At y = ∞, ∞ = ( ) = { ( )} − (0) − (0). (0) ( ) = . ( ) 0

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Taking Gupta Transform [9, 10, 11, Using (13) in (12), we get ISSN: 2456-5571 12] of equation (7), we get −훽휏 표 훽푦 −훽푦 1 1 휏 y = 푒 − 푒 푞2휏 (q) – 휏(0) - 휏′ 0 - 훽2휏 (q) = 0... (9) 2훽 푞2 푞3 푒훽푦 + 푒−훽푦 Using the condition: 휏(0) = 휏 , the + 휏 0 표 2 equation (9) can be rewritten as 1 1 Or 푞2휏 (q) – 휏 − 휏′ 0 - 훽2휏 (q) = 0 푞2 0 푞3 −휏 푒훽푦 + 푒−훽푦 휏 y = 표 푒훽푦 − 푒−훽푦 휏 + Or 2 표 2 1 1 푞2휏 q − 훽2휏 q = 휏′(0) + 휏 ….. (10) 푞3 푞2 0 Or 휏 In equation (10), 휏′ 0 is some 휏 y = 표 푒훽푦 + 푒−훽푦 − 푒훽푦 + 푒−훽푦 ′ 2 constant, so let휏 (0) = 휀. Or The equation (10) can be rewritten −훽푦 휏 y = 휏표 푒 …….. (14) as The equation (14) gives the 1 1 푞2휏 q − 훽2휏 q = 휀 + 휏 푞3 푞2 0 distribution of temperature along the Or length of the infinite fin. It confirmsthat 1 휀 1 휏 휏 q = + 0 ……. (11) the temperature of the infinite fin 푞3 (푞2− 훽 2) 푞2 (푞2− 훽 2) decreases along its length with the Taking inverse Gupta Transform [9] increase in distance from theheat of the equation (11), we get 휀 source maintained at the fixed 휏 y = 푠푖푛푕푏푦 + 휏 cos 푕훽푦 훽 0 temperature푇. Or The heat convected from the infinite 휀 푒 훽푦 + 푒 −훽푦 fin surface can be obtained [6, 7] as 휏 y = 푒훽푦 − 푒−훽푦 + 휏 … 2훽 표 2 follows ′ (12) 퐇 = − 푘풜 퓉 (푦) 푓 푦=0 Using the condition: 휏(∞) = 0, we obtain Or 휀 푒훽 ∞ + 푒−훽 ∞ 훽 ∞ −훽 ∞ 퐇 = − 푘풜 휏′ 푦 …… (15) 푒 − 푒 + 휏표 푓 푦=0 2훽 2 ′ −훽푦 Now since휏 (푦) = −훽휏표 푒 , = 0 therefore, Or ′ 휏 (푦) = −훽휏표 …..(16) 휀 푒훽 ∞ + 0 푦=0 푒훽 ∞ − 0 + 휏 = 0 2훽 표 2 Using (16) in (15), we get 퓗 = 풦풜훽휏 Or 푓 표 휀 휏 Or + 표 푒훽 ∞ = 0 2훽 2 퓗푓 = 풦풜훽 T − 푡푠 ….. (17) As 푒훽(∞) ≠ 0, therefore, Using (6) in (17), we get 1 휀 휏표 + = 0 휎P 2 2훽 2 퓗 = 풦풜 T − 푡 푓 풦풜 푠 Or Or 휀 = −훽휏표 .... (13) 1 퓗푓 = 풦풜휎P 2 T − 푡푠 .... (18)

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This equation (18) gives the rate of heat 2. P.K. Nag, Heat and mass transfer. convected from the surface of infinite 3rd Edition. Publisher: Tata fin into its surroundings. It confirms McGraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., that the rate of convection of heat from 2011. the infinite fin can be increased by 3. J.P. Holman, Heat transfer. 10th increasing its surface area. Edition. Publisher: Tata McGraw- Hill Education Pvt. Ltd, 2016. Conclusion and Results 4. Rohit Gupta, Amit Pal Singh, In this paper, a new integral transform &Dinesh Verma. (2019). Flow of called Gupta Transform has been Heat through A Plane Wall, And exemplified to analyze the uniform Through A Finite Fin Insulated At infinite fin for determining the the Tip, IJSTR, 8(10),125-128. temperature distribution along its 5. Rohit Gupta, Neeraj Pandita, Rahul length and the amount of heat Gupta, Heat conducted through a convected from its surface into the parabolic fin via Means of Elzaki surroundings. This approach has transform, Journal of Engineering brought up the Gupta Transform as a Sciences, 11(1), 2020, pp. 533-535. new tool to analyze theuniform infinite 6. Rohit Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Matrix fin for determining the temperature method approach for the distribution along its length and the temperature distribution and heat amount of heat convected from its flow along a conducting bar surface into the surroundings.It has connected between two heat been concluded that the temperature of sources, Journal of Emerging the infinite fin decreases with the Technologies and Innovative increase in its length from the heat Research, Vol. 5, Issue 9, Sep. source. Also, it has been concluded 2018, pp. 210-214. thatthe rate of heat convected from the 7. Rohit Gupta,& Rahul Gupta. (2018). infinite fin surface into the Heat Dissipation From The Finite surroundings can be improved by Fin Surface Losing Heat At The Tip, increasing its surface area. The results IJRAR, 5(3), 138-143. obtained by using the Gupta Transform 8. Rohit Gupta, Rahul Gupta, & are the same as those obtained with Dinesh Verma. (2019). Laplace other methods or approaches [1, 2, 3, Transform Approach for the Heat 8]. Dissipation from an Infinite Fin Surface, GJESR, 6(2), 96-101. References 9. Rahul Gupta, Rohit Gupta,& Dinesh 1. D.S. Kumar, Heat and mass Verma. (2020).Propounding a New transfer, (Seventh revised edition), Integral Transform: Gupta Publisher: S K Kataria and Sons, Transform with Applications in 2013.

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Science and Engineering, IJSRMS, Connected To Impulsive Potential ISSN: 2456-5571 6(3),14-19. Source via New Integral Transform: 10. Rahul Gupta, Rohit Gupta, Dinesh Gupta Transform, ―ASIO Journal of Verma, Application of Novel Integral Engineering & Technological Transform: Gupta Transform to Perspective Research‖, 5(1),18-20. Mechanical and Electrical 12. Rahul Gupta,Rohit Gupta, &Dinesh Oscillators, ASIO Journal of Verma. (2020). Analysis of series RL Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics & and RC networks with sinusoidal Applied Sciences, 4(1), 2020: 4-7. potential sources by Gupta 11. Rahul Gupta, Rohit transform, ―ASIO Journal of Gupta,&Loveneesh Talwar. Engineering & Technological (2020).Response of Network Circuits Perspective Research‖, 5(1), 28-30.

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TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SKILL SUBJECT

B.S. BHARATHI English BT Assistant Panchayat Union Middle School Sevagoundanur, Bhavani Union Erode District, Tamilnadu

Abstract The introductory part of the paper deals with the significance of English language and the classification of subjects as “Knowledge Subjects” and “Skill Subjects” and asserts that English is a “Skill Subject”. Then the body of the essay deals with the evolution of English language and the classification of the history of the English language into OLD ENGLISH(ancient times to 1100 AD), MIDDLE ENGLISH (1100 AD to 1500AD) and MODERN ENGLISH (1500 AD to the present time) and their characteristic features. Also the essay deals with the significance of English language in the present context and the skills to be developed in English language learning. Finally, the different methods for teaching and acquiring English language skills are dealt with. In conclusion, the essential skills of language learning- LSRW (Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing) is included and a brief REFERENCE is attached. Keywords: Skill Subject – a subject which is acquired than taught, Evolution-origin and development, Indo-European Languages- Languages spoken in India and European continent, Dialect-local slang, East Midland Dialect-Standard dialect of English language

Introduction civilization. Henry Sweet defines As we all know that, English as a global language as ―the expression of thought language has gained utmost by means of speech sounds‖. Also, we significance in the present context. should accept the fact that language Apart from being a universal language, and culture are closely knitted. English is a library language as world‘s Subjects in general are classified as most famous books are published in ―knowledge subjects‖ and ―skill English and it is also our official subjects‖. While the subjects like language. Basically, language is a ‗science‘ and ‗social science‘ come means of communication. It helps in under ―knowledge subjects‖, ‗English‘ the interaction between human beings. comes under skill subject as it has to Initially signs and signals were used for be more caught than taught. communication. The evolution of language is a sign of human

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Evolution of English Language ISSN: 2456-5571 History of English Language Every language has its own rich The history of English language is historical and cultural tradition and generally divided into three periods: the richness of English language lies in 1) Old English Period or Anglo-Saxon its language and literature. The history Period of English language dates back to 5th or 2) Middle English Period 6th century A.D. where various nomadic 3) Modern English Period tribes - the Angles, the Saxons and the The Old English Period extends Jutes entered into Britain and settled from ancient times to 1100 A.D. and there permanently. The original the Middle English period extends from inhabitants of Britain were called Celts. 1100 A.D to 1500 A.D while the The arrival of Christian missionaries Modern English Period runs from 1500 made the English people come in close A.D to the present day. contact with who speak Latin. After the

Norman Conquest, the English people Old English - its Dialects and associated themselves with those who Characteristics spoke language derived from Latin. The wandering tribes settled in Britain With the advent of Renaissance, Greek towards the close of the sixth century was added. A.D. England became their permanent

home. They are known as Anglo- English and the Teutonic Languages Saxons and the Jutes. Along with them The Teutonic languages are a part of arrived their dialects. They are the larger Indo-European family of generally classified into four types as: languages. These languages are spoken 1) NORTHUMBRIAN -Spoken North of today in Germany, Holland, the Humber River. Scandinavia, Belgium and Great 2) MERCIAN - Spoken between Britain. Of these languages, the the Humber and the Thames. English is closely linked with the 3) WEST-SAXON - It was the dialect of German. the West Saxon kingdom in the

Relationship of English with West. It formed the basis of the Germanic or Teutonic Languages study of old English.

COMMON GERMANIC 4) KENTISH - Spoken in Kent and

Surrey. WEST GERMANIC EAST GERMANIC NORTH GERMANIC

GOTHIC LOW HIGH DANISH SWEDISH The first two dialects are called as GERMAN GERMAN

ICELANDIC NORWEGIAN ANGLIAN or NORTHERN GROUP while OLD ENGLISH DUTCH FRISIAN FLEMISH (7th C - 1100) the third and the fourth form the SOUTHERN GROUP. MIDDLE ENGLISH OLD HIGH (1100 - 1500) GERMAN

MODERN MODERN ENGLISH GERMAN (1500 - TO THIS DAY)

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Characteristics of Old English Middle English - Its Dialects And 1) The tendency to substitute the Characteristics palate for guttural consonants and Middle English developed gradually vowels. Examples where modern from Old English. It is in the year 1066, words have ‗ch‘, northern words the Duke of Normandy defeated the have a ‗k‘ sound such as ‗church‘ English King and annexed Britain. As a and ‗kirk‘, ‗chalf‘ and ‗calf‘ etc., result, Normans who were speaking 2) Among vowels, short ‗a‘ sound as in French came into close contact with ‗hat‘ beside the more guttural ‗a‘ or the British which resulted in the ‗ea‘ of Northumbrian. growth of the Language. 3) Another feature of old English is the The following are considered to be absence of words from Latin and the Middle English dialects: French which is more common in i) Southern - It is in this dialect we Modern English. have ―Lives of St.Catherine and 4) The difference in grammar is that St.Juliana‘ old English was ‗synthetic‘ ii) Kentish - Kentish Sermons language, where the order of words represent it. does not cause any change in iii) Midland - The delightful work ‗Piers meaning while the modern English the Plowman‘ by William Langland is ‗analytical‘ where the subject and occurred in this dialect. the object have their definite places iv) Northern - ‗Cursor Mundi‘ and in a sentence. ‗Townleg Mysteries‘ are found in 5) The next significant characteristic this dialect. feature of old English is its gender which does not depend on Middle English and its consideration of sex. For example, Characteristics ‗Stone‘, ‗food‘, ‗moon‘ are masculine  Middle English which evolved out of and ‗sun‘ and ‗hen‘ were used as king Alfred‘s English ischaracterized feminine. Sometimes the gender is by‗Levelledinflexions.‘ Though the illogical in old English where phonetic changes were simple they ‗maiden‘, ‗child‘, ‗wife‘, ‗girl‘ were were far-reaching. The full vowel neuter gender while ‗woman‘ was endings such as ‗-a‘, ‗-n‘, ‗-e‘, ‗-an‘, masculine. ‗um‘ etc. were reduced generally to 6) Its ‗greater flexibility‘ is a uniform ‗-e‘, which now became noteworthy character of old English indefinite and silent. where it renders words to many new  There is no feminine inflexion in and novel uses. Middle English and it was limited to masculine and neuter nouns.

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 The extended use of the auxiliary industrial centre in the fourteenth ISSN: 2456-5571 ‗do‘ is another important century, the East Midland dialect is development of Middle English. spoken here and hence it became  Loss of grammatical gender is popular. another important characteristic of Middle English. The gender of Modern English and its nouns had no link with their Characteristics meaning in Old English as in Modern English started in 1453 AD Modern French and German. with the fall of Constantinople into the ‗Wifman‘ was masculine, while ‗wif‘ hands of the Turks and the consequent (women) and ‗cild‘(child) were spread of the Greek scholars. Many neutral. Nowadays the inflexional Greek and Latin words were brought English indicative of gender have into English through Renaissance. been replaced by neutral gender. Many Italian words came through  Greater diversity of dialects is Wyatt and Surrey. Greek was taught at another characteristic of Middle Cambridge in 1540. As reformation English. The number of accelerated the struggle of English manuscripts that have been nation against the corrupt Catholic preserved from Middle English Church and the Pope of Rome, it period is much larger than the hastened the growth of national number of surviving manuscripts in languages in par with the continental Old English. languages. Spanish language was brought into England through the The Rise of Standard English discovery of Columbus and he also Midland dialect was divided into two inspired Thomas More‘s Utopia. The varieties of speech and writing: (i) East establishment of East India Company Midland and (ii) West Midland. Chaucer in 1600 AD resulted in the introduction wrote in East Midland dialect which in of numerous East India Words into future, rose as the standard language English. English has borrowed words of England. The East Midland dialect from German, Dutch, Russian, Turkish was less conservative that the Southern and Hungarian. dialect, less radical than the Northern and hence emerged as the language of Characteristics of Modern English the English. Also, it was the most 1. Loss of inflexion and inflected populous and largely spoken dialect. grammatical gender is one of the Also, the two great universities of the chief characteristics of Modern country - Oxford and Cambridge played English. The language has become a greater role in spreading the richer by the evolution of a new knowledge of East Midland dialect. As method to replace the inflxeional London was rapidly developing as an system.

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2. Old English is highly phonetic, ‗Hamlet‘ we find ‗Mobled‘, ‗Mobled whereas we could find some illogical queen‘, ‗blood-boltered‘, ‗speak relationship between spelling and within door‘ etc., pronunciation in modern English. 4. Spenser gave us ‗blatant‘ and For example, ‗Sun‘ and ‗Son‘ are ‗braggadocio‘ pronounced almost without any 5. Milton coined ‗Pandemonium‘, variation in Sound. ‗anarch‘, ‗moon struck‘, ‗darkness 3. Varied and Vast treasure of words is visible‘, ‗human face divine‘, ‗fallen another noteworthy character of on evil days‘, ‗that last infirmity of modern English. The Roman, the noble minds‘ etc., Danes and the French left their 6. Dryden contributed many new indelible marks on English words imported from French Language. Phrases. 4. Freedom from dry lexicography and 7. Dr.Johnson, in his ‗Oxford English literal pedantry in another Dictionary‘ contributed many words characteristic feature of Modern like ‗acrimonious‘, ‗literature‘, English. Nowadays, the English ‗comic‘, ‗etiquette‘, ‗picnic‘, language has become flexible and ‗persiflage‘ etc., loft. Here one part of speech can 8. Edmund Burke contributed some of function for another, Verbs are the words like ‗colonization‘, employed as nouns as in ‗a wash‘, ‗a ‗colonial‘, ‗diplomacy‘, ‗federalism‘, cut‘ etc., and nouns are used as ‗expenditure‘, ‗financial‘, adjective as in ‗bus-station‘ and ‗municipality‘, ‗organization‘, ‗boy-friend‘. ‗representation‘, ‗resources‘ etc., 9. Walter Scott, the greatest of the Makers of English Langugage word-revivers contributed words 1. ‗Beowulf‘ is an example of early like ‗raid‘, ‗foray‘, ‗onslaughts‘, Anglo-Saxon distinct and ‗gruesome‘, ‗glamour‘, ‗free-lance‘, conventional vocabulary. ‗red-handed‘, etc., 2. Both Tyndale and Coverdale coined 10. Coleridge, coined some strange some new phrases in ‗The words like ‗phenomenal‘, Authorized Version of the Bible‘ ‗pessimism‘, ‗Elizabethan‘ etc., which we use as a valuable 11. Keats came forward with unusual treasure. words like ‗Pale misfeature‘, 3. Shakespeare contributed ten times ‗globbed peonies‘, ‗smooth and greater than any writer to the lavendered‘ etc., English language. Benjonson hails him as ‗He was not for an age but Why English Language is Important? for all times‘, ‗the applause, delight, 1. English has become one of the the wonder of our stage.‘ Thus in dominating languages of the world

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and hence one cannot easily ignore English and is being added every ISSN: 2456-5571 it. It is a language of science, year. aviation, computers, diplomacy and 8. English language can be used tourism. around the world as it is the 2. As English is the language of essential part of the curriculum in international communication, it is countries like Japan and South the official language of people Korea and is desired by millions of across the globe. It is also the most speakers in China. Therefore, if we common second language of the know English, we can travel around world. It is stated by the British every corner of the world. Council that by 2020, two billion 9. English is the language of the people in the world will be studying internet and as estimated, about English which will ease our 565 million people use internet communication with the global every day and about 52 percent of citizens. the world‘s most visited websites are 3. English is the language of displayed in the English language. international business as the 10. Also, English is a library language financial hubs exists in UK and as most famous and inevitable USA. For the global workforce and books are written in English in the cross-border business, English has fields of medicine, science, fiction, become inevitable. religion, philosophy, etc., and is a 4. As Hollywood is the powerhouse of token for majority of the job global entertainment, English has opportunities. become the main language for movie-making. Skills to be Developed in English 5. As the vocabulary of English is very Language Learning simple and flexible and it has 1. Knowledge and Understanding evolved from many languages, it is  Helps us develop our knowledge easy to learn and speak. and critical understanding of the 6. As English isa hybrid language principles, concepts and comprising Roman, French, Latin techniques in out subject. and German, it helps us to  Shows our awareness of current understand other languages easily. thinking and developments. 7. One of the significant features of 2. Analytical Skills English language is its flexibility as  Help us apply our knowledge we can find many difference ways to and understanding to issues and explain the same thing because of questions relevant to our its wide range of vocabulary. It has subject. been estimated that there are about  It also makes us select the 7,50,000 to 1 million words in appropriate techniques to

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analyze questions in our subject Different Methods for Teaching and and to synthesize, evaluate and Acquiring English Language Skills challenge information from (1) The Direct Method different areas of the context. The ‗Direct method‘ of teaching 3. Communication Skills English is also known as the Natural  It helps us to communicate method. Its main focus is oral skill and ideas, information and is taught via repetitive drilling. This arguments effectively to method of teaching is done directly in audience using collaborative and the target language. The learner is not group working. allowed to use his mother tongue and  It also makes us to communicate the grammar rules are avoided and complex information, ideas and there is emphasis on good arguments effectively using a pronunciation. style and appropriate language. (2) Grammar Translation Method 4. Skill of Information literacy This is the traditional or ‗classical‘  To find, critically evaluate and way of learning a language and its still use information or data commonly used when learning some accurately in a range of texts or languages. Learning is largely to and complex contexts. from the target language. Here 5. The Skill of learning how to grammar rules are to be memorized learn and vocabulary are learnt by heart.  To plan, monitor and review our (3) Audio-Lingual Method progress as an independent This method is also known as New learner and seek ways to Key method or Army method which is improve our performance. based on behaviorist theory that things 6. Practical and Professional Skills are able to be learned by constant  To Engage with practical and reinforcement. There is much practice professional skills and of dialogue and here learning a demonstrate an awareness of language means acquiring habits. New relevant ethical issues. language is first heard and extensively 7. Personal and Career development drilled before being seen in its written Skills form.  Recognize, record and (4) The Structural Approach communicate our skills and As the name suggests, the method knowledge to achieve our is all about structure. This method sees personal or career goals. languages as a complex of grammatical rules which are to be learnt one at a time in a set order.

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(5) Suggest opedia the students through careful ISSN: 2456-5571 This is a behaviorist theory and observation. related to pseudoscience. This theory is (9) Community Language Learning intended to offer learners various This is one of the English teaching choices which in turn helps them methods where the student feels the become more responsible for their safest as there is a strong bond and learning. This method relies heavily on relationship between the student and student‘s belief about the method‘s the teacher. Unlike other methods, a lot effectiveness. It suggests that a of LI(mother tongue) is used for language can be acquired only when translation purposes the learner is receptive and has no (10) Task Based Language Learning mental blocks. The focus on this method is the (6) Total Physical Response completion of a task. Frequently, Total Physical Response otherwise relevant and interesting tasks are set known as TPR is an approach that by the teacher and students are follows the idea of ‗learning by doing‘. expected to complete the task with Here the learner responds to simple their pre-existing knowledge of English commands such as ―stand up‖, ―close with a few errors. your book‖, ―Go to the window and (11) The Lexical Approach open it‖ and it stresses the importance It is based on computer studies that of aural comprehension. have previously identified the most (7) Communcative Language Teaching commonly used words. Here the This approach helps the learners to teaching focuses on vocabulary communicate more effectively and acquisition and learning lexical chunks correctly in realistic situations that in order of their frequency and use. they may find themselves in. This Here more authentic material and method builds strong personal links realistic scenarios are used. between the teacher and the student. Here, mother tongue is involved a lot. Conclusion (8) The Silent Way Here in this topic, we have seen the Here learner‘s autonomy is evolution of English language, its emphasized. The teacher acts as mere significance, skills of English language facilitator and encourages learner‘s and different methods of teaching active participation. There is a big English language. As English is a skill- emphasis on pronunciation in this oriented subject, its significance and method. In this method, the structural inevitability cannot be denied in the syllabus is followed and grammar, present context. As we have to update vocabulary and pronunciation are ourselves and keep in pace with the constantly drilled and recycled for current world, we have to master the reinforcement. The teacher evaluates skills of English Language. Though

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LSRW (Listening, Speaking, Reading 6. Jesperson, O. Growth and structure and Writing) are the basic skills in of the English Language. 6th learning a language. Several other Edition. Leipziz: 1930. skills like knowledge, analysis, 7. Jones, Daniel. An outline of English communication, information literacy, Phonetics. 8th edition. Cambridge: career development skills are dealt in 1952. this essay. We should adopt one or 8. Kerain, Anna. A History of English more teaching learning methods Language. Bareilly: 1970. discussed in this topic and master the 9. Pushpamala, B. (2016). Problems of skills of English language. B. Ed. Teacher Trainees in Teaching of English. Shanlax International References Journal of Education, 4(3), pp. 35- 1. Baugh, A.C. The History of English 41. Language. London: 1951. 10. Partridge, E. & Clark, J.W.A History 2. Bradley, H. The Making of English. of British and American English London: 1904. since 1900. London: 1960. 3. Gimson, A.C. An Introduction to the 11. Potter, Simeon. Modern Linguistics. Pronunciation of English, 2nd London: 1957. edition. London: 1970. 12. Sweet, Henry. A New English 4. Gokak, V.K. English in India: its Grammar, Logical and Historical, 2 Presence and Future. Bombay: Volumes. Oxford: 1982-1898. 1964.

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ISSN: 2456-5571 TOGETHER APART: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ON COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN KERALA

P. RAMIS SALAM Ph.D. Scholar Department of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Calicut

Abstract Kerala, a small state in South India, has been celebrated as a development model by scholars worldwide for its classic successes in human development and poverty reduction despite and comparatively low GDP growth. There was no surprise that, the Covid 19 pandemic that reported first in Kerala before any other states of India, it became a test case for the small state like Kerala model in dealing with such a huge crisis. Kerala renowned across the world once again as a successor in containing this unexpected pandemic; there is a phenomenon role by digital media in supporting with the execution of govt. Strategies on Covid-19. The objective of this review under goes the role of digital media, including social media, as a supporting platform for the Kerala as trajectory in achieving success and then confronting the unexpected reversal. It will examine how the decentralized institutions and provisions for healthcare, welfare, and safety nets, and realized a high degree of consensus and public trust. This review article will conclude by arguing that there is a phenomenal role of digital media, including Social media, to become the „Kerala Model‟ of Development and the govt. Successful in using digital platforms to gain this public trust. Keywords: digital media, campaign strategy, risk management, State, Health Care, Covid 19, Kerala Model of Development

Introduction professionals and solid leadership by The world is facing the dangerous the state governing bodies have to situation of pandemic Covid-19; his manage this system very effectively. epidemic puts rigorous pressure on the During this crisis, lack of healthcare system, economic,/ and awareness, knowledge, and social structures. The public and preparedness lead the health care staff private health care system is on the at danger situation. The dilemma is sharp point. They have to get the public how to overcome the risk by providing trust to achieve their goal of risk the right exposure current disease and management. Kerala Health its prevention to the public at a rate

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equivalent to or better than the is very important to use social media spreading epidemic. Simultaneously, a wisely as social media provide an massive amount of health-threatening opportunity to communicate the messages and misinformation is reasons for quarantine, provide comfort spreading at a faster rate than the and practical advice to pre-empt disease itself. The high quantity of this rumors and panic. Digital technologies false rumor is disseminated in the can overcome the social distancing digital era through social media constraints during mass quarantine, networks. Thus, providing live and and provide mental health support reliable information addressing critical resources and solidarity with those problems of infection control is, people in a lock-down situation. therefore, of key importance. This review outlines both the positive and Social Media and Miss Informing on negative influences of social media COVID-19 during the coronavirus epidemic on Role of Social Media during the COVID- health-care professionals and the 19 Outbreak in Kerala Contrary to general population. However, if popular belief, Covid-19 is not the first information is used wisely and ‗digital infodemic.‘ In the recent past, prudently, social media serves as a outbreaks of Nipahhad similar two-way powerful tool for changing people's relationships with media. However, the behavior and to promoting the well- notch of ‗media panic‘, the media being of individual and public health. consumption and its consequent Recent study into online social change in the public reaction have behavior during the COVID-19 been visible in much higher especially pandemic has largely focused on how during Covid-19. An article by Ayesha information and misinformation Anwar ‗Role of Mass Media and Public operate during a pandemic, so that Health Communications in the COVID- good information is a key enabler to 19 Pandemic (2020) in cureus journal combat the pandemic whereas Review highlights how the spread of misinformation can worsen its effects. apandemic and the resultant human Earlier studies point to the prevalence behavior can be influenced significantly and persistence of misinformation have by the flow of information. shown that misinformation on the Health communication and COVID-19 pandemic has been understanding of public health system especially persistent and spreads depend on how the data about an through online social networks quickly. illness is interpreted by the masses. Social media could be harnessed to Within every bit of news, there can be a support the public health care system. possibility of fake information. This For example, in China, during the misinformation becomes all the more massive community-wide quarantine, it crucial during a pandemic, especially

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when the fear of an unknown illness violence, especially at such times of ISSN: 2456-5571 without a definitive cure and nervous crisis. People from the other states, mind that tends to be easily accept the certain religious communities and miss information irrespective of visible lower socio-economic classes like the loopholes in their logic and reasoning. migrants, daily labors and expatriates One senseless forward of a wrong have already been victims of such message, in the wrong hands, can stigmatisation. Loads of statistics snowball the spread, increasing the about every single aspect of the virus acceptability as it moves along the makes no sense to the masses. This chain. Often, it end to loosen the will do more harm than good. People names of credible public health need more easily consumable remedies agencies like the govt. health setups and soft information to satisfy their and other administrative minds. arrangements. E.g.Miss Information circulated during the first wave of State administration to act against infection in China, implicating misinformation on pandemic ‗biological weaponry‘ in the origin of the There are many examples reported coronavirus. (Indian Express, 2020) related with miss information in Kerala Misinformation can make faulty like Kothamangalam issue and some treatments and non-compliance to other places. The district panic. On the other hand, appropriate administration will initiate stringent and suitable information has displayed action against those behind the to improve preparedness for infectious campaign to prove that the spread diseases and strengthen public health news was fake. The authorities have infrastructure, so that social media can identified that certain vested interests be a double-edged sword. A review by were worked on it. ŽanLep, Katarina Babnik and Initially, there are so many cases KajaHacin Beyazoglu (2020) in Journal took place like people are isolated from of Frontiers in Psychology points out the mainstream, didn‘t geta proper job, that social media reach has risen three didn‘t get regular health checkups and times during the Covid-19-related treatments, refused mental supports, lockdown period in India. lost the rental houses, didn‘t get any The lack of daily health-related chance to go back to their family information and miss information is especially those who from other district made people very insecure. It is indeed and other states. Didn‘t get food stuffs challenging to find a fine balance and even didn‘t get entry to own houses between technology dependency and or places. But later states administrate systematic healthcare data. Social systems worked on it and proper media-related blame and bothering can guidance leads the public more stress lead to stigma, marginalisation and release with the help of different

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platforms including the use of media Anas VV, a freelance designer from services. The Government used each Kannur, has come up with an and every scopes for resisting fake illustration on his Instagram page that information and made the public -well has 25 actors of Malayalam cinema out educated on the pandemic with the on the street as cops to ensure that the help of existing health set ups and lockdown is observed. It carried the health workers, mainstream media, tagline: ‗Stop, go home and stay safe!‘, social media, arts and sports clubs, It went viral after shared by some film Nehru Yuva Kendra, collaboration with stars on their Instagram page, with the religious leaders, ‗SannadhaSena‘ tag ‗Stay@Home, Save the World, Be a volunteers. Especially state government SUPERHERO!!!!‘. Later, He adds that trained own volunteers for the data the inspiration for the work was an collection and execution of proper illustration on social media that had information and guideline. This lead to leading Tamil actors in police uniforms. make available all the people with their (The Hindu, 2020) needs. There has been a fully-fledged Inspired by Anas‘ artwork, Arjun S app and website is run for covid-19 from Harippad in the Alappuzha related activities, which also helped to district also featured 14 actors in coordinate governmental and non- Mollywood in police uniform. It was governmental activities. bowled over by what Anas did and wanted to give it a try. He tagged all the Social Media with Positive Vibes actors in the illustration. (The Hindu, during the Pandemic 2020) Social media also utilized as a stress In the meantime, Art with a releasing platform during the message is also trending these days. pandemic. It helped to bridge the gap of Some others have been uploading physical social dispensing. Illustrations graphic images on different aspects of and artwork on Instagram and the battle against the COVID-19, since Facebook pages highlight different the first day of the lockdown; people aspects of the lockdown and battle experimented in social media with their against the Coronavirus, so digital works like stories, short films, tik-tok space becamethe most happening videos, YouTube works, and many place, with people giving free rein to more. their creativity. Artists and graphic designers have been putting up State Government Risk illustrations and art works related to Communication, Community different aspects of the COVID-19 Engagement and Strategies pandemic on social media. Kerala state govt. initiated an One such artist draws inspiration awareness campaign named ‗Break the from the stars of Malayalam cinema. Chain‘ was successful in promoting the

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importance of hand hygiene, physical down, also documented about the other ISSN: 2456-5571 distancing and cough etiquette. Hand state workers. All these activities are washing stations were installed in coordinated with the help of social notable locations, including railway media. stations airports, hospitals, bus stations, and Auto taxi stands, public Virtual Social Distancing spaces like Panchayath and Taluk Although the lockdown became offices and Police station, Colleges, problematic in the public, Alessandro Schools and may more, to instill a Gabbiadini, Cristina Baldissarri, behaviour change. The Kerala Arogyam highlighted that the reduction of face- portal was launched by the Department to-face interactions, the loss of of Health and Family Welfare with freedom, and uncertainty lead to comprehensive information on COVID- dramatic psychological effects. A recent 19. ‗Covid Jagratha‘ portal and study by Joseph T (2020)showed that Directorate of Health Services website using digital tech. for communications was launched by the Department of and virtual meetings could represent a Health and Family Welfare with supportive tool to manage the negative comprehensive information on COVID- consequences of the social distancing 19. imposed during the COVID-19 The high literacy rate in the state outbreak in Kerala by assisting social and the empowered women self-help support. groups -Kudumbashree helped the As suggested by Martha Powell cause in a big way. Kudumbashree (2021), online communications can formed close to 1.9 lakh WhatsApp improve social relationships, especially groups with 22 lakh neighborhood when close off-line relationships are groups (NHGs) to educate on key safety not available, such as during an measures as advocated by the ongoing lockdown. He argues that, government during the lockdown. digital communications can have Community Kitchen initiative through positive effects, allowing people to the Local Self Government Department empathize with socially distant (LSGD) with the support of individuals, fostering emotional and Kudumbasree has monitored over these informational support (Kristine De social media platforms. By using digital Valck, 2020) A disposition pattern of media, provided mental supports and social distancing, beyond the counseling to those who are in containment strategy to reduce the quarantine, isolation, destitute and spread of the virus, could have broader other needy persons. Coordinated the societal effects, particularly for the volunteers and collected the data most vulnerable (Robert Connor Chick, regarding the people who are stuck 2020). outside their home town during lock

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During the ongoing pandemic, energy to reproduce similar works. Free instead of being what the sociologist and rapid access to high-quality WajahatHussain(2020) has termed information from verifiable sources is ―alone together,‖ we have access to valued to optimize the global medical digital tools that previous generations response to crises such as the COVID- could not have imagined, and we can 19 pandemic. now invent new and socially meaningful ways of being together Conclusion apart. Technology can be used for social connectedness rather than isolating us Uses of Mainstream Media for Data in our own digital spaces. In the Propagation current COVID-19 pandemic, social The theory explains that, original media has the potential and maturely figures will help to make aware the used, to provide rapid and effective people more easily, so state govt. tried dissemination routes for key to present daily statistics of illness and information. Examples validate this other related relevant information to possibility. Well-designed info graphics the public via Radio and TV live. That have the potential to provide concise helped the people to be more vigilant and practical information to and stay secured. State has given all institutions and healthcare workers, the required information and guidelines these information are associated with via traditional, digital and mainstream higher reader preference and lower media platforms. This resulted in cognitive capacity. Moreover, making Kerala‘s model of controlling epidemic infographics easily accessible, Facebook pages of Kerala Police engaging, reusable and modifiable to fit contributed a lot to this. local needs and user requirements is Ms.Payden, Acting WHO more likely to meet the requirements of Representative to India attributes information consumers. Social media Kerala‘s success in effectively coordination by govt. helps to develop responding to the COVID-19 to its an infographic and route map to experience and systematic investment control the widespread of illness and in health systems, risk communication ensured safety in the context of COVID- and community engagement, early 19. detection and broad social support. Govt. disseminated the data via (2020) social media including Twitter, FB and The info graphic allowed several Whatsapp. The method of institutions to utilize the time- dissemination was rapidly and well consuming work already done in the received by the community, resulting in original documentation, and it helps to locally facilitated precautions. Many avoid repeated investment of time and collaborations also enabled to specify

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and modifications of the existing data languages to a range of social media ISSN: 2456-5571 to merge with local practices. More platforms. This will enhance the ability importantly, through social media of public health system and relevant platforms and personal patrons to respond to and understand communication, numerous reputable the social dynamics of wide-spread of organisations, including the WHO information and misinformation about areutilized the data and info graphic as the pandemic and to control measures. a resource for their respective It will also reduce community panic. healthcare communities. This Nevertheless, all this requires redistribution of the material through people to be connected to technology. additional, highly accessed and trusted Unfortunately, these technological dissemination platforms markedly solutions aren‘t available to those increases the value of the Data, The already at a higher risk of infection, rapid uptake and sharing across such as the elderly, ill people, and networks helped to make attention of those living in poverty. The lack of the public and helps to drive the people reliable access to online services may, accordingly. therefore, represent an additional burden for those with less access to Scope and Limitations of Social material and social resources to buffer Media the negative effects of the pandemic There are limitations to the lockdown. Thus, government should dissemination of digital media, consider implementing strategies to including social media resources, and reduce the digital divide in the near before considering implementation, future, offering affordable access to health workers must appraise the communication technologies. information critically. Known risks of non-peer–reviewed materials References disseminated via social medial include 1. Anwar, A., Malik, M., Raees, V., the application of context-specific & Anwar, A. (2020). Role of resources to unsuitable situations; Mass Media and Public Health biased knowledge within echo chamber Communications in the COVID-19 and algorithm-driven filter bubbles that Pandemic. Cureus. selectively display information based on https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10 user preferences, and insufficient 453 source information available to 2. Athira M, Athira, M., & distinguish between valid and invalid Nagarajan, S. (2020, April 9). Covid- information. 19: Social media is abuzz with We are fit for the development of a pandemic-related works posted by real-time info.sharing system, drawing artists from Kerala. The Hindu. from data and analyses from multiple

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3. Chathukulam, J., & Front Sci. Tharamangalam, J. (2021). The https://doi.org/10.37978/tijfs.v4i2. Kerala model in the time of 144 COVID19: Rethinking state, society 7. Lep, Ž., Babnik, K., & Beyazoglu, K. and democracy. Elsevier Public H. (2020). Emotional Responses and Health Emergency Collection. Self-Protective Behavior Within https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev Days of the COVID-19 Outbreak: .2020.105207 The Promoting Role of Information 4. Chick, R. C. (2020). Using Credibility. Frontiers in Psychology, Technology to Maintain the 11. Education of Residents During the https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.202 COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of 0.01846 Surgical Education. 8. Powell, M. (2021). What role can the 5. Gabbiadini, A., Baldissarri, C., media play in managing the COVID- Durante, F., Valtorta, R. R., Rosa, 19 outbreak? Infectious Diseases M. D., & Gallucci, M. (2020). Hub. Together Apart: The Mitigating Role 9. ValckKnowledge@HEC impactful of Digital Communication research for todays leaders, K. D. Technologies on Negative Affect (2020). What is the Role of Social During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Media during the COVID-19 Crisis? Italy. Frontiers in Psychology. Knowledge@HEC Impactful https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.202 Research for Todays Leaders. 0.554678 6. Hussain, W. (2020). Role of social Media in COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J

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ISSN: 2456-5571 TOWARDS ‘STORIED HEALTH’:

POST-TRUTH IN ADVERTISEMENTS

GIFTY MARIAM ALEXY Postgraduate Department of English Mar Ivanios College (Autonomous) Thiruvananthapuram

Abstract Health has now become a product or an event that is now described and defined to us through advertisements. Health is constructed for us in such images and narratives that it creates the very idea of a healthy body. Nowadays, health is not just a state of wellness but a consumer ideology. Health is ‘branded’ by the construction of particular meanings about the body, its anatomy, pathology, physiology and appearance in advertisements for its consumption like any other product today. Our interpretation of what is health is based on the information we possess about conditions of sound bodies from these advertisements. In other words, we assess the condition of our body based on the discourses on ‘healthy’ bodies that we encounter in these advertisements. Thus, analysing how health is branded through advertising reveals a set of ideologies. Hence, we get disinformation about health from different stories that we receive from advertisements, which leads to ‘storied health’ in this age of post-truth. Through advertisements, consumers are made to believe that ‘health’ is the energy and stamina to engage in physical sports, health is connected to confidence and a good smile, only thin bodies are healthy, health is the ability to continue to do everything that one did during childhood and it is the ability to lift other people and to do crazy exploits. They repeatedly assert this opinion which contradicts the fact. All these discourses bear false information regarding the condition of health. Thus, public opinion is framed by false notions rather than the truth factor. This plays a major role in the creation of the age of Post-Truth. Keywords: Advertisements, post-truth, health, ideology

Introduction is now described and defined to us In a society, human beings differ through advertisements. We keep a concerning their biology and their check on our bodies based on our beliefs. The basic aim of advertisements knowledge of what health is. The is to change the behaviour and everyday advertisements project health perception of consumers. Health has as a resource that we need to guard now become a product or an event that and take care of in our day-to-day life.

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Health is constructed for us in such ensure that health is packaged in it. images and narratives that it creates This plays a major role in the creation the very idea of a healthy body. Thus, of the age of Post-Truth. To showcase advertisements have medicalized our how advertisements represent health or lives. Brands through advertisements fitness, this paper has chosen to study ensure that consumers have acquired six different visual advertisements in sufficient knowledge about health. mass media. The analysis of selected Nowadays, health is not just a state of six advertisements are as follows: wellness but a consumer ideology. Our 1. Boost- #PlayABiggerGame 4.0 knowledge of what is right and wrong This advertisement starts with a group about bodies comes through such of young cricketers in a cricket field discourses. and the captain is giving instructions Health is „branded‟ by the to his teammates. A boy came running construction of particular meanings to join them, but the captain does not about the body, its anatomy, pathology, allow him and calls him a small boy. physiology and appearance in He asks the little boy to go beyond the advertisements for its consumption like boundary line as on that day they are any other product today. going to practice with the Indian cricket Advertisements remind us about our team captain, Virat Kohli. On hearing lifestyle diseases and emphasize diet this, the rest of the players laughs and and control. Our interpretation of what ridicules the small boy. Before the is health is based on the information match starts, the small boy drinks the we possess about conditions of sound energy drink named Boost. And when bodies from these advertisements. In the match starts, the boy is shown other words, we assess the condition of fielding the ball perfectly every time it our body based on the discourses on crosses the boundary line. The boy „healthy‟ bodies that we encounter in shows great stamina and energy than these advertisements. Thus, we get any other big, talented and experienced disinformation about health from players in the field which impresses different stories that we receive from Kohli and he enquires who that boy is? advertisements, which leads to „storied Even though the young player health‟ in this age of post-truth. dismisses him with utmost contempt Advertisements deliver various as a fielder outside the field and dimensions of sickness and health – therefore insignificant, Kohli invites the the nature of the disease, the context of boy to play along with them in the field. disease, the possible prevention and Again, after having Boost he started cure. All this information leads to an playing with others and heroically plays extreme preoccupation with personal better than Kohli and even made him health which is called “healthism” run out. Then the advertisement (Moulting 62). Several advertisements declares that no challenge is big

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enough if you have great stamina. represented and consumers are made ISSN: 2456-5571 Subsequently, the advertisement shows to believe that health is the energy and Kohli selecting the boy in his team ability to engage in physical sports and which turns out to be the greatest exercise which is a post-truth idea achievement in the career of a budding propagated through the branding of player. The brand Boost claims to have health drinks. The number of proteins, energy-rich cereals and advertisements featuring health drinks nutrients which give threefold stamina. that enable a child to play an In the end, both the boy and Kohli intellectual game like chess is very declare that Boost is the secret of their minimal. This meansa sporting body energy. with physical stamina and energy is Like any other health drink read as a sign of health because we advertisement, this advert also portrays have been bombarded with the images a child consuming the health drink, of the same. Boost. It is inspired throughout by 2. Colgate Strong Teeth – School Virat Kohli whose cricketing exploits This advertisement for the brand imply a healthy body. These kinds of Colgate begins with a mother advising advertisements show that only her little daughter to enjoy her day as it youngsters with a healthy body can is her first day in the school. As she engage in sports. Since the other boys walks into the school, she is called by do not consume Boost, they are not some tall girls as „little packet‟ as if able to excel in the field of cricket. trying to ascertain the authority of Other boys do not have the energy, seniors on their juniors. They ask her stamina and health to engage in sports. to come close and enquire about her But the boy who consumes Boost, even name. The little girl tells her name with though he is not an experienced player, full confidence and in turn, asks the has the stamina and health to name of the seniors fearlessly with a overthrow the Indian cricket team smile on her face. The advertisement captain Kohli who is supposed to be shows that this act from the part of the the best cricketer in India. The boy has little girl dissolves the tension of the achieved this success only because he situation and made the seniors at ease. regularly consumes Boost. Kohli has Her mother is happy watching this and also admitted that his secret of energy gives her a flying kiss. The which made him the best player in the advertisement further points to the cricket world is also Boost. This consumers and says that the mother indirectly suggests that one can only lays the foundation of her inner play like Kohli and can achieve his strength which is reflected in her smile. status and health or can become better The advertisement goes on to say that than him by simply consuming Boost the smile of the girl is strengthened every day. Therefore, health has been from within with the help of Colgate

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Strong Teeth. Then a person wearing a without being aware of the extent to white coat, who is presumably a doctor, which they are affected. When medical informs the consumers that this expertise talks about the product, the product increases the amount of consumers are influenced and get normal calcium of teeth along with convinced of the benefits of the product increasing the strength of the teeth and they continue to buy the product from within, with the help of as if it is the best. When this same Aminoshakthi. Then the advertisement fictional story is repeated again and shows the laughing kid once again. again, people change their perception This particular toothpaste and subconsciously get convinced that advertisement conveys a post-truth this is the truth, when in reality there idea that only a person using the is no natural connection between product, Colgate Strong Teeth, will confidence, genuine smile and teeth. In have healthy strong teeth which in turn this way, this advertisement leads to confidence, happiness and a contributes to the making of the age of pleasant genuine smile from within. post-truth. The advertisers have done this 3. Orthoherb Oil – Flying Disk branding by combining two extreme The advertisement for the brand factors like the health of the teeth and Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb begins with essential elements that must come the scene of a mother who is happily from within a person like confidence playing with her daughter. While she is and genuine strong smile. They claim playing, she feels an intense pain on that they use aminoshakthi which is her hip joint which stops her from their unique formula containing continuing the game. The daughter out Arginine with an insoluble source of of curiosity asks what happen to her calcium and fluoride which helps to and goes and takes Orthoherb oil. After add natural calcium from saliva to applying the oil on her mother‟s hip, teeth through fluoride action. To lend a the pain is no more and then the certain amount of legitimacy and advertisement shows the picture of the medical authority to this discourse, mother lifting her daughter without any they depict a person wearing a white difficulty and swirling her around. The coat which conveys to the public, the advertisement ends with the statement idea that the person is a doctor who that if you want immediate relief from could be trusted and relied upon by the pain use Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb public. The scientifically challenged Oil. public, develop opinions, conclusions, This particular advertisement gives and choices depending upon this the information that as we get old, information which is passed on to diseases grow with us and one such them. This is hegemonical as it disease or discomfort is joint pain happens without their knowledge and which is depicted here.

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This is the best example of an hoodie and on turning back she sees ISSN: 2456-5571 “informational culture of health” (Nair two thin women with perfect body 11). According to Pramod K. Nair, we shape coming after attending a yoga get to know about diseases not only class. On seeing them she decides to through personal experience but also attend a yoga class to achieve her goal through the „informational culture of of becoming thin. But even after doing health‟. This advertisement implies that all the exercises, she remains fat and as you get old, you would not be able to her big fat belly is still there. Then do everything that you did in your Shraddha Kapoor, a famous young childhood with the same ease. But this Bollywood actress, comes to her and brand implies that you do not have to tells her to have green tea in addition to keep away from doing whatever you did whatever exercises she does to get in your childhood just because of the better results and to maintain perfect pain in your joints. Orthoherb oil will body shape. Shraddha Kapoor further help you to continue whatever you did tells her that Lipton Green Tea boosts when you were young with the same metabolism and reduces body fat. Then ease and thus you can continue to be both of them are shown to be having healthy and fit lifelong. Hence one can Lipton Green Tea together and the make sure that “quality of life does not advertisement ends by stating that decline with age” (Bezbaruah). This also „Make Lipton Green Tea a habit‟. shows that old people have a lust for This advertisement works as a youth. This advertisement creates an discourse in which the state of being ideology that a person is healthy only if fat is shown as a disruptive condition s/he can do whatever they did when that demands immediate attention to they were young. This is the post-truth the bodies and to find a practical idea on which this brand tries to be solution to the problem. The cult of successful. appearance and increasing celebrity 4. Lipton Eenie Meenie branding has been on high since the When this advertisement featuring late 1990s. In this advertisement, a Lipton Green Tea begins, a woman is healthy body is shown to be having a shown to be looking and analysing perfect shape, a slim body and skinny herself on a mirror after finishing her flat bellies and the ones who do not jogging for the day. She is wearing a have these parameters are not fit to be tight dress which reveals her body in the category of being healthy. Once shape evidently and she becomes information is made available to us unhappy when she finds that jogging about what the „healthy‟ body should has not played any role in changing her be, it becomes contingent upon us to body and she is still fat with a act responsibly and stay healthy as protruding belly. The intimidated unlike other commodities health is woman tries to hide it by using her common for all and people should stay

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healthy to live longer. It invokes the any better result but a combination of emergence of creating a healthy self- Lipton Green Tea with the other two ideal which creates an urge to reach factors will give the desired outcome. and sustain that ideal. It conflicts the To lend an air of legitimacy, they way we have perceived our bodies thus introduce Shraddha Kapoor, a far. The state of being fat is shown as a glamorous thin and fit Bollywood crisis in both psychological and in actress who has a great body shape looks. The fact that she is intimidated and is looked upon as a role model by by her looks shows that the form and all young and old women. Here she appearance of the body are connected suggests that the reason for her thin to the identity and confidence of a body and fitness is Lipton Green Tea as person in addition to faith in the she is shown to be consuming the appearance of his or her body. But green tea in the advertisement. She not Lipton shows that body is prone to only consumes it but also recommends modification and it can be perfected it to another woman. Since people have and reconstructed if you give proper a lust for youth which is considered to care to it by drinking Lipton Green Tea. be the healthy phase in one‟s life, But this can only be achieved by the people will continue to buy the product continued use of this product. This to be healthy and to stay young leads to a change and reconstruction in lifelong. The advert shows the way one‟s identity. human understanding is exploited and This is the „age of perfectible body‟ through repeated watching of the ad it (Nair 14). This advertisement makes us knowingly or unknowingly drills into aware of our shape, form, size and also the psyche of consumers some kind of conveys that body can be modified. The truth. This brand works on the post- advertisement depicts the condition of truth idea that only thin and fit bodies being fat as a problem and offers the are healthy and alluring. Hence, to consumption of Lipton Green Tea as a become healthy by having a perfect solution to the same. It leads the shape and thin body, one should consumers to think that extra fat and consume Lipton Green Tea. protruding belly should not be a part of 5. In Shape their body and shows that their body This advertisement begins with a can be changed and reconstructed. woman, who is a mother, taking care of Thus, the whole concept of body is her baby. The advertisement states that linked to the perfectible image. This the product, In Shape elastic branding elevates the value of Lipton abdominal binder, helps a person to get Green Tea in one‟s life while degrading back the shape of her body after healthy exercises and yoga to a pregnancy and surgery. Meanwhile, the secondary position by claiming that mother is shown to be doing exercises yoga and exercise alone does not give by wearing this product. The brand

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claims that this is the easiest and the a product that is meant to be reducing ISSN: 2456-5571 scientific way to get back the shape fat in the body, they give predominance and structure of the body. In the end, a to the glamorization of thinness. Thus, thin girl wearing a glamorous dress the branding of In Shape elastic very proudly urges the consumers to abdominal binder thrive on the post- get In Shape and shape their truth idea that thin bodies are healthy, confidence. beautiful and attractive and only people This advertisement also emphasizes having such bodies will have the the notion that doing exercise is not confidence to face the world. This enough to acquire a healthy body but influences the choices made by the one should wear the product In Shape public. to get a perfectly healthy body. The 6. Horlicks Protein – Madhavan advertisement also conveys that it is At the beginning of the advertisement, not natural and acceptable to be fat it portrays a famous Tollywood after pregnancy or after surgery. One celebrity actor Madhavan in his can show the world that they continue shooting location. When he sees the to be healthy by remaining thin and helper boy carrying a protein drink attractive. This advertisement depicts with no specific brand name, he health as something that we can disdainfully speaks to himself that, achieve by bodily control and it is again there is the same old protein shown by wearing the belt around the drink. He points at the old looking fat stomach all the time. We can see the man who is drinking the ordinary glamorization of being thin in this protein drink with no brand name and advertisement where it claims that one says as if directing to the consumers can shape their confidence only by that if one does not take the initiative wearing In Shape and hence becoming to change something, nothing is going thin. An idea is also being created here to change. Then the advertisement goes that the form and appearance of the on to show the family man Madhavan. body are linked to a person‟s Madhavan says that he wants to confidence and faith in her appearance. become not only a husband but also a Femininity becomes hegemonic in these boyfriend again and then he lifts his discourses because of certain kinds of wife. This is watched and applauded by femininity that gain dominance over a group of people who are shown to be others in specific cultural and political jealous of his health and strength. contexts. This advertisement caters to Then the scene moves on to Madhavan the cultural prejudice and ideology that working on his two-wheeler and there a person, especially a woman, can be are his two children sitting with him regarded as healthy only if she is thin, and helping him. Then he further says has a flat skinny belly and a perfect that he wants to become not only a dad body shape. Since this brand produces for his children but also a friend and

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lifts his two children simultaneously of consumers. The “culture of with his hands. Then the scene moves expertise” (Nair 17) also plays an on to a photoshoot of Madhavan. The important role here as the brand finds photographer asks him to try Madhavan, a famous Tollywood actor something different to which Madhavan who is emulated by the younger and replies that he will do something crazy healthier generation, to be very and not normal and then he stands masculine and one who is shown in upside down on the couch. Everyone films as a healthy and strong person becomes enthusiastic and takes who takes over his enemies very numerous pictures. Then the heroically. Hence the brand finds a advertisement takes us to another good promoter for their product in him. scene where Madhavan grabs Horlicks This culture of expertise generates Protein Plus bottle from his bag and as desire in the minds of the public as he prepared his Horlicks Protein drink, people tend to emulate the celebrities he urges the public to listen to what and to become like them. Here, “fit „the changed‟ Madhavan has to say. body is set up as a goal, which When he says „changed‟ Maddy, the presupposes desirability” (Nair 17). advertisement shows him looking at a This advertisement also portrays that a newspaper where there are two fat man is not healthy but a healthy pictures of Madhavan – one which has person should be masculine and strong a gentleman look wearing a suit and enough to be able to lift his wife and another picture in which he is standing children and to show some extreme shirtless and revealing his bare craziness like standing upside down in masculine body. Then he drank his public. Madhavan here admits that his Horlicks Protein Plus drink and holding health, youth and strength is the result the Horlicks bottle in his hand he of consuming Horlicks Protein Plus. declares that if one changes something, Here comes the „hegemonic everything will change. Then the masculinity‟ of the muscled, fit and advertisement asserts that the triple healthy male. “Hegemonic Masculinity blend formula of Horlicks Protein Plus is a term used by R.W. Connell for the contains three high-quality proteins first time in 1979 which refers to and three times the normal protein specific kinds of masculinity that gain which gives a person energy every day. dominance over other kinds in specific The advertisement ends by proclaiming cultural, historical and political that Horlicks Protein Plus is the better contexts” (Beasley 192). This protein for a better youth. advertisement is the best example of The advertisement shows Madhavan hegemonic masculinity as it portrays to be distinct everywhere and thus this how Madhavan, who is in a position of advertisement throws light on the power to influence the public, had desire to be distinct that is in the heart

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legitimized, reinforced and naturalized do extraordinary things that are not ISSN: 2456-5571 his power. capable of normal human beings. The brand also compares the product with another normal protein Conclusion drink having no specific brand name. In most of the advertisements on How Madhavan disdains the normal health, strength, and fitness, aged protein drink creates an opinion in the people are left out, moulding a belief minds of the consumers that the that only a youthful body is worth to be products other than Horlicks Protein looked at and talked about. Hence all Plus or any other product that does not these advertisements are packaged in have a high brand name cannot be such a way that an individual is shown trusted and does not give better results to be “an active subject who can than Horlicks Protein Plus. This is transform her/his life while, at the depicted in the advertisement by same time, locating her/him as showing the person who drinks normal somebody whose choices are protein drinks to be fat, dull, aged and predetermined by the structures s/he inactive. Another branding strategy inhabits” (Nair 37). In this post-modern used by the brand is „pornography of consumer culture, people are tempted fitness‟ (Nair 17) because this with consumer products like Coca-Cola advertisement also stimulates and and Lays that add to their body weight excite the consumers. The changed and on the other hand, they are asked Madhavan in the newspaper is shown to curb their food intake and look to be muscled, hairless, cleanshaven anorexic. Thus, this ideological drive and tanned to excite and to make the creates a contradictory discourse for a public curious. This discourse implies perfect body. It asks, invites and pleads the idea that muscled body and with citizens to eat more, play more strength is the ultimate goal of every and shop more. Simultaneously the man and masculinity is regarded in same consumer culture markets health terms of the muscle a man possesses. products and diet foods. It is not just This advertisement focuses on the man‟s consciousness about „health‟ individual but the brand has taken that is exploited through care to modify it towards the happiness advertisements. On a wider canvas it of the family by bringing in how only a throws light upon the psychology of healthy man can be more romantic to humans as they do not attach too his wife and a superhero for his much truth value to anything they see children. The last line of the in adverts, they get easily swayed by. advertisement also shows the lust for The brands retell the stories that best youth people have in them. Health has suits their products and this shapes been represented here as an ability to the opinions and beliefs of the people and subconsciously they get convinced

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that it is the truth. This leads to the health is the ability to continue to do formation of an age of post-truth where everything that one did during public opinions are being framed by childhood and it is the ability to lift false notions and ideologies rather than other people and to do crazy exploits. the truth factor. They repeatedly assert this opinion Post-truth refers to ideological which contradicts the fact. All these supremacy whereby its practitioners discourses bear false information are trying to compel someone to believe regarding the condition of health. These in something whether there is good statements are inaccurate, aimed at evidence to prove it or not. Through disinforming the consumers to capture mass media, we create, share and attention and to earn profits. The consume unprecedented quantities of analysis of these advertisements shows „content‟. The paper argued that our that we are fatigued with opinions perception of health is mediated by masquerading as facts. Public opinion discourses circulating in mass media. is framed by false notions rather than Everyone wishes to be strong, healthy the truth factor. Consumers are made and full of energy, which is exploited by available of a conceptual framework, advertisements. The article analysed belief systems and an envelope of discourses that medicalized everyday opinions within which an individual‟s lives through an informational culture thinking, actions, responses and of health and the ideologically potent emotional state occur. Hence, narratives of healthism. Through advertising is paving way for an advertisements, health becomes a intimidating era of post-truth by product, a desirable entity, a condition generating particular meanings and by of life and an element of consumer emphasizing the emotional appeal. culture. Health is packaged as one that is acquirable through the purchase and References use of particular commodities. Thus, 1. Bezbaruah, S. “Lust for Youth.” analysing how health is branded India Today, 2004, through advertising reveals a set of archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/ ideologies. Healthism thrives on the 20040315/cover.html. Accessed 20 projection of particular bodies as Mar. 2020. desirable and as norms. The cult of 2. Boost. Youtube, 11 Jan. 2019, perfectible body reigns supreme in https://youtu.be/0qXbbA8dM6o. advertisements. Through advertisements, 3. Colgate Strong Teeth. Youtube, 27 consumers are made to believe that Feb. 2020, youtu.be/w4L0ixLBD6w. „health‟ is the energy and stamina to 4. Healthy Home Starts with Lizol. engage in physical sports, health is Youtube, 25 Mar. 2019, connected to confidence and a good youtu.be/0DNx8VeBG5Y. smile, only thin bodies are healthy,

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5. Horlicks Protein Plus. Youtube, 18 promotion program.” Critical Public ISSN: 2456-5571 Mar. 2018, youtu.be/BhH2dsBGIBs. Health, vol. 17, no. 1, 2007, pp. 57- 6. In Shape. Youtube, 69. youtu.be/bnXsWl8j_eU. 9. Nair, Pramod K. Packaging Life: 7. Lipton Green Tea. Youtube, Cultures of the Everyday, Sage, youtu.be/EXS4QDzmMPE. 2009. 8. Moulting, Nicole T. “Love your body, 10. Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Oil. move your body, feed your body: Youtube, 6 Mar. 2018, Discourses of self-care and social youtu.be/5wS3hJqWtEc. marketing in a body image health

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MAHABHARATHA: - ITS INFLUENCE ON LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND VISUAL ARTS

Beena Manohar Research Scholar Department of English Bangalore University Karnataka

Abstract Mahabharatha, the greatest history and mythology of all times and its Influence on literature, science and visual Arts, is universally accepted and resolved without leaving a second option. Iravathi Karve‟s collection of essays Yugantha speaks not only about the greatness of the epic characters in Mahabharatha, but also most importantly about the flaws in these epic characters. In this paper, I have chosen some famous characters like Bhishma, Yudhistra, Ashwathamma from the collection of essays by Iravathi Karve‟ to understand the flaws in great characters, though they are known for their warrior skills. The paper also talks about the not so famous or much talked about characters like Vidura, Yuyutsu and Barbarik, these characters are not as famous but are well known in the epic Mahabharatha. These characters were greater than the main characters as they corrected their flaws which were present in them. The paper throws light on some facts and events of the war that changed the fate of the earth. Yugantha is the ending of Dwaparayuga and the beginning of Kaliyuga. Mahbharatha is the greatest detailed historical record we have in epic form and in this paper, I intend to study its influence on Literature, Mythology, Science, Visual Arts and Visual medium of storytelling Keywords: kaliyuga, fruitless sacrifice, prologues, swayamvaram, logical explanation,.pratigya

Introduction Devavratha to take a terrible vow ‗I will Iravathi Karve tells in her collection of not claim the kingdom‘. When essays in her book Yugantha that it Dasharaja, however claimed your was Bhishma who had wronged Amba. children may fight for the kingdom, He She tells that Bhishma‘s whole life has took a second vow more difficult than been a fruitless sacrifice. She questions the first ‗I shall remain unmarried for why did he even have to accept the the whole of my life‘. Hence, he got the generalship of the Kaurava army in his name Bhishma ‗the terrible oath old age? It is because Satyavati‘s father taker‘.1 The result was far worse than wanted the kingdom only for his what Satyavathi‘s father Dasharaja daughter‘s children that forced ever imagined or Bhishma could ever

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think of. The war was not just claiming understanding and a totally new ISSN: 2456-5571 kingdoms but it was washing away the dimension to the relationship and entire Nation. If Bhishma knew about affection between Yudhishthira and these consequences he would not have Vidura as these two were father and given a terrible oath. But being a son; a new perspective to the epic is cursed being he was burdened to take emerged. According to Iravathi Karve ―If care of his step-mother and her two Dharma is the natural son of Vidura sons. As pointed out by Iravathi Karve and the legal son of Pandu, the whole ―The day he brought Satyavathi and Mahabharatha conflict is no longer married her to his father was like a between the sons of Dhritarashtra and prologue to his later life.‖ (pg 13). Pandu, but among the sons of all three When Bhishma abducted Kashi brothers.‖ (p. 77). This perspective princess, he did not even ask Amba gives a broader and deeper insight to who was in love with Shalva, whether the epic, whether one believes in this she was interested to marry theory or not, this statement makes us Vichitravirya. Amba‘s vow to kill think on a different level of Bhishma brought his much-awaited understanding of the story. It does give end. The story Mahabharatha has given us a point to ponder that Vidura and writers like Iravathi Karve and many Yudhishthira could have been father others for an opportunity for and son after all. She reinforces the re-interpretation and a scope for statement by the Upanishads; there is re-narration of famous characters like a description of what a man nearing Bhishma and to deconstruct the death is to do: he should lie on the bare character to understand it from a ground, and make his son lie on top of women‘s point of view. him, saying. ‗Son, I give you my organs,‘ The son should reply, ‗I Father and Son: Vidura and accept‘. In this way the dying man Yudhishthira transfers all his power, wealth, and Yudhishthira is Vidura‘s son according intelligence to his son. This last to Iravathi Karve‘s re-interpretation; meeting between Dharma and Vidura she supports the argument by various seems to describe the same kind of instances. ―Vysa came to Dhritarashtra transfer. These interpretations seem and said, ‗Vidura is Yama incarnate‘, believable and logical, if it is true or born to Vichitravirya‘s maid-servant not, it may or may not be possible to and through my yogic powers; and he, find out, but the re-narration definitely in his turn, through yogic powers, gave gives a re - understanding of the epic. birth to Yudhishthira, the king of the Kurus. He who is Dharma is Vidura Yugantha Gives a Chronological and he who is Vidura is Pandava.‖ Order of Events (p. 76 -77). She gives a new Iravathi Karve has tried to make Mahabharatha logical and

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chronological, thus making it a very the dangerous weapon back, he was believable story rather than an adamant and did not take it back. He unbelievable and a supernatural directed the magical and most powerful mythology. Some logical chronology weapon Brahmastra to Uttara‘s womb according to her is when she states causing a miscarriage, later Krishna Bhishma was the crown prince. He had brought Uttara‘s son back to life. This already been trained in archery, so he decision which he thought was a way to must have been at least sixteen, when avenge was in fact a deadly sin he Vichitravirya was born he must have committed that made Krishna curse been thirty-four. Assuming Pandu him, ―You will live for thousands of ascended the throne and married at years. You will wander ceaselessly sixteen he must have been fifty – two, through forests and deserts. No living Bhishma must have been seventy-one man will shelter you.‖ All the other at the time of Draupadi‘s swayamvaram generals had died as warriors. and she says that he must have been Ashwathamma alone was doomed to a over 90 years old or even hundred at life more terrible than death. the time of war. All these logical This incident enlightens us on how explanations make us believe in the a dreadful wrong decision can turn into credibility of the story it makes us a curse in one‘s life. Ashwathamma is a think that the war could have been good example of how a man with so factual and indeed it has taken place much super powers can completely nearly 5000 years ago. The great destroy himself. There are some warriors who had super human powers historians who argue that the magical were actually human beings with weapon Brahmastra, which could have natural human flaws. destroyed the world, seems to have destroyed the Mangal Graha and its life Ashwathamma – The One with the forms on the planet Mars. We as Terrible Curse human beings can learn our life Ashwathamma is one the greatest lessons from these stories and learn to warriors of the Mahabharatha he is protect our planet earth. said to be the one carrying the cruelest curse caused by Shri Krishna himself. Men of Great Character and Greater Ashwathamma is said to be equal to Decisions in The Epic Mahabharatha Arjuna in using the magical weapons. Vidura was the son of Vyasa and was But the decisions taken in his life made born to a maid servant; hence he could him the most vulnerable to his own not be a successor to the throne. But life‘s decisions. The son of Dronacharya he was forever loyal to Dhritharashtra who was skilled to use Brahmastra was and served him well without any incapable of using his own common animosity towards the king. Vidura sense. Despite Krishna‘s orders to take could not bear to see the war between

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the same families, so he resigned from from his guru Vijaysidhsen about the ISSN: 2456-5571 his position as a minister. He left the knowledge on acquiring the three palace with his wife to lead a simple magical arrows that could destroy all ascetic life in the forest away from the his enemies. One of these arrows could horrors of war. At the time of his death, mark all his enemies and the other he became a Yogi and he transferred all arrow could destroy all his enemies. his powers to Yudhishthira. He who Barbarik had once got into fight with knew Dharma and what is right gave Bhima without knowing that he is his away all his powers and knowledge to grandfather. When he was confused Yudhishthira at the time of his death. about how to use his power Yuyustu was the son of appropriately, his guru had asked him Dhritharashtra his mother was a to use his power to fight the weak force woman belonging to a merchant class, in war. Barbarik had made this so he was not considered as a rightful pratigya to his guru. Krishna knew heir to the throne. During the this, he was afraid that it would be the beginning of the war, when Kaurava army that would be the weak Yudhishthira announced that whoever force in the battle. And fearing that wants to join his side of the army as Barbarik would join the Kaurava army Dharma is on his side are free to join he asked Barbarik‘s head to be cutoff the Pandavas. If they think that and Barbarik himself presented it to Dharma is on the side of Duryodhana Krishna. But he asked for one wish they are free to join his side. It was only from Krishna that wants see the entire Yuyustu who had the courage to Kurukshetra war. ShriKrishna dipped change sides and chose to join the his head in amrit and placed it at the Pandavas in the war as he knew that top of a high mountain so that he could Dharma was on their side. Despite the see the entire war. Barbarik became a facing the anger of Duryodhana and his Mahatma as he controlled his instinct brothers, only he had the courage to to show his super powers by give up Kauravas and join the participating in the war. Unlike Pandavas. Even Bhishma, Ashwathamma, Barbarik knew how to Dronacharya, Kripacharya, Shalya did control his powers, by not using it and not want to be in the Kaurava army, after watching the entire war he goes but they forced themselves to be on on to be a Vairagi and into tapasya, he their side. They were greatly impressed prays that no generation in any Yuga with the decision of Yuyustu because see so much bloodshed from the same he had the courage to do what these families. great warriors could never do. Barbarik was the son of Gatodkatch and Maurvi, he was the grandson of Bhima. During his tapasya he learnt

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Mahabharatha’s Influence on modern day Invitro Fertilization –IF Literature and Visual Arts Process. Mahabharatha has always been very 3. The palace of Maya is an example of influential among many writers like how advanced they were at Iravathi Karve, it influenced her to constructing a palace that was so reinterpret the epic so she wrote marvelous that had a 3- Yugantha. Prof. P. Lal‘s transcreation of Dimensional effect of a water fall or Mahabharatha and Shashi Taroor‘s a pond. And what looked like a land novel The Great Indian Novel is was in fact water. influenced by the great epic 4. The modern-day aero planes have Mahabharatha. Many others wrote in resemblance to the Vimanas used Sanskrit, Kannada, Hindi and many during the war. other languages. 5. The Sun, the Solar Object is the B. R Chopra‘s Television serial centre of the universe and the nine Mahabharatha, that telecasted during planets go around the sun, this 1989 was immensely popular. It concept was known thousands of brought the greatest epic of all times to years ago and hence we can see the every Indian household, it also became Sun at the centre and navagrahas ( the most popular Television serial ever nine planets visible around the Sun) screened till date. Later on many other surrounding the Sun. recent versions of Mahabharatha on 6. Scientists are of the opinion that other channels were also popular. It is the entire universe reverberates an epic that is narrated through with the sound of OUM (Oh…MM) poems, stories, dance, drama and films and in the Vedas the importance of over a million times since ages and will OUM is already elucidated in detail. continue to do so further. Objectives Mahabharatha, Vedas and 1. Undoubtedly it has to be admitted Upanishad’s Influence on Science that Mahabharatha is the greatest and Technology epic written in the world as there 1. Brahmastra was the modern are many life lessons that one could nuclear bomb. It is proved in the learn from the epic. So sites of Mohenjadaro and Harappa Mahabharatha should be sites that the objects practically introduced at the Degree level for found there had most destructive students as a Subject to learn, just radioactive elements. like Physics. 2. Gandhari gave birth to 100 children 2. Only literature students at degree and the mass of her womb was level study Mahabharatha as a text, preserved in pots of ghee as this but it should be introduced to all could have been scientifically like

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streams of BA/B.Sc/B.com and global object, the mother earth, in ISSN: 2456-5571 BBM students. short. The lesson from the epic is that 3. To inculcate the habit of reading we have to create something that Mythologies as a subject so that the protects our planet and the universe. students know the difference Any discovery that can destroy an between religion and spirituality. entire civilization or planet is not worth And the purpose of Mythologies is discovering or using. Mahabharatha is not to propagate religion but to a transparent and loyal example of how raise the bar and teach love and hate have the power to either transcendental knowledge. protect or destroy the world. 4. To use visual medium of teaching Mahabharata is the greatest story ever Mythologies in classrooms, teaching told in the history of mankind, because students from visual texts such as this is not just a story but a real B.R Chopra‘s Mahabharatha and historical event that took place nearly Devon ke Dev Mahadev. 5000 years ago it has a lesson which 5. To build meaningful education and teaches us that no such war between introduce practical classes for the same families should ever happen environmental protection, to teach again. ‗Every epic needs a hero‘ as the how to plant a sapling, rather than historian and theologist Edward O conducting exams on subject like Wilson opines, but in Mahabharatha all environmental studies and wasting are heroes and important in one or paper that led to cutting of trees. other aspect on lively characterization 6. To introduce Yoga as a subject at basing their active roles in the divine school and college level and not epic with influence on Science, merely as an exercise, but as a way literature and visual focus.. of living. References Conclusion 1. Iravathi Karve, Yugantha, Orient In condensing and convincing the facts Black Swan pvt ltd. Pg 11 and truth ―Mahabharatha‖ is a great 2. Ibid. pg 135 example as to how too much of 3. Youtube – IndianNova – Education scientific explorations or magical and Redefined divine weapons like Brahmastra could 4. Wikipedia destroy, ruin the entire planet, the 5. www.google.com

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AN IOT APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENT SECURITY ANALYSIS BASED HOME MEDICAL SYSTEM USING DATA COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Ms. S. SIVA SANKARI, M.Sc., M.Phil Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science and Applications PRIST University Madurai Campus

B. UMA MAHESWARI, M.Sc., B.ED M.PHIL Research Scholar Department of Computer Science PRIST University Madurai Campus

Abstract With the nonstop advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) distinctive sort of parts of life will improvement. IoT based healthcare system has probable to provide error free medical data and alerting system in serious conditions with continuous monitoring. The system will reduce the need of faithful medical personnel for patient monitoring and help the patients to lead a usual life besides providing them with high quality medical service. Privacy issues commonly discussed between researchers in healthcare. Healthcare systems are applications that can support patient‟s essential anytime and anywhere. Notwithstanding, medical services builds security worries since it can prompt circumstances where patients may not be ready that their private data is being normal and becomes weak clients. We have systematically evaluated the privacy issues and present an instantaneous in tabular form to show the relationship among the issues. The different issues recognized are medical information misuse, prescription leakage, medical data‟s eavesdropping, social consequences for the patient, patient difficulties in handling privacy settings, and lack of support in scheming privacy-sensitive applications. We slight down the issues and chose to focus on the issue of „huge number of support in manipulative privacy sensitive applications‟ by proposing a privacy-sensitive architecture specifically designed for pervasive healthcare monitoring systems. Keywords—IOT, Human Factors, Quality Healthcare, Privacy Issues

Introduction physical objects are connecting with Internet of Things (IoT) is allowing and each other. The possibilities that IoT revolutionizing the way in which delivers will modernize novel

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applications and devices whose represent that individual as anentire, ISSN: 2456-5571 communication capability will create which consequently describes an new markets and a new economy individual. To protect their privacy, Ubiquitous computing developments patients have the right to give are growing rapidly as wireless permission as to which data should be technology becomes more reliable and collected, used or related. Without able to support various types of consent from the individual, his or her applications. It defines Healthcare as information should remain private; if ―healthcare to anyone, anytime and any unauthorized person takes it, it is anywhere by eliminating location, time illegal action Monitoring systems were and other restraints while cumulative selected for this investigation since both the coverage and the quality of they manage information exchanges, healthcare‖ for example, sound, video, or clinical This means, for instance, that a information (pulse, heartbeat and patient with heart problems can stay in electrocardiograph (ECG).A monitoring the comfort of their own home while system is a system that can monitor a being checked by healthcare services, patient daily without interrupting on instead of staying at the hospital. On patient‘s daily routine. It could involve the other hand, there are various multiple parameters simultaneously; issues and challenges in recognizing for example, the parameter could be healthcare in daily life. These include reading the patient‘s ECG each few the privacy characteristic that has been minutes or taking their blood pressure identified based on the literature and sending it to their healthcare reviews conducted in this study. Most providers. A monitoring system could of the papers designated that there is a also involve, for example, transmitting need to address privacy in a healthcare live video and audio of a dementia system. Examples of Healthcare patient to watch their behavioral to applications include pervasive know her current condition. As it is healthcare monitoring systems, inescapable, it implies that the greater intelligent emergency systems, part of the framework segments are pervasive healthcare data access and remote, hence helpless against global mobile tele-medicine. However, potential dangers like shopping and this paper will focus on only pervasive information robbery; this raises healthcare monitoring systems since security issues. they pose more possible issues concerning patient privacy than other The Motivations applications. Growing number of research and Confidentiality law normally defines development projects in pervasive an individual‘s privacy as personal healthcare, many privacy issues and information about a separate that can challenges arise; for that reason, we

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would like to understand the current making it easier for healthcare issues and challenges. Patients have professionals to provide follow up the right to choose whether or not to treatment. If the patient has a problem disclose their information and more in future, all the stored data can be individuals are becoming aware of easily accessed to speed up the privacy issues. Stronger security of a treatment decision. For example, there system would promise better privacy is an existing expert system for protection for the patients. monitoring psychiatric treatment. The We selected research papers that system is able to overcome the problem relate to universal computing, of monitoring drug treatment by pervasive healthcare in overall and assessing patient outcomes, employing pervasive healthcare monitoring a diagnostic checklist, and providing systems. The principles for selected pharmacotherapy guidelines [10].The papers are that they discuss security privacy perspective, storage of a and privacy issues in the whole paper patient's treatment information is or at least in the introduction thus powerless against information spillage discussing the reasons overdue the or burglary by data programmers and development of the system, may prompt abuse of the patient's architecture or model. information.The system monitors two types of vital signs, oxygen saturation A. Healthcare Monitoring System and heart rate, via electrocardiography A healthcare monitoring system is a (ECG) of a psychiatric patient wearing system that can monitor a patient‘s two types of devices. The signal is sent condition continuously to ensure help from the device to healthcare providers is sent immediately in case of via Bluetooth connection. If any emergency. The system can monitor a unusual vital signs are detected, help is cancer patient‘s progress from home immediately sent. The wireless after treatment or it can monitor a connection could open more privacy schizophrenic patient‘s behavior at a issues as it has the potential security psychiatric ward. flaw of permitting unauthorized A healthcare monitoring system can persons to steal the data hence monitor various types of data and intruding patient‘s privacy data. To measurements depending on the protect the patient‘s privacy, the patient‘s health problems. A healthcare system should have strong privacy data monitoring treatment system is a management controls to lessen the system that monitors the patient‘s privacy risk. treatment and evaluates their clinical state. This type of monitoring is important to ensure a patient‘s treatment is accurately recorded hence

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gathering, it would be simpler for ISSN: 2456-5571 future examination to know recent concerns in unavoidable medical care and set out upon the intrigued protection issue.

A. Misuse of Patient Medical Information by Unauthorized

Privacy Issues Individual Privacy issues derive from In a pervasive healthcare monitoring multidisciplinary fields such as system, patients are more exposed to computer science, bioinformatics, the privacy risks. A comprehensive social sciences and medical science. monitoring system can be applied at Presently a days some inescapable the hospital, home or nursing home. medical care applications are being The system can transmit signals from developed while patients have placed the patient to the healthcare provider different applications into utilization, in when unusual signs are detected to get this manner clients and specialists are immediate help. When there is likewise beginning to raise protection pervasive healthcare, the technology issues. For instance, before dementia usually involves wireless patients consent to utilize the communication; therefore it is open to application, they and their family all of the wireless threats such as members frequently get some eavesdropping and information theft. information about the security Thus one privacy issue would be the arrangements. This is because they possible misuse of patient medical want to ensure that their use either information by unauthorized personnel health is taken care of by the who can intercept and manipulate the healthcare service providers while the information [12]. Every system should privacy of their life is insured. incorporate basic encryption to protect Based on the collected and analyzed the patient‘s information. privacy issues, we have summarized and grouped similar and related issues B. Eavesdropping of Patient’s into six major privacy issues. There Medical Information certain issues recognized are clinical A third possibly risky issue when data abuse, solution spillage, clinical applying observing innovation is data snoopping, social ramifications for snooping. Monitoring means that the the patient, and tolerant challenges in system will record some patient data overseeing protection settings, and (such as blood pressure) to be absence of help in planning security transmitted to the healthcare touchy applications. By doing this providers. With these monitoring systems, it is easy for unscrupulous

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developers to make a system that can accordingly give a superior medical easily spy on the patient's data during services application in future. the data transaction through wireless We have collected security and technology [6]. Therefore developers privacy issues in ubiquitous computing need to consider applying controlling in general and in pervasive healthcare authority whenever they develop a monitoring systems in particular that system. This can at least protect the are focused on the human factors from patient's information from the analysis of selected research papers eavesdroppers or reduce the number of [20-27] [9, 28- 34]. Based on these people that can easily take the issues, in the remainder of this paper information. we address privacy framework and propose a methodology for producing a C. Lack of Support in Designing privacy architecture that can be used Privacy Sensitive Applications by system developers to include a Most of the above listed security and better design for privacy settings in privacy issues are based on the user's their system requirements. Thus users, perspective. From the developer‘s healthcare providers and developers perspective, the issues would be a little can all benefit from the architecture. bit different. However, the privacy part The next section will discuss the of a system is somehow overlooked. proposed work and the methodology in Although developers have considered order to achieve the goal. some privacy aspects, they only cover a narrow aspect of privacy; therefore Proposed Work developers tend to develop systems that The contribution of this research would fail to fulfill this user requirement. be creating privacy sensitive Because of this, users feel that the architecture that can help behavioral system is intrusive and end up refusing psychiatric monitoring system ensuring to use the system. As a result, Hong patient‘s privacy. This research is going [19] has come out with Confab, a to be interesting, as psychiatric toolkit for facilitating the development patients would have different privacy of privacy sensitive applications. perspective and different concerns However, Confab is a toolkit for general compared to other patients. Different application. We might want to build up type of psychiatric issues would define a tool compartment explicitly focused different level of disclosure. to unavoidable medical care checking Furthermore their family has authority applications that can help engineers in to define patient‘s privacy on behalf of planning such applications. The them. Therefore we are going to analyze subsequent framework could work their privacy preferences based on their better in helping patients in dealing needs to help them protecting their with their security approaches and privacy. Figure 3 depicts the proposed

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framework for a privacy sensitive ISSN: 2456-5571 behavioral monitoring system. There are four stakeholders in this system: patient, family, application developer and healthcare provider. Patient and family will be informed of their privacy policy first as a guideline, before they define their privacy management. Patient and family defined as end users in the system as they have Fig. 3 Proposed Framework for authority to define their privacy Privacy-Sensitive Monitoring System preferences through the user interface. Their privacy setting will go through Result and Discussion End- Users Privacy Management To achieve the goal of this work, we are Module. The privacy preferences will be going to gather privacy policy combined with privacy management in requirements by doing document the system, which contains privacy analysis. The document analysis would policies that are collected during the specify type of hospital polices, obtain initial phase of this research. The related documents on privacy, combination of these two privacy interview few experts and as for the managements will define the multiple outcome is the comprehensive privacy data storage in this system. In other guidelines. After the first phase, we words, users automatically have proceed by developing privacy control on their privacy such as who management module. This is going to can view their video and how long the be the gathering of user requirements data could be saved on the database. through survey and interview that The application developer‘s role is to involve the stakeholders mentioned in develop a monitoring system that has a previous section. Next phase is the privacy architecture that will guarantee design of privacy module prototype to the system will work well with patient‘s check the interface design and develop privacy preferences. The healthcare the privacy management module and provider has access to vital signs data evaluate the design. We will then later and certain additional data as evaluate the design then finally permitted by patients and family. implement the design. The experimental setup to compare both the architectures is shown in Figure 4. The scenario consists of a hospital room with twenty patient nodes reading patient‘s medical data from various data.

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implemented to remotely monitor patients.Each of the issues listed have been discussed in detail and we have proposed suggestions to address each of them. From the issues, we chose one to be addressed in our subsequent research that is the privacy policy management difficulties faced by end users of a pervasive healthcare monitoring system. To address these difficulties, we plan to propose Fig 4: Comparison Chart architecture for a privacy-sensitive pervasive monitoring system. The Each patient hub communicates requirements will be gathered from end about 8.7 kbits (payload) of information users and application developers. The every second. Figure 5 summarizes the architecture will provide a framework average power consumption (mW) by that can be used by application the patient (client) datas. developers to develop a privacy-

sensitive application for the end users.

References 1. Varshney, U.: Pervasive healthcare and wireless health monitoring. Mob.Netw. Appl. 12 (2007) 113-127 2. Kosseim, P., Emam, K.E.: Privacy Interests in Prescription Data, Part I: Prescriber Privacy. IEEE Security and Privacy 7 (2009) 72-76 3. Kai, W., Yan, S., Xukai, Z., Durresi, A., Shiaofen, F.: Pervasive Fig 5: Quality Analysis AndTrustworthy Healthcare. Advanced Information Networking Conclusion and Applications - Workshops, In this paper, we presented wireless 2008. AINAW 2008. 22nd systems for remote monitoring of bio- International Conference (2008) medical data‘s to alleviate issues in 750-755 traditional health monitoring systems 4. Goethe, J.W., Bronzino, J.D.: An and to improve the quality of medical expert system for monitoring care. Two variants of the wireless psychiatric treatment. Engineering health monitoring systems are

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in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 11. Elmufti, K., Weerasinghe, D., ISSN: 2456-5571 IEEE 14 (1995) 776-780 Rajarajan, M., Rakocevic, V., Khan, 5. A.J, R.: Wireless physiological S.: Privacy in Mobile Web Services monitoring for psychiatric patients. eHealth. Pervasive Health Mechanical and Mechatronic Conference and Workshops, 2006 Engineering, Vol. MScEng. (2006) 1-6 University of Stellenbosch (2008) 12. Jacobsson, M., Niemegeers, I.: 6. Varshney, U.: Managing Privacy and anonymity in personal Comprehensive Wireless Patient networks. Pervasive Computing and Monitoring Pervasive Health Communications Workshops, 2005. Conference and Workshops, 2006 PerCom 2005 Workshops. Third (2006) 1-4 IEEE International Conference on 7. Dai, P.-D., Zhang, T.-Y., Wang, Z.- (2005) 130-135 M., Chen, J.X., Wang, K.-Q.: Privacy 13. Jae Hun, L., JinKyu, P., Sang Wook, Interests in Prescription Data, Part K.: User-Directed Privacy Protection 2: Patient Privacy. Computing in in the Ubiquitous Environment. Science and Engg. 7 (2009) 75-78 Embedded and Ubiquitous 8. Adams, A., Martina, M., Sasse, A., Computing, 2008. EUC '08. Sasse, M.A.: Privacy in Multimedia IEEE/IFIP International Conference Communications: Protecting Users, on, Vol. 2 (2008) 37-42 Not Just Data. Springer (2001) 49- 14. Jasemian, Y.: Security and privacy 64 in a wireless remote medical system 9. Microsoft: Windows Live Messenger, for home healthcare purpose. http://mail.live.com/mail/MSNWeb Pervasive Health Conference and IMDecomm.aspx Workshops, 2006 (2006) 1-7 10. Sadeh, N., Hong, J., Cranor, L., 15. Ahamed, S.I., Talukder, N., Kameas, Fette, I., Kelley, P., Prabaker, M., A.D.: Towards privacy protection in Rao, J.: Understanding and pervasive healthcare. Intelligent Capturing People‘s Privacy Policies Environments, 2007. IE 07. 3rd IET in a Mobile Social Networking International Conference on (2007) Application. 296-303

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A STUDY ON BLENDED LEARNING: AN EFFECTIVE LEARNING PATTERN

KRISHNA. KULIN. TRIVEDI, M.Com (Gold Medalist) Research Scholar School of Commerce Gujarat University

Abstract The Blended Learning method is also known as hybrid learning, is a teaching- learning process that is a combination of both online teaching-learning and traditional classroom teaching-learning. Due to the Outbreak of Corona Virus Disease and the sudden and unplanned rise to digitalization, and an approach to ICT-enabled learning, there is an increase in demand for ICT-enabled learning. In the academic fraternity and students, there is an increase in demand and acceptance of ICT-enabled learning; thus, Blended learning, also known as Hybrid learning, a combination of traditional and online teaching-learning, is the best method of integrating technology along with the traditional classroom teaching- learning method. This research paper discusses blended learning, which is an effective learning pattern, its advantages, and its disadvantages. Keywords: Blended Learning, Hybrid Learning, Combination of Traditional and online Teaching-learning,

Introduction technology with traditional classroom The fast emerging popular and most teaching learning process. The blended accepted concept of the hybrid/ mixed teaching-learning is a flexible approach mode method/ Blended learning aims for the students for their knowledge at the teaching-learning processin session. which the students learn from the The mixed mode of learning, hybrid teachers with the traditional white learning popularly known as blended board chalk and talk learning along learning is a teaching approach with the information and combing teaching learning through the communications enabled learning. It is technology along with the traditional a combination of in person learning classroom teaching learning. It is the and online learning,the fast emerging boon of technology and the innovations popular and most accepted concept of in the 21st century which is making the the hybrid/ mixed mode method/ teaching learning effective and flexible. Blended learning. It is teaching- Different types of Blende learning learning approach integrating methods: Station Rotation Blended

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Teaching learning model, Lab Rotation anda unique opportunities for the ISSN: 2456-5571 Blended Teaching learning model, learners and the new normal post Remote blended teaching learning covid-19 pandemic. With the model, Flex blended teaching learning assistance of this research study, model, Flipped Classroom blended changes and development may be made teaching learning model Individual by knowing this scenario of the rotation blended teaching learning current situation and can be helpful for model, Project Based blended teaching future planning and framing strategies learning model, Self-Directed blended for a successful mission. The teaching learning model, Inside out study relies on the important topic i.e. blended teaching learning model, Blended teaching Learning approach Outside-In blended teaching learning an effective, flexible strategy, a very model, Supplement blended teaching nice approach and an unique learning model, Mastery blended concept and with this research study teaching learning model. technology based learning with traditional classroom based chalk and Rationale of the Research Study talk teaching learning (blended The present research study has been learning) future planning can be done, undertaken to understand about the further steps to be taken to develop it, Blended teaching learning planning and strategy approachalso known as hybrid formulation for the successful learning, a teaching learning style implementation of the blended teaching which is a combination of both the learning concept in long run. technology driven teaching learning and traditional classroom chalk and Objective of the Study talk based teaching learning, , to The research paper has the following review the benefits of the Blended objectives: teaching learningapproach also known  To know and understand about as hybrid learning an effective and blended learningan effective flexible learning pattern, to check the learning pattern. disadvantages of blended teaching  To study the advantagesof blended learning approachalso known as hybrid learning an effective learning learning. This research work will help pattern. the academic Fraternity, to the group of  To study the disadvantages of research scholar, policy makers, Blended learning. students and learners, corporates and  To draw a conclusion. organizations to achieve an insight to the concept of Blended teaching Research Methodology Learning approach which is an The word ―Research‖ is divided in two effective, flexible very nice approach parts ―RE‖ and ―SEARCH ―which means to search again and again. It is a

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systematic way to carry a study on a simple clicks at any time any place particular topic. The term Research quite flexible and convenient. The Methodology is the procedure used to blended teaching learning concept is a find, choose, filter and analyse great concept which also keeps the information about a particular topic. To teachers more engaged with their fulfil the above-mentioned objective, students and a unique teaching secondary data is used. The present learning experience catering the needs research work is a blend of descriptive of the students. and exploratory research work and has With the significant demand and extensively used the secondary data acceptance of online mode of learning method for the research study. The in the covid-19 pandemic times the research study undertaken is purely blended teaching learning concept a secondary. the information used in this combination of Technology driven study is collected through various learning and traditional classroom- newspaper, magazines, conference based chalk and talk teaching learning proceedings, websites, journals, and is the concept which is to be adopted. books etc to collect various data for the information collected used in this Advantages of blended Learning: An study. Effective Learning Pattern  One of the advantages of blended Blended Learning: An Effective learning is it is very flexible; Learning Pattern learning can be done at any point of Today 21st century is the digital age time anywhere 24*7 which and is the global digitalization trend. increases the learner‘s focus. The digitalization trend and various  As in the blended teaching learning innovations are seen in vast areas like concept both technology driven Technology driven Banking known as education along with traditional E-Banking or Electronic Banking, same classroom learning would give way other areas which are technology effective outcomes and will be a driven like E-Commerce, E-Business, successful method. E-Payments, E-Bookings, E-Services,  Today it is the global digitalisation E-Learning etc. Technology and the trend and technology plays an innovations are a boon to us making important role in our life and is the the things easier, faster, flexible, part of our life. Thus, the technology convenient. driven education will keep the Gone are those days where the learners more engaged, the learning educational materials were only will be with fun, more effective, available in the classroom, due to the attractive contents, the focus would technological advancement teaching increase and would grasp more. learning is also possible 24*7 with

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 Blended learning also helps in  One of the disadvantages to blended ISSN: 2456-5571 reducing the cost, saving paper, and teaching learning approach is about promoting the greener approach the authenticity of the work and fulfilling the sustainable available on the web and looking up development goals. on other unverified online  Apart from the above-mentioned resources. advantages it serves as an individual support to the learners, Conclusion access the digital resources at any Like each and every coin has two sides, point of time anywhere, an same way the Blended teaching interactive educational experience, learning approach also has certain personalization experience, cost advantages and disadvantages. But reducing and save papers. with the digital age and the innovations in technology, there will be better and Disadvantages of Blended Learning positive outcomes in the learners with  One of the challenges in blended the blended teaching learning concept. learning is the digital infrastructure, By proper planning we can overcome digital literacy, network bandwidth the challenges and make the blended connection to use it. learning concept effective and  One of the barriers in blended successful and the advantages of learning is the cybercrime, malware convenience and flexibility can be virus, not reliable resources, theft of taken. By wisely applying the concept data, security are the barriers to of blended learning and overcoming the smooth blended learning. disadvantages, maximum advantages  One of the disadvantages of blended of digital self-paced learning along with learning is it not only increases the traditional classroom learning can be teachers load who are always taken and try to deliver more quality overburdened with work but also education for the better future and increases the cognitive load of the professional development of the students. learners.  One of the challenges to the References successful and smooth 1. Askar, P. & Altun, A. (2008). implementation of blended learning Learner satisfaction on blended is the technological issues, the learning. E-Leader Krakow, 2008. expense of initial setting up the 2. Beard, L. A., Harper, C., & Riley, G. infrastructure needed, training (2004). Online versus on-campus expense, no motivation are the instruction: student attitudes & different challenges to successful perceptions. Tech Trends, 48(6), 29– implementation of blended teaching 31. learning approach.

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3. Gupta, N. &. A. K., 2015. Digital 6. Rani, s., 2016. Digital india: India: A Roadmap for the Unleashing Prosperity. Indian development of Rural India. Journal of Applied Research, 6(4), International journal of Business pp. 187-189. Management, 2(2), pp. 1332-1342. 7. Verhoef, P. C., T. Broekhuizen, Y. 4. Malhotra, N.K (1996) "why Bart, A. Bhattacharya, J. Q. Dong, developing societies need marketing N. Fabian, and M. Haenlein. 2019. technology": internet marketing ―Digital Transformation: A review, volume: 3, page.no-617. Multidisciplinary Reflection and 5. Malone, T.W, Yates, J and Research Agenda.‖ Journal of Benjamin, R.J (1997) "electronic Business Research. markets and electronic hierarchies", doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022. communications of the ACM, volume:30, page:4-9.

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ISSN: 2456-5571 IOT BASED ANTI-THEFT SYSTEM FOR TWO WHEELERS

Ms. K. M. KIRTHIKA Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore (SRIT)

S. JEFFERSON SAMUEL Final year Student Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science and Engineering) Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore (SRIT)

R. HARSHAN Final year Student Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science and Engineering) Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore (SRIT)

C. LEKANA Final year Student Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science and Engineering) Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore (SRIT)

Abstract In our daily life transportation plays a big part. Every year, people are increasingly using vehicles especially motorcycles as their common means of transportation. With the increase in motorcycle users, vehicle theft has also increased over the years. In this study, an anti-theft system has been developed for preventing theft and recovering the motorcycle in an easierway. The user of thevehicle will get a message once the motorcycle has been moved. The user also could view the current location of the motorcycle. The system has a hardware component which consists of micro-controller, GSMand a GPS. The user has to send commands through the messaging app of his mobile to control the system.

Introduction present. An anti-theft system used to Stealing is one of the most common prevent or monitor unauthorized use of forms of behaviour. Where ownership of a vehicle. In this study, the anti-theft motor vehicle items can be changed program is designed to prevent the without the consent of the relevant theft and recovery of a motorcycle in an owner, theft prevention can be easy and fast way using IoT. introduced to prove ownership IoT can be defined as the Global whenever the vehicle owner is not Network Infrastructure's ability to

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adapt. It is based on a common motorcycle industry boomed, connection to the entry into operation motorcycle theft has skyrocketed over of the protocol where material and the years and many of their vehicle virtual objects have identity, physical recordings have been documented. attributes, and physical personality. It Theft of motorcycles has become a uses smart visual connections and is major problem in society. Although the seamlessly integrated into the authorities are said to be doing information network, often everything possible to deter these communicating with information thieves, they are at the top of the list of relevant to the user and their crimes committed on the streets every environment. A good IoT device has a day. Security plays a vital role in variety of locations to make today's society. Vehicle safety is very connections to other devices that can important for all private and public car be connected by telephone or wireless. owners. For this reason, various safety The main concern now in some days systems have been developed, but most is the safety of parked cars. A smart of these safety systems are expensive, IOT device for the two-wheeler system sophisticated and suitable for car suits. is being developed now that will not There are many car safety programs in only track the car and warn the user place to improve the safety system by even the slightest movement in the car. installing Biometric methods such as The device uses the Global Positioning Face Detection and Finger Print. Some System (GPS) to locate the vehicle and security systems are equipped with a email (EMAIL) to alert or notify the tracking system using the Global user. The user also receives an email Positioning System (GPS) and have the that the car is moving and checks the ability to turn off the car engine location request using GSM (Global remotely with a text message. System for Mobile Mobile). As for motorcycles, basic and affordable security system only gives Background and Motivation siren indication and will make a lot of Transport has played a significant role noise that disturb people. But if the in the development of the economic, person is far from the motorcycle social, political and cultural sectors by location, he will not be able to hear the promoting their status. In India, one of alarm. Physical type counter measures the easiest modes of transportation are also used to prevent theft, such as today is motorcycle and is becoming padlocks, disk break lock and other increasingly common.The motorcycle is more which is a preventive action but it one of the cheapest and easiest modes is not safe enough. Due to these of transportation but unfortunately, it reasons, this study proposed to adapt is easy to steal, easy to disassemble, the car security system solutions to and easy to ship as parts. As the motorcycles. This study also wished to

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develop and improve its functions to intelligence algorithms, and ISSN: 2456-5571 better suit its purpose. networks. This can mean something as simple as expanding your fridge Problem Statement and cabinets to find out when your In India, 1 lakh cases of motorcycle favourite milk and grains are theft on average are reported each year, depleted, and place an order with and it is still increasing. If the your favourite grocer. motorcycle that are being stolen are not • Connectivity - New technology to recovered early, they are most probably allow communication, and sold or burned if the vehicle has less especially IoT communication, resale value. In one case a vehicle is means that networks are no longer stolen, it becomes really hard to situate limited to larger providers. Network it and revive it, which drastically scanning is very low and cheap reduces the chances of recouping it. while still in use. IoT creates these Motor vehicle theft remained the small networks between its device least-solved crime in 2018 though the devices. number of cases reported increased by • Sensors - IoT loses its contrast 12.9% as compared to 2017, show data without nerves. They serve as provided by the Delhi Police. In 2018, descriptive tools that convert IoT the total number of motor vehicle theft from a common network of devices cases reported stood at 44,158, as to a functional system capable of compared to 39,084 in 2017 – which real-world integration. accounted for about 19% of the total • Active Engagement - Many of crimes reported. However, only 19.6% today’s interactions with connected of cases were solved, the police data technologies occur simply through also stated. In this project, the design engagement. IoT introduces a new and implementation of a vehicle paradigm of active content, product, tracking anti-theft system that will or service engagement. protect, secure vehicleswere proposed. • Small Devices - Devices, as predicted, become smaller, cheaper Key Features of IoT and more powerful over time. IoT The most important features of IoT uses small-purpose devices include artificial intelligence, designed to deliver its precision, communication, sensors, active usability, and versatility. engagement, and the use of small devices. A brief review of these features Advantages of IoT is provided below: IoT has various uses which span across • AI - IoT actually makes almost every area of lifestyle and business. The anything “smart”, meaning it advantages of IoTare: enhances all aspects of life with the power of data collection, artificial

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• Customer Engagement - Current Related Work statistics have the problem of Shanmughanathan J, and B. C. ambiguity and significant errors in Kavitha,in their paper “Tracking and accuracy; and as noted, Theft Prevention System for Two involvement often does nothing. IoT wheelers using Android”, GSM and GPS completely transforms this to technology are used. Twowheeler achieve a rich and effective position is obtained by GPS module engagement with the audience. this data is given to microcontroller • Technology Optimization – Similar hardware which sends message to user technologies and data improve mobile phone through GSM module. customer experience and improve An efficient automotive security device usage, and contribute to the system is implemented for anti-theft most powerful advances in using an embedded system occupied technology. IoT opens up a world of with a Global Positioning System (GPS) important data performance and and a Global System of mobile (GSM) field performance. by Montaser N. Ramadan et.al. to track • Less Waste – IoT makes and monitor vehicles that are used by development areas clearer. Current certain party for particular purposes, statistics provide us with also to stop the vehicle if stolen and to insignificant insight, but IoT track it online for retrieval [8]. provides real-world information that The next system was proposed in leads to efficient resource 2013 on real time vehicle theft identity management. and control system based on ARM 9. It • Enhanced Data Collection – Today’s performs the real time user data collection suffers from its authentication using face recognition, limitations and its design for mere using the Principle Component use. IoT breaks it down into those Analysis (PCA) algorithm if the result is gaps, and puts it right where people not authentic then ARM produces the want to go to analyse our planet. signal to block the car access and the Allows an accurate picture of car owner will informed about the everything. unauthorized access with the help Multimedia Message Services (MMS) by Literature Review using of GSM modem. But in this In this various project which were done method the camera captures owner’s on the same topic and take a survey of image only. If the owner’s relatives or them were discussed. Some drawbacks friends want to start the vehicle it will of those projects were looked into and not start. Recently new system will also look into some ideas which proposed on vehicle anti-theft system can be used in our system. based on an embedded platform consists of multiple layers of

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protection. The first layer of protection owner can receive the alarm message ISSN: 2456-5571 in the system is a fingerprint quickly and if necessary, also it can recognition, based on which the doors monitor the car by phone. The next are opened. Also, to prevent thieves system was a sensor network-based from breaking the glass and getting vehicle anti-theft System (SVATS). In inside the vehicle, vibration sensors are this system, first step is to form a used in all the windows with a sensor network by using the sensors in threshold level to prevent false alarms. the vehicles that are parked within the In the paper of Prashantkumar R., same parking area, then monitor and Sagar V.C., Santosh S., Two-Wheeler identify possible vehicle thefts by Vehicle Security System, alerting owner detecting unauthorized vehicle by SMS to user whenever theft attempt, movement. An alert will be reported to allowing user to control vehicle1 a base station in the parking area if an remotely by SMS also provide engine unauthorized movement is detected. As immobility and alarm. the sensor cannot communicate with The existing car antitheft system are the base station directly in the extreme Car alarm, flashing light techniques case, vehicle cannot receive any which makes use of different type of protection when no neighbours can be sensors which can be pressure, tilt and found even if a sensor has tried its shock & door sensors, but the maximum power level. drawbacks are cost, and it only In “Vehicle Tracking & Locking prevents the vehicles from theft but System Based on GSM & GPS” can’t be used to trace the thief. In 1997 paper of R.Ramani, S.Valarmathy, B Webb introduce wheel and steering Dr.N.Suthanthira Vanitha, S.Selvaraju, lock system, to prevent car from theft, M.Thiruppathi, R.Thangam, proposed but they are visible from outside the design uses Global Positioning system car and prevent the wheel from being (GPS) and Global system mobile turned more than a few degrees. communication (GSM). System The next system was proposed on constantly watches a moving Vehicle Security Module for Car Appliances by through GPS and sends data when Pang-ChiehWang,et.al. This system demanded. About a theft attempt, SMS prevents car appliances from stealing must be sentto the microcontroller, and illegal use on other cars. then microcontroller issue the control If illegal moving and use a car signals to stop the engine motor. Then appliance with the security module the password has to be reset and without permission occur that will lead restart the vehicle. the appliance to useless. But it does In the above survey, it is found that not prevent vehicle from theft. there are many systems which makes In 2008 Lili Wan, et.al. implemented use of Global positioning system (GPS) new system based on GSM in which and GSM for tracking the two-wheeler

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and in some systems cameras and interconnected with the motorcycle sirens are used for alerting the owner. alarm system, the user on his cell In some papers, several architectures phone. This following framework is used for tracking two-wheeler made from a GPS module, motorcycle, problems faced in each and Microcontroller and a GSM Modem. measures to handle it has been This study also wishes to develop provided. In other papers, efficient and improve its functions to better suit ways that can be followed for retrieving its purpose. This innovation of a vehicle the motorcycle, cost effective ways for security system has the ability to turn producing the system and some mobile off the vehicle engine and send real- applications to keep track of multiple time alerts to the motorcycle owner. vehicles are provided. From the above Thus, preventing the thief from taking study made, the so far developed the motorcycle. This security system system focused more detection of also features the ability to locate the thetheft, the person who stole the motorcycle. vehicle and also the exact location of the vehicle at that moment of time. So Proposed System finally, amodule which will be built Block Diagram using Arduino GPS and GSM is chosen The Fig 1 shows the pictorial for the implementation of the proposed representationof block diagram of the system. proposed system and what are the components involved in the system. System Analysis In this the Requirement, Specification are discussed in detail. The Requirements are divided into two parts. The Hardware Module and Software Module.

Objective of the Project

This system introduces a framework Fig 1 Block Diagram which utilize GPS and GSM SMS administrations. The framework Use Case Diagram licenses confinement of the vehicles Use Case diagram (Fig 2) helps and transmitting the position to the inidentifying the functionality provided user on his cell phoneas a message by the system, the users interact with (SMS). This module is likewise given the system and the association between kill switch which can be pressed when the users and the functionality. Use theuser driving vehicle needs any Cases are used to Analise the phase of assistance. This switch is attached to software development to articulate the the motor. The framework can be

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high-level requirements of the system. bystep approach to solving a task. The ISSN: 2456-5571 The primary goals of Use Case diagram flowchart (Fig 4) shows the steps as includ e: Provide a high-level view of boxes of various kinds, and their order what the system does, to Identify the by connecting the boxes with arrows. users of the system, determining areas Flowcharts are used in analysing, needing human-computer interfaces. designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

Fig 2 Use Case Diagram

Sequence Diagram A sequence diagram (Fig 3) depicts the interaction between various objects in a sequential order i.e., the order in which these interactions take place.Sequence Fig 4 Flow Chart diagram can also be referred as event diagrams or event scenarios. Sequence Circuit Diagram diagrams describes the order of the A circuit diagram (Fig 5) represents an objects in a system function. electrical circuit graphically. A circuit diagram uses simple images of electrical/electronic components. Circuit diagrams are used fordesigning, constructing, and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment.

Fig 3 Sequence Diagram

Flow Chart A flowchart is a diagramwhich represents a workflow or process. A Fig 5 Circuit Diagram flowchart Is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-

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Tools Requirements to activate communication with the Hardware Module network. Micro-controller The Arduino Uno (Fig 6) is an opensource microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards Fig 7 SIM800L GSM Module (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins ,6 analog I/O GPS Module pins, and is programmable with the The Global Positioning System (GPS)is Arduino IDE (Integrated Development a system based on global navigation Environment), via a type B USB satellite system (GNSS) (Fig 8) that cable.[4] It can be powered by the USB provide reliable location and time cable or by an external 9-volt battery. information at all time in any whether conditions on earth. It is composed of a network of 24 satellites of the United States which are previously used in military services, and later allowed for commercial use. The satellite emits radio signal of short pulses to GPS receiver periodically. A GPS receiver Fig 6 Arduino UNO receives the signal from at least four satellites to compute its three- GSM Module dimension position that is latitude, SIM800L GSM/GPRS module (Fig 7) is longitude and altitude. Therefore, GPS a miniaturelow-cost GSM modem, is a key technology for finding a device which can be used in many IoT location. projects. You can use this module as an alternative to a cell phone; SMS text messages, Make or receive phone calls, connecting to internet through GPRS, TCP/IP, and more.GSM Module is integrated in the vehicle to establish communication between the user’s mobile phone and the bike. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card Fig 8 Neo 6m GPS Module

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Relay ISSN: 2456-5571 The relay used in this is an electromechanical relay (Fig 9). The exciting voltage that is required is +12V DC. It is driven using the relay driver. The device is connected to the electro mechanical relay. When the relay is Fig 10: Servo Motor excited by applying the 12V DC relay Software Module gets activated and, in the process, Arduino IDE turns ON the engine and when the The open-source Arduino Software (Fig excited voltage is stopped, the relay 11) (IDE) makes it helpful for the gets deactivated and, in the process, researchers to write code which turns OFF the engine. cancontrol the entire system and upload it to the Arduino board. It runs on almost any OS. The environment is written in Java and based on Processing and other opensource software. This software can be used with any Arduino board.

Fig 9 Relay Module

Servo Motor A servo motor (Fig 10) is a type of motor that can rotate with great precision. This type of motor consists a control circuit that provides feedback on the current position of the motor Fig 11 Arduino IDE shaft, this feedback allows the servo motors to rotate with great precision. If Google MAP API you want to rotate an object at some With the Google Maps Android API, (Fig specific angles or distance, then you 12) the location coordinates, latitude use a servo motor. It is just made up of and longitude, obtain from the Neo6m a simple motor which runs through a Module is automatically displayed in a servo mechanism. mobile version of Google Map on the user’s smart phone. The API provides access to Google Maps servers, data downloading, map display, and response to map gestures. Google Maps

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API gives a faster and easier way to satellites to accurately provide the track motorcycle vehicles. latitude and longitude. The GPS sends NMEA data which is filtered using the tiny GPS library of Arduino. When the vehicle starts the GSM module sends the location of the vehicle to indicate the owner (Fig 14) that the vehicle has been started by Fig 12 Logo of Google Maps someone else.

Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Code (Fig 13) is a source- code editor that can be used with a variety of programming languages, including Java, JavaScript, Go, Node.js, Python and C++. It includes support for debugging, syntax highlighting, intelligent code Fig 14 Alert Message When Vehicle completion, snippets, code refactoring, Starts and embedded Git. The Anti-theft System also controls some parts of the vehicle based on the commands sent by the owner of the vehicle. The user sends commands as text messages to the sim card present in the sim 800L GSM module. The commands are case insensitive. Fig 13 Logo of VsCode These commands are sent to the Arduino and are processed accordingly. Summary The Commands are: i. Switch OFF The design of the proposed system power supply command ii. Block the using the UML and the circuit diagrams fuel flow command iii. Get Location are discussed. After that the various command iv. IGNORE message hardware and software modules command v. Vehicles State command required for the system will be discussed. Switch OFF Power supply command The “POFF” or PowerOFF” command Implementation (Fig 15) is used to switch of the power The Anti-theft system tracks the vehicle supply coming to the bikes engine. This location using the Neo 6M GPS. The in turn makes the bike to stop. When GPS Module needs to connect at least 4 the user sends a “Poff” command to the

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GSM module the relay which is ISSN: 2456-5571 connected to digital Pin 8 is switched OFF. The battery of the bike is connected to the relay in a normally open fashion. So, when the relay is off the power supply is cut off. After switching off the relay, the user receives a message starting that the power supply has been shut down. Fig 16 The Fuel Off Command

Get Location Command The GSM module sends the location of the vehicle when the vehicle gets started and after that for every 5 minutes the update of the current location will be sent to the vehicle’s owner mobile phone. In case if the owner doesn’t want to wait for five minutes to get the update instead,

he/she wants to get the location at Fig 15 The Power Off Command instant. The owner hast to send a “Loc”

Fuel Flow Command or “Location” command (Fig 17) to get In Current situation, New model the location of the vehicle instantly. vehicles requires the battery only to The location is sent as a google map start the engine after that they are URL to the owner’s mobile number pretty much useless cause the activator which is precoded into the Arduino. bikes don’t require battery for running. The owner can the click the URL which The “Foff” command or the “Fueloff” gives him/her the exact location of the command (Fig 16) is used to block the vehicle in the Google map app. Using flow of the fuel to the engine. This this location, the owner can find eventually makes any version of bikes his/her vehicle. to stop after a certain distance. Initially a Servo is connected to the digital pin 9 of he Arduino is 0’ which allows the flow of the fuel but when the user sends “Foff” command to the GSM module the servo turns 90’ which in turn blocks the fuel pipe of the bike and in the end shopping the flow of the fuel to the engine. Fig 17 The Location Command

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IGNORE message Command supply of the vehicle based on the As mentioned in the previous previous command provided by the command. If the user doesn’t provide owner. any command within 5 minutes, the Arduino sends the location of the vehicle every 5 minutes interval. This in turn will fill the user text box with some unwanted text and location. To stop this, the owner can provide a command “IGN” or “IGNORE” (Fig 18) to stop the messages from getting repeated. This command does not stop Fig 19 The Vehicle State Command the Arduino from monitoring the vehicle. The Owner can still provide Extra Commands other commands to control the state of The Power ON Command the vehicle. And the owner can always This command (Fig 20) can be used use the “LOC” command to get the after the recovery of the vehicle. The vehicles current location. “PON” or “PowerOn” command is used to provide the power supply to the engine if it was already off. The relay is switched on by the Arduino if the command is sent by the owner.

The Fuel On Command This Command (Fig 21, 22) can also be used often the recovery of the vehicle. The “FON” or “FuelOn” Command is used to provide the fuel flow to the engine if it was already blocked. The Fig 18 The Ignore Command Servo is turned to 0’by the Arduino if the command is sent by the owner. The Vehicle STATE Command Sometimes the owner may forget at The Exit Command what condition the vehicle is at, so the If the user sends the “exit” command, owner can check whether the power is (Fig 23) the Arduino exits from ON and the Fuel is supplied or not everything. The user won’t receive any using “STATE” command.When using message and the user cannot control the “STATE” command (Fig 19) the the power supply and the fuel flow. The owner gets a message from the Arduino bike will remain in the State before the which states that the power and fuel exit command was entered. The

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Arduino will also stop tracking the Conclusion ISSN: 2456-5571 location of the vehicle. With the collecteddata and results, this study concludes that the Antitheft The Different States of the System System is a very useful and effective Fuel On - Power On State way to prevent motorcycle theft. The Engine power off feature and fuel shutdown system are very useful to prevent thief from stealing the vehicle. Ifthe vehicle is completely taken then this study helps in the recovering the vehicle using the help of Global Fig 20 Both Relay On and Servo On Positioning System (GPS) technology. State Throughthis study a hardware module was created which was small in size Power Off – Fuel On State that allowed the installation under the seat of the vehicle safe and easy. The engine power off switch is easy to install without the need of physical change of the motorcycle. This study also found some weak Fig 21 Relay Off Servo On State points in the system. The accuracy of the GPS depends ona wide variety of Power On – Fuel On factors. Under excellent conditions with lots of satellites visible, it indicated accurate coordinates within 25 meters of the correct coordinates. At other times, locations and conditions,

position errors range from 13-56 Fig 22 Relay On Servo Off state meters, to no position fix at all. This

Power Off – Fuel Off was proven when the system was conducted in a place surrounded by tall buildings. The communication between the user and the motorcycle was made possible through the use of theGSM.The medium of communication Fig 23 Both Relay Off and Servo Off depends on the cellular network State coverage. Under some situations, there

are delays on delivering and receiving of text SMS. Over all, the output results

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of the system meet the proposed output Numbers 7-March 2015, page no. and functionality of the study. 355-359. 3. “Smart Bike Security System”, Nitin References Kumar, Jatin Aggarwal, Chavi 1. “Two-Wheeler Vehicle Security Sachdeva, Prerna Sharma, Monica system”, Prashantkumar R., Sagar Guar, Department of Electronics & V.C., Santosh S., Siddharth Communication, SRM University, Nambiar, International Journal of International Journal of Education Engineering International Research and Science Research Review, Journal of Engineering and Volume-2, Issue-2, April-2015, Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 - Pg.No.28-32. 0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May- 4. “Vehicle Tracking & Locking System 2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: Based on GSM & GPS”, R.Ramani, 23950072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact S.Valarmathy, Dr.N.Suthanthira Factor value: 5.181 | ISO Vanitha, S.Selvaraju, 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page M.Thiruppathi, 3061 Sciences & Engineering R.Thangam,I.J.Intelligent System Technologies (IJESET), Dec2013, and Applications, 2013, 09,86-93. Volume 6, Issue 3, pp: 324-334 5. RuchitaJ.SHah and Anuradha P. 2. “Tracking and Theft Prevention Gharge, “GSM Based Car Security System for Two wheelers using System”, International Journal of Android”, Shanmughanathan J, B. Engineering and Innovative C. Kavitha, Department of ECE, Technology (IJEIT,) Volume 2, Issue Hindustan University, International 4, October 2012. Journal of Engineering Trends &Technology (IJETT)-volume 21

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ISSN: 2456-5571 RURAL WOMEN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH

VOLUNTEERISM BY MALANKARA SOCIAL SERVICE SOCIETY IN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA

RAJAN. M Research Scholar Centre for Development Studies Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University Dindigul

Abstract This study attempted to explore the capacities of volunteerism promoted by non- governmental efforts and its impact on rural women development. The process of volunteerism in the present development context especially the marginalized sector with regard to the women folk is widely discussed all over the world. The study selected one case study of non-governmental organization namely Malankara Social Service Society, an organization with special consultative status of economic and social council of United Nation in Thiruvananthapuram District. The organization is delivering services to the marginalized for the past five decades and promotes volunteerism with its various programmes and projects. This study is an attempt to analyze the capacities of the organization promoting volunteerism for the rural women development. It is found in the study that the promotion of volunteerism as a good tool for the speedy achievement of sustainable development works in rural areas especially for the marginalized sector of the society. Key words: volunteerism, rural development, women development, capacity building, volunteers etc

Introduction community, which pervasively Sustainable development of rural dominated for the catalytic changes of society and the marginalized sector the agents. A significant role of especially women has become an volunteerism and the voluntary important subject of study where the organizations created a transit non-governmental organizations and understanding in the various attributes volunteers played a crucial role in the for the developments and changes in changing development scenario. the rural women communities. Various factors and influences have In the early 1990s, the United considered for these influxes in the Nations Development Programme

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(UNDP) attempted to capture relevant isolation. The United Nations measures by combining social and Development Program (UNDP) economic indicators into its Human established a special Division for Development Index. Three measures Women in Development, promoting comprise this Index, life expectancy at concrete action to ensure that women birth, educational attainment and GDP. participate in UNDP projects. The global Sustainable The women-led organizations were Development Goals (SDGs), or Global found to be committed to “process, Goals, will guide policy and funding participation and internal democracy.” for the next 15 years, beginning with Volunteerism: It is that the a historic pledge on 25 September literature on voluntary organizations or 2015, to end poverty. Everywhere. NGOs has neglected the scope of Permanently. The Sustainable volunteerism that exists among Development Goals (SDGs)or Global professionals working in mainstream Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked organizations. goals designed to be a "blueprint to Aparigrah, a Sanskrit word, implies achieve a better and more sustainable the value of non-accumulation or of not future for all". The SDGs were set in keeping anything more than is 2015 by the United Nations General necessary for one‟s minimal needs. Assembly and are intended to be The concepts of sacrifice and charity achieved by the year 2030. They are are also differently rooted in the Indian included in a UN Resolution called mind. the 2030 Agenda. Voluntarism based on agarigrah has However, the goals are broad and another dimension, and this is the interdependent, two years later (6 July willingness to receive knowledge from 2017) the SDGs were made more whoever is knowledgeable. Thus, giving "actionable" by a UN Resolution something away (pradan) is adopted by the General Assembly. accompanied by the inculcation or Women in development are an assimilation of humility and duty approach of development projects that toward others (grahan). emerged in the 1969s, calling for Volunteerism is an expression of treatment of women's issues in people‟s willingness and capacity to development projects. It is the freely help others and improve their integration of women into the global society. In most cultures, voluntary economies by improving their status action, under its many names, guises and assisting in total development. and dimensions, is deeply embedded in Later, the Gender and long-established traditions of sharing. development (GAD) approach proposed It brings significant benefits to more emphasis on gender relations individuals and communities by rather than seeing women's issues in addressing specific needs and by

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helping to nurture and sustain a rich Development Goals (MDGs), UN ISSN: 2456-5571 social texture and a strong sense of Volunteers organize local campaigns mutual trust and cohesion. Both of and devise creative approaches for SDG these are essential for a society‟s achievement, particularly in remote stability. areas and among marginalized Many people volunteer in order to populations, such as women and make time for hobbies outside of work youth.UN Volunteers will help monitor as well. For instance, if you have a SDG progress using citizen-driven desk job and long to spend time qualitative and quantitative data outdoors, you might consider collection. The model behaviour of volunteering to help plant a community volunteers inspires others to strive for garden, walk dogs for an animal the SDGs locally. Volunteering is one of shelter, or help at a children‟s camp. the several ways in which social capital “Volunteerism is a universal social is constructed; it represents a behaviour that builds on people‟s particular type of social capital in desire to engage with change rather which benefits accrue to the larger than to passively experience community by enhancing non-profit development processes” public benefit activities (Gronbjerg and “While formal volunteering generally Never, 2004). Volunteers are thus represented a unidirectional transfer of designated as one core dimension of skills, labour and resources, informal human agency in voluntary volunteering often embodied a more organisations (Barley and Tolbert, reciprocal form of giving and receiving” 1997; McDonald and Warburton, ECOSOC remains the only main UN 2003). body with a formal framework for NGO Volunteers are catalysts of change. participation through volunteerism. Volunteers make a difference to the The United Nations Volunteers communities where they are assigned (UNV) programme has evolved greatly by being helping hands as well as being over the past 42 years in terms of the active models of change. Volunteers size and spread of its mandate, results transform societies and are themselves and activities, driven by the changing transformed through volunteering. external environment for peace, Volunteerism enables people to development and the eradication of participate. Volunteerism strengthens poverty, by the wider acknowledgment social cohesion and trust by promoting of the role of volunteerism globally and individual and collective action, leading by intergovernmental legislation. to sustainable development for people UN Volunteers raise awareness by people. The UN sponsored about the 2030 Agenda among the International Year of Volunteers - 2001, constituencies with which they work. provides a unique opportunity to Like they did with the Millennium highlight the achievements of the

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millions of volunteers worldwide and to most. Volunteerism is a global encourage more people globally to phenomenon that transcends engage in volunteer activity. boundaries, religions and cultural Volunteerism is related to the part time divides. Volunteers embody the or full time work done by any person fundamental values of commitment, on his / her own free will for the inclusiveness, civic engagement and a welfare and development of people and sense of solidarity. The newly adopted society. Through volunteering, people Sustainable Development Goals offer can tackle some of the underlying another opportunity for individuals to causes of social exclusion such as lack show solidarity through volunteerism. of employment, education and health. National Policy on the Voluntary Volunteer work is work a person Sector 2007 in Indiais a commitment to does out of free will, that reaches out to encourage, enable and empower an invest time and service for the benefit independent, creative and effective of others or to a cause that is not voluntary sector, with diversity in form profit-seeking, and for which there is and function, so that it can contribute no monetary or in-kind payment to the social, cultural and economic (Butcher, 2010). It embraces both advancement of the people of India. “direct” volunteering, i.e., volunteer The voluntary sector has activities engaged in directly forother contributed significantly to finding households, and “organization-based” innovative solutions to poverty, volunteering, i.e., volunteering done deprivation, discrimination and for or through nonprofit institutions or exclusion, through means such as other types of organizations. awareness raising, social mobilization, It does not embrace work done service delivery, training, research, and without pay for members of the advocacy. Volunteering or volunteerism volunteer’s own household. Most is one of the several ways in which experts on volunteering agree that work social capital is constructed; It done for family members, especially represents a particular type of social “immediate” family members, does not capital in which benefits accrue to the qualify as volunteer work. As noted larger community by enhancing non- earlier, however, a problem arises in profit public benefit activities using “family” as the unit of (Gruenberg and Never, 2004).Anheier observation, because the definition of and Salamon (1999) in their study have “family,” and even “immediate family,” suggested several methods to is imprecise and differs widely among understand and measure volunteering different countries and cultures. activity in different countries.Haski- “Volunteering fosters creativity, Leventhal (2009) discusses the draws strength from our passions and relationship between altruism and connects us to those who need us volunteerism and points out that these

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concepts are closely related. She 1955 of the Indian Union. It is active as ISSN: 2456-5571 discusses the concept of altruism by an organization promoting socio- providing the opinion of various economic development of the weaker scholars on the subject. United Nations sections for the past 5 decade‟s and Volunteers has produced The State of promoting volunteerism. The World‟s Volunteerism Report 2011 organization follows a community- (United Nation Volunteers, 2011) on based approach for the development of volunteers and voluntary sector from marginalized sections of the society by all over the globe. The focus of this forming beneficiaries groups from Report is on the ways and means to various social groups such as women, promote volunteerism and values for children, youth, artisans, farmers, global well-being. As Brueggemann men, persons with disabilities, senior reports, partnership with volunteers is citizens and vulnerable families. The an alternative way for social workers to organization has already identified the work on development and provision of importance of the volunteer‟s their services. Volunteering offers the development and engagement in the prospect of promoting positive social humanitarian and development works. outcomes and community benefits or Some of the development programmes social capital (Paull 1999). incorporated with volunteerism during The role of third sector becomes the period of 2011 to 2016 are more dominant day by day in the described below to estimate the changing social scenario. International effectiveness and efficiency of the and National perspectives on this organization for the promotion of third sector reveal a clear vision in defining sector consciously. the role of the voluntary sector in this 1. SANGHA SROTHAS–Srothas regard. The study is such an attempt to centre for SHG and NGO management, comprehend the works of Malankara 2.VIBHAVA SROTHAS - a community Social Service Society a competent based program for the mobilization of voluntary organization in shouldering funds and faculties for the development with common peoples to change their programs, 3. SAKTHI SROTHAS - a lives and the society as a whole with Community Based rehabilitation the support of promoting of program, 4. AROGYA SROTHAS-a volunteerism at the grass root level. health action program, 5.POSHAKA Malankara Social Service Society SROTHAS-a nutrition improvement (MSSS) is the development and social program,6.VANITHA SROTHAS - an work organ of the Catholic Major integrated women development Archdiocese of Trivandrum. MSSS is program, 7. SURAKSHA SROTHAS-a registered in 1961, under the community based vigilance program for Travancore-Cochin Literary Scientific the protection and empowerment of and Charitable Societies Act XII of women and children,8.BHAVANA

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SROTHAS - a community driven program,26.KARSHAKA SROTHAS - a housing programme for the homeless, program for the integrated development 9.KUDUMBA SROTHAS - a family of farm and allied sector, 27. PRAKRITHI development programme,10.BALA SROTHAS- a community based natural SROTHAS - a child development and organic farming programe, programmes,11.SUKRUTHA SROTHAS- 28. BHAKSHYA SROTHAS -a s a community driven project to provide community based food security program, mid day meals to the poor and needy 29. HORTI SROTHAS - a community sick persons in the hospitals, based horticulture development 12. ABHAYA SROTHAS- a program for programme, 30. OUSHADA SASYA integrated development of the senior SROTHAS -a program for the citizens, 13.YUVA SROTHAS - an development of medicinal plants at the integrated program for the development community level, 31.PUSHPA SROTHAS of youth and adolescents, 14.VANA - a community based floriculture SROTHAS - a tribal development development program, 32.MADHU programme and the initiatives for the SROTHAS - a program for the increased afforestation, 15. JEEVAN SROTHAS - a production of honey,33.JEEVA community based micro insurance SROTHAS- a community based program for the marginalized and livestock development program, downtrodden in the society,16.SRO 34. POULTRY SROTHAS- a community FED CREDIT -program for village level driven program. to increase the poultry Banking mechanism, 17. SAMRAMBAKA development, 35.KSHEERA SROTHAS - SROTHAS-a program for sustainable a program for the development of mini enterprise development, 18. JEEVANA diary ventures at the community level, SROTHAS- a cluster development 36. MALSYA SROTHAS- an integrated initiative,19.SROTHAS MART -a inland fishing development program, marketing net work of rural marts and 37. SROTHAS TECH is a technology marketing centers, 20. SROTHAS driven program to introduce DESTINATION - a community based appropriate technologies and services, rural tourism development program, 38. OORJA SROTHAS a program for the 21. SROTHAS TEX- a community based increased energy management and natural fiber processing program, development, 39.AKSHAYA SROTHAS-a 22. SROTHAS CRAFTS- an integrated computer literacy program,40.JANA handicrafts development program, SROTHAS is a community based 23. SROTHAS ARTS -a program to voluntary action programme for good develop a group of artists and children governance, 41.VIKASANA SROTHAS-a in communication arts,24.VIDYA leadership development programme, SROTHAS-a community based quality 42. NIYAMA SROTHAS -a program for educational program, 25. PRAKASHA creating awareness on legal rights, SROTHAS - a educational support 43. HARITHA SROTHAS- a community

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based micro watershed development Conceptual Framework of the ISSN: 2456-5571 program, 44. SASYA SROTHAS - a Study: The theoretical framework of community based natural resource the study is on the General Systems management program, 45. JAGRATHA Theory developed by Ludwing von SROTHAS - a community based Bertlanffy exclusively for community disaster management program, development. 46. JALA SROTHAS - a community A system is defined as "a set of based water conservation and objects or elements in interaction to management program, 47. SUCHITWA achieve a specific goal." The function of SROTHAS - a community based solid any system is to convert or process waste management program, energy, information, or materials into a 48. BAMBOO SROTHAS a program for product or outcome for use within the the integrated bamboo development, system, or outside of the system (the 49. MADHYAMA SROTHAS a program environment) or both. Indeed, if a to enhance the capacity of community system is to survive, it must save some development writers, 50.VIGYANA of the outcome or product to maintain SROTHAS- a knowledge development the system. Ludwig Bertalanffy programme for the dissemination of described two types of systems in advanced knowledges, skills, special context of community techniques and technologies for the development. They are (1) open systems rural community, 51. GRAMA and (2) closed systems. The open SROTHAS-A Rural Community systems are systems that allow Empowerment as Central to interactions between its internal Development Programming with Social elements and the environment. An Justice, 51. GREEN SROTHAS-a open system is defined as a “system in community based environmental exchange of matter with its sustainability programme, 52. DARSAN environment, presenting import and SROTHAS-an integrated human export, building-up and breaking-down resource development programme, and of its material components.”Closed 53.SROTHAS KARUNYA SENA-a systems, on the other hand, are held to benefactor management programme. be isolated from their environment. The volunteerism developed The use of system theory concepts programmes conceived and helps the workers to organize the implemented by the organization information and see the pattern in systematically promoted volunteers for complex community development the development of communities and processes and to plan development environment with high caliber on activities for the communities and its human resource development wider social outcomes and impact especially among women leaders. resulted from social action. All systems have common elements. These are:

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Input, Output, Process, Feedback, effectively randomly selected namely, Control, Environment and Goal.In the Kattakada, Neyyattinkara and present scenario of globalization era, Nedumnagad .In each Taluks,two studies of these types‟ civil service villages selected based on the organizations or voluntary backwardness and the intensity of the organizations have great relevance. social groups such as scheduled The role of Malankara Social Service tribes/castes, coastal and other Society in creating various changes in backward communities. In each the society is very interesting one. villages, 50 leaders selected randomly. Hypothesis: The professional and The respondents are BPL women community based volunteerism has leaders from various socio-economic positively influenced the rural women background have been selected in achieving inclusive development and randomly. social change. Socio-demographic profiles of the Objectives of the Study Community Women Leaders. The main objectives of the study are This part provides the socio- the following. demographic profiles of the  To assess the organizational respondents selected for the analysis of capacities for the promotion of the data and interview conducted to volunteerism. converge the volunteer involvement in  To assess the capacities of the rural women development volunteerism in enhancing women‟s initiatives implemented by the participation in rural development organization. This, in turn provides the activities. influence and interest of the leaders in the volunteerism and facilitating the Multi stage stratified random women participation in rural sampling method explored in the development activities. The following study. As the universe is table illustrates the socio-demographic Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala indicators of the respondents selected state, three taluks where the for the study. community organizations developed

Table 1 Socio-demographic details of respondents

No Indicators Variables and percentage 1 Age 18-35Years (48%) 36-50 Years 37%) Above 50 Years (15%) Unmarried 2 Marital status Married (65%) Widow (6%) Divorced (2%) (27%) 3 Religion Hindu (50%) Muslim (18%) Christian (31%) Others (1%) 4 Category General (26%) OBC (56%) SC (16%) ST (2%)

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5 Family type Nuclear (68%) Joint (26%) Extended (6%) ISSN: 2456-5571 6 Family size Small (69%) Medium (25%) Large 6%) 7 Education Below 10thstd (17%) 10thStd (45%) Above 10thStd (38%) Rs5000to Rs10000 8 Monthly income Below Rs 5000(70%) Rs10000 (10%) (20%) 9 Family indebtedness Indebted (79%) Not indebted (21%) Breadwinner 10 Coolie and agriculture (56%) Others (44%) occupation 11 Possession of land Below 50cents (61%) Above 50 cents (39%) No land (21%) 12 Possession of vehicle No vehicle (49%) Motor vehicles (17%) Cycle (34%) Above 10years Below 5 years Between 5 to 10 years 13 Stay in the village (82%) (7%) (11%) 14 Possession of house Own (76%) Rented (24%) 15 Employment Employed (20%) Unemployed (80%)

16. Malankara Social Service Society –A 19. Consistency in vision and mission voluntary organization (77%) of the respondents strongly agree (83%) of the leaders strongly agree that that the vision and mission of the the nature and works of the organization are in consistent with its organization is coherently consistent objectives and activities.(14%) of the with volunteerism. (13%) of the leaders agree with that and 7% neither respondents agree the nature of agree nor disagree with the statement. organizational character as voluntary base. 20. Creative volunteer leadership (75%) of the respondents have the 17. Volunteerism and MSSS strong agreement that the organization (92%) of the women leaders strongly have creative volunteer leadership agree that they are very much satisfied while (13%) of them agree on the over the volunteerism promoted by the statement. organization and (6%) of them agree with it. 21. Local level volunteer representation (74%) of the women leaders strongly 18. Social work background of the agree that the organization has organization developed good volunteer The respondents have the sound representation at local level while (17%) understanding and knowledge of the agree on the statement. social work background of the organization. (82%) of women leaders 22. Skillful volunteers and community strongly agree and (9%) agree on the mobilization. sound social work background of the (82%) of the women leaders strongly organization. agree that the organization has skillful

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volunteers for community mobilization keep the core humanitarian standards while (8%) agree on the statement. through its volunteers and (51%) of 23. Social inclusion. them agree with the statement. (78%) of the respondents strongly agree that the organization is delivering 29. Interaction with experts. quality services for social inclusion (30%) of the respondents strongly agree through volunteers and (14%) agree on that the organization has helped the statement. volunteers to interact with experts on diverse fields and (53%) agree on this. 24. Volunteer development plan and action. 30. Linkages and collaborations. (77%) of the respondents strongly agree (34%) of the respondents strongly agree that the organization keeps a that the organization volunteers have systematic volunteer development plan developed good linkages and and action while (17%) of the women collaborations and (54%) agree with the leaders agree the statement. statement.

25. Catalysts for change agents. 31. Volunteerism and participatory (43%) of the respondents strongly agree development. that the volunteers of the organization (26%) of the respondents strongly agree are good catalysts for socio-economic that the volunteerism has enhanced change and (47%) of them agree with the capacities of women leaders for the statement. participatory development and (67%) agree with the same. 26. Mobilization of marginalized social groups. 32. Volunteerism and planned (63%) of the community leades strongly development activities for women. agree that he organization has (82%) of the respondents strongly agree mobilized various social groups from that the volunteerism has synergized the marginalized sector and (22%) of planned activities for women and (10%) them agree with the statement. agree with this statement.

27. Quality service delivery. 33. Efficiency in developing (59%) of the respondents strongly agree consciousness of development that the organization delivers quality activities. services to the marginalized through (74%) of the women leaders strongly volunteers and (26%) agree with this. agree that volunteers are efficient in developing consciousness regarding 28. Core Humanitarian Standards. various rural development programmes (33%) of the community leaders and (16%) agree on this. strongly agree that the organization

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39. Volunteers and women centric need ISSN: 2456-5571 34. Capacity building of volunteers. based projects. (43%) of the respondents strongly agree (37%) of the respondents strongly agree that the capacity building helped that the volunteers are supporting women to understand rural participants to plan women centric development programmes and (51%) of projects and (51%) of them agree on the the leaders agree on the statement. statement.

35. Knowledge dissemination. (37%) of 40. Expert team for women the respondents have strongly agree development activities. that the organization has disseminated (77%) of the respondents strongly agree knowledge of rural development that the organization has expert team programmes to women and (56%) of in handling development activities them agree on the statement. especially for women and (13%) of them 36. Knowledge and women agree on this statement. participation in development. 41. Capacity development for women (37%) of the respondents strongly agree centric activities. that the knowledge gained has helped (27%) of the respondents strongly agree them to participate effectively in rural that the organization is conducting development programmes and (57%) of continuous capacity building them agree on it. programmes on various thematic areas for women and (53%) of the leaders 37. Motivation and women agree with the statement. participation in development. (82%) of the community leaders 42. Sustaining projects for gender strongly agree that the volunteers and development. organization experts have motivated (43%) of the respondents strongly agree women to participate in rural that the organization has inculcated development activities and (8%) of them capacities for sustaining projects for agree on it. gender development and (49%) of them agree on the statement. 38. Participatory planning of micro projects. 43. Participatory monitoring and (44%) of the respondents strongly agree evaluation methods. that the volunteers of the organization (70%) of the respondents strongly agree has capacitated women to plan that the organization has improved participatory micro projects and (46%) capacities in conducting participatory of them agree on the statement. monitoring and evaluation methods through women volunteers and (22%) of them agree on the statement.

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44. Self Help Groups. women in venturing economic activities (76%) of the respondents strongly agree and (29%) of them agree on it. that the SHGs are the effective channel for rural development and livelihood 50. Rural development and improved promotion among women and (16%) status of women. agree on the statement. (81%) of the respondents strongly agree that the rural development 45. Women Self Help Groups programmes have improved the socio- volunteers and group dynamics for economic status of women in society development activities. and (15%) agree on it. (63%) of the respondents strongly agree that the women SHGs volunteers have The following are the suggestions increased dynamism for rural from the study development activities and (29%) of  The organizations promoting them agree on the statement. volunteerism should be coordinated 46. Women Self Help Groups and and converged at local level and resource mobilization. district levels. (67%) of the respondents strongly agree  National and state level policies on that women SHGs have explored volunteerism to be formulated. resource exponentially and (28%) of  A national council for volunteerism them agree on this. promotion in development action needed. 47. NREGS and women development.  A local action plan for volunteerism (54%) of the respondents strongly agree promotion and sustainable that the NRGES has helped development goals has to be marginalized women for development developed by the concerned and social protection while (39%) of the authorities. leaders agree with it.  A resourceful volunteer repository to be created and capacities of local 48. Rural skilling and women volunteers from marginalized development. sectors to be improved (77%) of the respondents strongly agree continuously. that skilling has empowered rural women for gainful wage employment Conclusion and (15%) agree on the statement. Voluntary organizations, local development committees, federations 49. Entrepreneurship and women and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) etc are development. the effective tools for the promotion of (66%) of the respondents strongly agree volunteerism at the local level. Lack of that the promotion of entrepreneurship professional development in volunteer development has encouraged rural engagement, most of the volunteerism

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did not make productive results.Lack of 8. Draft resolution of ECOSOC in UN ISSN: 2456-5571 proper laws, rules and guidelines make General Assembly 50th Session. the effects of volunteerism void and 1997 voice less. 9. Dube. S.C (1992), ”Understanding The futuristic scope of the change-Anthropological and volunteerism to be created for the Sociological Perspectives”, Vikas community capacity building and Publishing House Pvt Ltd, New people is for participation in Delhi development activities with appropriate 10. ECOSOC resolution 1996/31, part volunteerism planning and II, paragraph 20 implementation. 11. Frame work for Government and civil society partnerships (2013) by References Social Justice Department, 1. Angela Dale and Richard.B.Davis Government of Kerala (1994), Analyzing social and 12. Frazer, Nancy. (1990). Struggle Over political change-a case study Needs: Outline of a Socialist- methods, Sage publications, New Feminist Critical Theory of Late- Delhi. Capitalist Political Culture. In 2. Annual reports of Malankara Social Gordon, Linda (Ed.), Women, the Service Society for the period from State, and Welfare. Madison, WI: 2001 to 2016 University of Wisconsin Press. 3. Anheier, H. K. and Lester M. 13. Gittell, Marilyn, Ortega- Salamon (1999), Volunteering in Bustamente, Isolda, & Steffy, Tracy. Cross-National Perspective; Initial Women Creating Social Capital and comparisons, Law and Control, Social Change: A Study of Women- 62(4), pp. 43-65. Led Community Development 4. A.R. Desai (2005) Rural India in Organizations. Transition, 2nd edPopular 14. Gronbjerg and Never, 2004, The role Prakashan Mumbai of religious networks and other 5. Arora L S, Rural Development in factors in types of volunteer work,© India, S Chand & Co, New Delhi Wiley Periodicals, Inc (1976) 15. Gupta, A.K. “Viable Projects for 6. Banden Powel B H, The origin and Unviable Farmers: An Action growth of village communities India, Research Enquiry into the Swan Sonnenshain, London (1908) Structures and Processes of Rural 7. Decentralization for National and Poverty in Arid Regions.” Paper local development 1962 United presented at the symposium on Nations Publications New York 1962 rural development in South Asia, State, and Welfare. Madison, WI: IUAES Inter Congress, Amsterdam, University of Wisconsin Press 1981.

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IRONY IN O. HENRY’S SELECTED SHORT STORIES: A REPRESENTATIVE TECHNIQUE

B. PAVITHRA Research Scholar Department of English Periyar Government Arts College Cuddalore

Dr. S. BALU SUBESH Assistant Professor Department of English Periyar Government Arts College Cuddalore

Abstract O. Henry is an American short story writer. O. Henry lived in the period between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the beginning of the twentieth century. After the American Civil War had ended, a great number of workers became unemployed and they found it difficult to survive. After 1880’s several economic crises caused social turmoil. O. Henry wrote fourteen stories when he was in prison and published them under various pseudonyms. Most of his stories are set in the early twentieth century. Many of O. Henry’s stories take place in New York city and his concepts of the stories dealt with the life of ordinary people. Through the truthful description of the society of his time, he strongly conveys sharp criticism towards the government and the economic and social system in that society. This paper focusses on the economic crises caused social turmoil and the problem caused by the social evils in O. Henry’s two famous short stories namely; “The Cop and the Anthem” and The Gift of Magi”. Keywords: economic crises, irony, social evils, social systems, bank of embezzlement. petty crimes.

Introduction commenced his writings to magazines The name O. Henry is the pseudonym and newspapers. Later, he began for the original name William Sydney developing characters and plots for Porter. O. Henry is a prolific short story some stories such as “Georgia‟s Ruling” writer in America. At his age of (1900) and “Buried Treasure” (1908). O. nineteen, O. Henry was licensed as a Henry‟s narrative style has influenced pharmacist. O. Henry had to support many writers. O. Henry‟s narrative his family economically and so he has writing creates humour and his stories

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often have surprise endings. In 1891, endings. Many writers praise O. ISSN: 2456-5571 O. Henry worked as a teller and Henry‟s use of irony and his bookkeeper at the First National Bank humourous language. O. Henry has of Austin. In 1894, O. Henry was written many short stories using his accused by the bank of embezzlement literary weapon „irony‟. His short stories and consequently, he has lost his job. are famous for the unexpected climax. In 1895, O. Henry and his family O. Henry works with different types of moved to Houston. Meantime, there irony such as verbal irony, cosmic was an audit in the First National Bank irony, dramatic irony and situational of Austin and the auditors found the irony. embezzlement. In 1898, O. Henry was The short story “The Cop and the sentenced to five years imprisonment. Anthem” published in 1904. This story On March 25, 1898, he was imprisoned centers around the life of the character at the Ohio penitentiary in Columbus. Soapy. Soapy is a homeless man who As he had been licensed a pharmacist, lives in New York city in the early he worked in the prison hospital as a twentieth century. Soapy stays in night chemist. Cabbages and Kings is Madison Square park. Now, the winter the first collection of O. Henry stories. is nearing and the park will be too cold. This collection has some of his best- Soapy starts to plan of spending the known works. The Four Million is his winter safely and so he decides to do second collection of stories.Mark what he has done during previous Schorer a famous American critic winters. Soapy has done some crimes writes in his book 20th Century like stealing the woollen coat in the Literary Criticism about literary career store, breaking the lights in the street of O. Henry: and gets arrested voluntarily and so he Such critics may have taken their can spend the winter days safely in cue from Porter himself. As reported by prison, Blackwell‟s Island. Soapy plans George Macadam in O. Henry papers, to commit petty crimes and so he will Porter observed to a friend, „I‟m a be arrested and be taken to Blackwell‟s failure, I always have the feeling that I Island where he can feel warm and want to get back somewhere, but I receive three meals a day. Soapy‟s first don‟t know just where it is, My stories., effort is going to an expensive don‟t satisfy me. It depresses me to restaurant and having a decadent meal have people point me out or introduce without paying money. This insolvency me as a celebrated author.‟ (391) makes him to be arrested and to be put Irony occurs virtually in O. Henry in the prison. The writer creates a twist stories. Irony helps the readers to enjoy applying situational irony that when the combination of comedy and Soapy enters a restaurant, a waiter tragedy. O. Henry‟s writing style stops him and spots his appearance provides tearful smile and surprise and sends him out before Soapy sits in

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the seat. The writer‟s words from the the law‟s minions. They take to their short story provides the proof: “but as heels. (Henry 33) Soapy set foot inside the restaurant Soapy‟s next plan is to dine in the door the head waiter‟s eye fell upon his hotel. He goes to the restaurant and frayed trousers and decadent shoes. eats delicious food. Finally, Soapy Strong and ready hands turned him informs the waiter that he has no about and conveyed him in silence and money with him. Soapy thinks that the haste to the sidewalk and averted the owner of the restaurant will call the ignoble fate of the menaced mallard” police to arrest him. Instead the waiter (O. Henry 33). picks him up and pushes him out of At a corner of Sixth Avenue, Soapy the restaurant. At this stance, Soapy plans to do criminal action because the feels that his plan to spend this winter police officers are standing near the in Island will become only a dream. shop. Soapy takes a cobblestone and Meantime, Soapy has seen a woman throws it on the front window of the who is standing near the cop. Soapy store. Suddenly, the police officers and goes to her and requests her to call the others gather in front of the store. cop. Soapy hopes that she will scream Soapy is still standing at the same for help. Unfortunately, she speaks place. The police officers start to search positively to Soapy. Soapy expects the the culprit. The policeman enquires the chances to do the criminal action; gets people who are standing near the store. arrested and go to the prison. Soapy keeps his hands in his pockets When Soapy is walking along the smiling. Soapy asks the policeman street, he notices some cops standing whether he can recognize him as a at the corner of the street. Soapy starts culprit. The policeman‟s mind has to scream and dance. The cops mistake refused to accept Soapy as a culprit. that he is a college boy and so they Soapy‟s criminal attempt is failed. The ignore Soapy. Soapy tries his next plan writer makes the situation ironic and to steal an umbrella from a man in a writes the disappointment of Soapy in store. If the man identifies Soapy and the following lines: questions him. Soapy can ask the man „Where‟s the man that done that?‟ to call the cop because he has stolen inquired the officer excitedly. „Don‟t you an umbrella from the man. But the figure out that I might have had man does not respond to Soapy. At something to do with it? Said Soapy, last, Soapy feels that he cannot do any not without sarcasm, but friendly as wrong actions. Soapy walks along the one greets and good fortune. The street slowly. Suddenly, he hears an policeman‟s mind refused to accept anthem from the church. Soapy sits Soapy even as a clue. Men who smash down in the church. When he hears the windows do not remain to parley with anthem again, immediately he

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remembers his childhood days and his irony and situational irony. Mr. James ISSN: 2456-5571 family. Dillingham and Mrs. James Dillingham The music from the church fills his are the major characters of the story. heart. Soapy thinks of his capability. In this story, Mr. James is called „Jim‟ Soapy decides that thereafter he does and Mrs. James is called „Della‟. This not want to do criminal actions in his story takes place at the small life. Soapy wants to change his thought apartment of Jim and Della on the day of going to prison. He decides to get a before Christmas. Jim and Della are job. Suddenly, he remembers the newly married couple. They love each person who has offered him a job. other greatly. However, they suffer Soapy plans to find the man. When economically. Della plans to present a Soapy starts to leave the church at gift to her husband Jim. After paying once. The cop puts his hand on Soapy‟s all her bills, Della has only one dollar arm and asks Soapy what he is doing eighty-seven cents. there so late at night. Soapy replies Della is struggling to find a solution nothing and says that he is going to for lack of dollars. Della wants to buy a search for a job. The cop does not gift to Jim because he deserves for all believe him. of his hard work. After struggling much To make an unexpected climax, the time, she gets an idea that the most writer applies situational irony. The valuable thing she has is her hair. story ends with the judgement that Della‟s hair is long and beautiful. Della Soapy has been sent to prison for three often compares her hair to the hair of months. The writer presents this in the queens. Della goes to the hairdresser, following lines: “he would-Soapy felt a Madame Sofronie. Sofronie cuts off hand laid on his arm. He looked Della‟s hair and gives her twenty quickly around into the broad face of a dollars. Now, Della has twenty-one policeman. What are you doing „here?‟ dollars and eighty-seven cents. Della is asked the officer” (O. Henry 36). The very much happy to buy a present for writer uses irony to create the twist in Jim. Meantime, Della starts to search the story. The main theme of “The Cop for the surprise gift for Jim. and the Anthem” is the struggles of the Della does not have an idea about people of New York. Soapy belongs to the gift. After seeing many things, she that community who is homeless and has disappointed because the things wants to be arrested so that he can she has seen are not good enough. protect himself during the cold winter Suddenly, Della remembers that Jim weather. grandfather‟s gold watch. Jim ties a The short story “The Gift of Magi” leather strap to the gold watch after the was published in 1905. In this story O. original chain has broken. As Della Henry has used three different types of wishes to buy an unforgettable gift to irony namely verbal irony, dramatic Jim. Della goes to many shops looking

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for the right watch chain until she use of irony at the proper situation finds a perfect watch chain. At last she makes the story excellent. We can read looks a platinum watch chain perfectly the twist in the following lines: fitting to her expectation. The platinum “beautiful combs, pure tortoise shell, watch chain costs twenty-one dollars. with jewelled rims - just the shade to Della buys it and returns home with wear in the beautiful vanished hair. eighty-seven cents. After reaching her They were expensive combs, she knew, apartment, Della worries that Jim and her heart had simply crawled and might not find her attractive without yearned over them without the least her long hair. When Della is in dinner hope of possession” (O. Henry 8). preparation, Jim comes home. The Later, Della remembers her gift for dramatic irony is Jim gets shocked of Jim and gives it to Jim. Jim informs seeing Della without her long and Della that he does not have enough beautiful hair. The shock is so money to buy her present and so he dramatic that the writer makes every has sold his gold watch to buy her the reader expect what is going to happen. Christmas gift. At this stance, the We can see the effect in the following writer uses verbal irony through the lines: words of Jim, “too nice to use just at His eyes were fixed upon Della, and present” (O. Henry 8). Jim says that there was an expression in them that they both cannot utilise their gifts. O. she could not read, and it terrified her. Henry has applied three types of irony It was not anger, nor surprised, nor to display the powerful themes such as disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the love and sacrifice. Thus, irony helps the sentiments that she had been prepared writer to express the concept of true for. He simply stared at her fixedly with value and worth of rare things. Jim and that peculiar expression on his face. (O. Della show the value of their Henry 7) relationship by sacrificing the valuable Della does not understand the things they have possessed. feeling and gestures of Jim. Jim is not angry and sad instead he is surprised Conclusion and confused. Della questions Jim While going deep to the study of the about his gold watch. Jim does not concept, it would feel so easy to see the answer her and he hands over a gift to meaningful stories that are not only full her and tells Della that it is Christmas of laughter but also filled with strong gift to her. Della opens the gift, she is criticism towards the reality and valid greatly shocked seeing it. The gift box implications.. This is a kind of humour contains a set of combs which Della with tears, and it is just this kind of longed to have for a long time. The total tearful laughter presented by the situation becomes a marvellous one characters and plots that reveal the with the sharp twist. The author‟s apt social criticism in the story. O. Henry

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stories express the life experience and References ISSN: 2456-5571 so his characters and protagonist are 1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of portrayed on the real people‟s struggles Literary Terms (third edition), India: in their life. O. Henry writes about Macmillian publishers, 2013. Print. social issues and economical level of 2. Henry, O.O. Henry 100 Selected the people. His observation of the social Stories, Vasan Publications, 2018. incidents hasreflected in his stories. In 3. Schorer, Mark. 20th Century many of his stories the reader Literary Criticism, London: understands the social reality and the Longman, 1972. social evils happen in the society.

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