The 3rd International Conference on Cordillera Studies (ICCS 3) University of the Philippines-Baguio, Baguio, the Philippines

Structure and Function on Traps among the Pala’wan on Palawan Island, the Philippines

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Takashi TSUJI Researcher, Graduate School of Agriculture Saga University, JAPAN Correspondence: [email protected] z Index

1) Introduction

2) Purpose of this presentation

3) Methodology

4) Results

5) Summary and Conclusion z Introduction

§ In the Philippines, bird hunting is practiced everywhere

§ There are several reasons why this activity is enjoyed

§ ird hunting is actually illegal, however a record should be maintained of the hunting methods to preserve the indigenous culture and techniques of this area 4 Introduction z Illegality of Bird hunting 5 １）Introduction z Human nature and 6

z 2）Purpose of this presentation

§ This presentation focuses on the structure and function of bird traps found in the Pala’wan in Southern Palawan

§ Specifically, the structure of bird traps, the production, materials, and the mechanism are examined. Furthermore, the functioning of the Pala’wan community, the targeted birds, and reasons to hunt birds was also examined

§ Finally, this presentation investigates the relationships between birds and human through the bird traps 7 3) Methodology z Systematic Studies z 3) Methodology Research information

§ This research was conducted in the Pala’wan village, Southern Palawan Island, from August 9 to 20, 2013.

§ The methods were participatory observation, interviews, and questionnaire surveys

§ Tagalog was used as the research language 9 3) Methodology z Research area

● 10 3) Methodology The Pala’wan

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Source: Photo taken by the presenter, 2002 z 4) Results Bird hunting methods of the Pala’wan

Classification Name of trap Litag (general snare trap) Bintuka (powerful snare trap) Särok (powerful snare trap both for birds Snare traps (litag) and ) Pidlong (snare trap using Alocasia fruit) Perangkap (snare trap using a drop lid) Labay (wire trap for the red junglefowl) Bilagong (wire trap for the water hen) Wire traps (silo) Rakar (wire trap set in a bird’s nest) Bingbing (wire trap set in a tree)

Impulut (bird lime) Methods without traps Käkwit (bird whistle) käkäʔ (imitation of bird’s cries) Supok (blowgun) Missile Tilador (slingshot) Source: Created through the presenter’s participant observation and interviews z 4) Results Powerful snare trap (bintuka)

Source: Photo taken by the presenter, 2013 z 4) Results Snare trap using Alocasia fruit (pidlong)

Source: Photo taken by the presenter, 2002 z 4) Results Snare trap using a drop lid (perangkap)

Source: Photo taken by the presenter, 2005 z 4) Results Wire trap for red jungle fowl (labay)

Source: Photo taken by the presenter, 2013 z 4) Results Wire trap set in a nest (rakar)

Source: Photo taken by the presenter, 2013 z 4) Results Frequency of bird traps used by the Pala’wan (n=67 people)

supok

tilador

dagta Wire traps rakar

bilagon perangkap

pidlong

särok Snare traps

bintuka

litag

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Frequency Source: Created through the presenter’s participant observation and interviews z 4) Results Materials of traps

Scientific Name Local Name litag bintuka särok pidlong labay bilagong rakar perangkap

1 Bambusa spp. kawayan ○ ○ ○ ○

2 Calamus spp. way ○ ○

3 Lepisanthes rubiginosa ämbobosog ○ ○

4 Streblus ilicifolius ulos ○

5 Alocasia odora biga ○

6 Eupatorium odoratum dälayäy ○ ○

7 Unidentified plants ○ ○

8 Nylon ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Source: Created through the presenter’s participant observation and interviews z 4) Results Birds hunted by the Pala’wan

Order Family Local Name Scientific Name English Name

1 Anseriformes Anatidae wild duck Anas sp. ? A kind of duck 2 Psittaciformes Cacatuidae lägay Cacatuahaematuropygia Philippine Cockatoo

3 Psittaciformes Cacatuidae pikoy Tanygnathuslucionensis Blue-naped Parrot

4 Psittaciformes Cacatuidae kälit Prioniturusplatenae Palawan Racquet-tailed Parrot

5 Galliformes Phasianidae labuyu Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl 6 Galliformes Phasianidae pugo Coturnix japonica Quail 7 Galliformes Phasianidae Toking Coturnix chinensis King Quail 8 Galliformes Turnicidae alimokon Turnixocellata Spotted Button Quail 9 Piciformes Picidae tälakitok Dryocopusjavensis White-bellied Woodpecker 10 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae tilabong Egrettagarzetta Little Egret 11 Passeriformes Cettiidae bokborok Phylloscopus borealis Japanese Leaf Warbler 12 Passeriformes Cettiidae käkasa Phylloscopussp. A kind of warbler 13 Passeriformes Estrildini dignas Lonchurapunctulata Scaly-breasted Munia 14 Passeriformes Estrildini maya Lonchuramalacca Tricolored Munia 15 Passeriformes Corvidae tamsik Pachycephalahomeyeri White-vented Whistler

16 Passeriformes Corvidae wak Corvusenca Slender-billed Crow 17 Passeriformes Oriolidae äntälihawän Orioluschinensis Black-naped Oriole

18 Passeriformes Chloropsis käribungan Aegithinatiphia Common Iora

19 Passeriformes Acanthizidae saritsit Gerygone sp. A kind of gerygone 20 Passeriformes Acanthizidae tärapsing Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Gerygone 21 Passeriformes Sturnidae kiyaw Graculareligiosa Common Hill Myna 22 Passeriformes Turdidae bilad Saxicolacaprata Pied Bush Chat 23 Gruiformes Rallidae biskär Rallinaeurizonoides Slaty-legged Crake 24 Gruiformes Rallidae täriwokwok Amaurornisphoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen

25 Columbiformes Columbidae takurkor Streptopeliachinensis Spotted Dove

26 Columbiformes Columbidae käryasäw Chalcophasindica Emerald Dove

27 Columbiformes Columbidae putian Ducula bicolor Pied Imperial Pigeon

28 Columbiformes Columbidae alimokon Phapitreronleucotis White-eared Brown-dove

29 Bucerotidae talosi Anthracocerosmarchei Palawan 30 Cuculiformes Cuculidae sungkaling Eudynamysscolopacea Asian Koel Source: Created through the presenter’s participant observation and interviews z 4) Results Frequency of birds hunted by the Pala’wan (n=67 people)

Frequency

Quail

Japanese Leaf Warbler

Red Junglefowl

King Quail

Asian Koel

Blue-naped Parrot

Common Iora

Little Egret

White-breasted Waterhen

Philippine Cockatoo

Tricoloured Munia

A kind of duck

White-eared Brown-dove

Blue-naped Parrot 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Source: Created through the presenter’s participant observation and interviews 21

z 4) Results Reasons to hunt birds（Multiple answers）

Female（n=17）

食用Foods 4%4%

8% 飼育Pets Male（n=29） 8% 44% 4% 繁殖Breeding 2% Foods 28% 4% 食用 玩具Toys

7% Enjoying bird songs 飼育Pets 52% Cat’s food 35% Others 玩具Breeding

Hobbies

Destruction of harmful birds in a field

Source: Created through the presenter’s participant observation and interviews 22

z 5) Summary and Conclusion Summary

§ This research found that 9 types of bird traps; 5 snare traps and 4 wire traps are used among the Pala’wan in research site

§ Plants especially bamboos are basic materials of bird traps but nylon is also frequently used instead of rattans that was originally used and decreasing in the area

§ 30 kinds of birds are targeted and main target is quail

§ People hunt birds both by killing and by being alive

§ The purpose of bird hunting is mainly for obtaining the bush meat. And for breeding as pets to enjoy the songs, sport hunting. On the other hand, people hunt harmful birds for their fields that are important subsistence of the shifting cultivators 23

z 5) Summary and Conclusion Structure of bird traps among the Pala’wan

§ Bird traps of the Pala’wan are made of plants basically but nylon is also used. It may relate to enhance the productivity and to make the traps robust

§ People tend to chose wire traps to hunt quails and women mostly engage the trapping

§ Some snare traps need skillful techniques for production and rarely made especially by younger generation

§ Traps don’t need to chase birds and people can just wait until the targets are trapped. Traps are the time- saving hunting gears under the main subsistence activity 24

z 5) Summary and Conclusion Function of bird traps among the Pala’wan

§ Bird Traps are necessary to satisfy people in terms of pleasure and obtaining some proteins in their given environment with no amusements

§ People enjoy bird trapping but can’t always catch birds. People may not think of efficiency and seek for enjoyment in their living world

§ People play with birds by using the traps. The simple traps may contain the element of deep play

§ Trapping birds is rationality act but they are based on human irrationality as Homo ludens z 5) Summary and Conclusion Conclusion

§ Although bird trapping is illegal activity, it is an indigenous precious material culture

§ It must be sure that bird trapping decrease bird population but the technique may not be elaborative to hunt over the birds

§ Bird traps of the Pala’wan may contribute to conserve birds naturally in some degree

§ Bird traps can tell human-animal relationships in natural world that is being less in contemporary world

§ This presentation concludes that bird traps are evaluated as tools to connect between birds and human in cultural and ecological viewpoint z Thank you for your time and attention

Reference

§ Tsuji, T. (2019) An Eco-Material Cultural Study on Bird Traps among the Palawan of the Philippines. Naditira Widya 13 (1): 25-40.