2021 – 2023 Asian Hornbill SAFE Program Plan

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ASIAN HORNBILL SAFE PROGRAM PLAN 2021-2023

Contents

BACKGROUND ……………………………………………………………. 2 Asian Hornbill SAFE Program Goal ………………………………………… 3 Program Operational Structure ………………………………………………. 3 Conservation Target ………………………………………………………….. 4 Status of Asian Hornbills within AZA Community …………………………. 5 AZA Conservation Activities ………………………………………………… 5 AZA Public Engagement Activities ………………………………………….. 6

SPECIES STATUS …………………………………………………………... 7 Conservation Status …………………………………………………………... 7 Recovery Plans & IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group Priorities …………. 13 Threats ………………………………………………………………………... 14

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………… 15 Conservation Objectives ……………………………………………………… 15 Public/Stakeholder Engagement Objectives …………………………………. 16 Communications/Public Awareness Objectives ……………………………... 16 Funding Objectives …………………………………………………………… 16

LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………. 17

PROGRAM SUMMARY TABLE …………………………………………... 21

Cover photo © Aparajita Datta, Great Indian Hornbill Back cover © Morton Strange, Rhinoceros Hornbill

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BACKGROUND

The Asian Hornbill SAFE Program creates a partnership between the IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group and the AZA community to support the implementation of effective conservation planning and actions to conserve threatened Asian Hornbills and the habitat upon which they depend. Asian Hornbills are some of the largest and most visually striking birds seen in AZA member institutions. They draw attention to the importance of tropical rainforests across Asia and the role that hornbills play as seed-dispersers to maintain forest ecology. They are affectionately described as being the 'gardeners of the rainforest' and make ideal flagship species to highlight the biodiversity of life that exists in these unique ecosystems. They are dependent on the continued existence of primary rainforests so that they can find mature trees that can provide suitable nest cavities for breeding, and therefore they focus attention on the dangers of losing rainforest biodiversity when land is cleared for development. Several hornbill species are affected by illegal trade, either for the live bird trade, or for body parts used as souvenirs (as detailed later in this plan). This initial three-year Asian Hornbill SAFE Program Plan focuses on 15 threatened category species, from five focus countries in South-East Asia where AZA members have historically or currently support conservation work with Asian Hornbills. The five focus countries of the current program plan are India, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia & the Philippines. Conservation actions supported by AZA members include developing conservation action plans, nest site protection, local community-based forest warden programs, habitat protection and enhancement, biodiversity assessments of natural areas, species population surveys and population viability assessments, provision of artificial nests, anti-poaching and demand reduction programs.

Fig 1 – Distribution of the 15 Asian Hornbill species covered in the SAFE Program Plan

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PROGRAM GOAL

The Asian Hornbill SAFE Program’s overarching, long-term goal is to support the sustainability of wild Asian Hornbills in viable, ecologically functional populations in forest, both intact and managed, within their natural ranges. Within their range countries hornbills will increasingly be valued by local communities for their role in rainforest ecology and protected from poaching, trade and habitat loss or degradation through science-based, and stakeholder-inclusive conservation action. The focus of the three-year plan includes.

1. Partner with IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group, and affiliated working groups, to deliver science-based, stakeholder-inclusive conservation planning for priority Asian Hornbill species and coordinate implementation of the conservation strategies and action plans produced.

2. Cultivate long-term sustainable partnerships, between AZA organizations and field partners, both established and new, that advance the field conservation of Asian hornbills.

3. Address data deficient knowledge gaps for key range areas and species of Asian hornbills, according to strategic priorities identified by IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group.

4. Work with Traffic-Asia and other like organizations to monitor patterns and current trends in wildlife trafficking of Asian hornbills and address demand reduction to reduce wildlife trafficking for Asian hornbills in range, transit and demand countries.

PROGRAM OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE

Program Leader Roger Sweeney North Carolina Zoo - [email protected] Director of Animal Management 336-879-7601 Vice Program Leader David Oehler Nashville Zoo – [email protected] Vice President 615-833-1534 x 193 Steering Committee and Program Partner Bryan MacAulay Phoenix Zoo – [email protected] Collection Manager of Birds 602-286-3800 x 7635 Michelle Smurl Brevard Zoo – [email protected] Director of Animal Programs 321-254-9453 x 217 Gen Anderson St. Augustine Alligator Farm – [email protected] General Curator 904-824-3337 x 116 Mark Myers Woodland Park Zoo – [email protected] Curator of Birds & Invertebrates 206-548-2507

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Program Advisors WCC Liaison Dr. Lisa Kelley – St. Louis Zoo [email protected] Executive Director, Wild Care 314-646-4958 Education Advisor Michelle Kolar – Zoo Atlanta [email protected] Vice President of Education 404.624.5890 Coraciiformes TAG Paul Schutz - Disney’s Animal Kingdom [email protected] Animal Operations Manager 407-938-2936 IUCN SSC Hornbill Dr. Aparajita Datta – Senior Scientist [email protected] Specialist Group Nature Conservation Foundation Wildlife Trafficking Sara Walker – AZA [email protected] Alliance Senior Advisor 301-244-3320 Helmeted Hornbill Dr. Jessica Lee – Assistant Director [email protected] Working Group Wildlife Reserves Singapore +65 6768 5322 Field Partners PhilBio Foundation Lisa Paguntalan -Executive Director [email protected]

Talarak Foundation Dino Gutierrez - President [email protected]

Katala Foundation Dr. Peter Widmann - Director [email protected]

Hornbill Research Vijak Chimchome - Secretary [email protected] Foundation Nature Conservation Dr. Aparajita Datta – Senior Scientist [email protected] Foundation HUTAN Conservation Dr Marc Ancrenaz – Scientific Director [email protected] Program Animals Asia Harold Browning – Animal Welfare [email protected] Foundation Advisor

CONSERVATION TARGET

The Asian Hornbill SAFE Program initially focuses on 15 species of the family Bucerotidae, from the South-East Asia region. The list of species for this initial Asian Hornbill SAFE program plan was created by combining the highest priority Asian species that the IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group has identified for conservation planning and action, with the list of current AZA animal program species, and then inclusion of existing field conservation programs where AZA members have already invested in Asian hornbill conservation and partnerships. We then restricted the species list to only include those species listed in IUCN threatened categories (CR, EN & VU), but we note that several additional non-threatened hornbill species will also benefit from the actions supported by this Program. The following table represents the species covered in this initial Asian Hornbill SAFE Program Plan.

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Table 1: Current Asian Hornbill SAFE Program Plan species

STATUS OF ASIAN HORNBILL SAFE SPECIES WITHIN AZA COMMUNITY

The AZA Coraciiformes Taxon Advisory Group currently has 3 SSP programs for Asian Hornbill species, plus one candidate program. All four of those species are included within the Asian Hornbill Safe Program and their population numbers are detailed in the 2019 Coraciiformes TAG Annual Report as follows.

Rhinoceros Hornbill - Yellow SSP - 35.37.2 (74 individuals) Wrinkled Hornbill - Yellow SSP - 26.19.1 (46 individuals) Great Indian Hornbill - Red SSP – 15.5.0 (20 individuals) Wreathed Hornbill - Candidate Prgm – 9.10.0 (19 individuals)

In addition, both Black Hornbill and White-crowned Hornbill have been kept in AZA institutions but have been listed as phase-out species during past regional collection planning by the Coraciiformes Taxon Advisory Group.

AZA CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES

In a 2019 survey to AZA Coraciiformes TAG Institutional Representatives, 20 AZA organizations stated that they were either funding field conservation work directly focused upon hornbills or had staff members directly involved with hornbill field work. Many additional zoos have funded regional conservation work in Asia that has connection to Asian Hornbills. In many cases, AZA organizations have shown long-term support for conservation programs for

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population monitoring, nest protection and habitat enhancements for Asian Hornbills such as those offered by the Hornbill Research Foundation in Thailand, or the Nature Conservation Foundation, India.

The current Asian Hornbill SAFE Program Partners have been involved in the following activities. • North Carolina Zoo is supporting field survey work and conservation action plan development & implementation with Philippine hornbills that has been ongoing for several years. This has included participation in species action planning workshops for Sulu hornbill, Rufous-headed hornbill & Visayan hornbill as well as other Philippine wildlife. North Carolina Zoo is now working with Philippine partner organizations to implement conservation actions from the Sulu Hornbill Conservation Strategy & Action Plan for at least the next 3 years, starting with field surveys and population viability assessment, nest protection programs, and further development of a local forest ranger program. • Phoenix Zoo - In 2017, The Arizona Center for Nature Conservation/Phoenix Zoo became directly involved in the conservation of Asian Hornbills. Building upon a decade of successful captive breeding of Rhinoceros Hornbills, Phoenix teamed up with HUTAN to design, construct and install a series of artificial nests in Sabah, Borneo. Since 2017, the project has grown in size and scope to include eight species of imperiled Asian Hornbills along with several successful nest protypes. • Nashville Zoo has a long history of ex-situ programs that benefit the Rhinoceros Hornbill SSP involving the propagation of this taxon and partnering with local suppliers to donate artificial nest cavities (whiskey barrels) to zoos across the United States. In-situ programs have been in place for more than a decade and comprise of landscape protection within the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary and the surrounding floodplains of Malaysia. Moving forward, the Nashville Zoo is entering an agreement with the Hanoi Wildlife Rescue Center, and Animals Asia Foundation in Vietnam. This agreement outlines efforts to establish a program to support efforts to rescue, conserve, and propagate hornbill taxa associated with animals confiscated through the illegal wildlife trade. • Brevard Zoo has funded hornbill nest protection programs in Thailand through the Hornbill Research Foundation and is currently supporting the Malaysian SAFE field partner HUTAN with habitat enhancement work in Borneo. • St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park actively funds nest protection programs in both Thailand & India through support for SAFE field partners Hornbill Research Foundation and Nature Conservation Foundation. • Woodland Park Zoo has supported conservation of Asian Hornbills for many years through coordinating funding donations from many North American partners to the Hornbill Nest Adoptions program run by the Hornbill Research Foundation in Thailand. https://www.zoo.org/nestadoptions

AZA PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

As a new SAFE program, data has not been collected to establish the baseline of activities within AZA organizations that focus on Asian Hornbill conservation. This baseline data will be

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collected as part of this plan. The SAFE Program plan will initially focus on the development of Love Hornbills Day as an annual SAFE awareness day on February 13th to build upon the foundation of this awareness day being celebrated in Thailand and other Asian countries for over 20 years. In addition, the SAFE program will highlight World Rainforest Day, June 22nd, also an established day of celebration, for awareness activities.

SPECIES STATUS

CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE 15 ASIAN HORNBILL SAFE SPECIES

With the Asian Hornbill SAFE Program including 15 threatened-category species, the conservation status and threats faced vary significantly with some species being single-island endemics, while other species face broad threats that cross over national borders and regulatory jurisdictions. The IUCN SCC Hornbill Specialist Group has recently reviewed and revised assessment data for all Asian hornbill species, an exercise that was completed in late 2020. Based upon recently updated red list assessment information for these species, a short summary for each species is given below for each of the 15 SAFE Program species.

Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) - IUCN Status: Critically Endangered Major Threats – Trade & Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2020a)

“The species is heavily targeted by hunters and illegally traded. The species has a solid horn or casque, which is highly prized. China is the biggest consumer of the casques, which are often carved for decorations (Hughes 2015). Currently, the trade in this species is centered on Indonesia, but will likely move to Malaysia once the supply of birds becomes limiting in Indonesia (S. Mahood in litt. 2015).” “The trade network is thought to be largely managed by organized crime. This means that trade pressure is likely to continue, eventually reaching every part of the species range, and will be very difficult to control (N. Collar in litt. 2015).”

“Perhaps a crucial additive factor is that logging has created access to a much greater percentage of the species range, enabling hunters’ access to virtually the entire population. The species is generally confined to lowland and lower-slope forest up to an elevation of 1,500 m, which is usually targeted for conversion to oil palm and logging for timber (N. Collar in litt. 2015). The species has specific nesting requirements, using the largest trees and apparently requiring trees with nest holes topped with a perch for the male to use while provisioning the female (Jain et al. 2018). Logging is therefore likely to significantly reduce available nest sites. As a fig-specialist, it is also likely to be strongly affected by loss of fig trees due to logging (Meijaard et al. 2005). Forest fires have also had a damaging effect and are exacerbated by fragmentation (Cochrane 2001).”

Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss & Local Hunting Source: BirdLife International (2020b)

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“Forest destruction in the Sundaic lowlands of Indonesia has been extensive as a result of commercial and illegal logging, as well as agricultural development. An analysis of forest loss from 2000 to 2012 estimated forest loss within the species range at 43.8% across three generation lengths (Tracewski et al. 2016). Additionally, the species is known to be impacted by hunting. It is caught for food, trade and the use of body parts (namely its casque and tail feathers) in ceremonial dress (Kinnaird and O'Brien 2007, Kemp and Boesman 2018), especially on Borneo by the Iban and Orang Ulu communities (L. Sir in litt. 2020). The species may also be taken as ‘bycatch’ by hunters targeting Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil (R. Wirth in litt. 2017). The rate of decline due to hunting is uncertain, however hunting for feathers and casques is likely to increase for commercial and cultural purposes via online platforms in Kalimantan, Indonesia (Y. Hadiprakarsa, pers. comm.)”

Wrinkled Hornbill (Rhabdotorrhinus corrugatus) – IUCN Status: Endangered Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2018a)

“Rates of forest loss in the Sundaic lowlands have been extremely rapid, owing partly to the escalation of illegal logging and land conversion, with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas. Forest fires have also had a damaging effect (particularly in 1997-1998). An analysis of forest loss from 2000-2012 estimated forest loss within the species range at a rate equivalent to 62% across three generation lengths (Tracewski et al. 2016). This species shows strong avoidance of degraded or secondary forests and is reliant on lowland forest (D. L. Yong and S. Mahood in litt. 2018), which is particularly threatened by land conversion for large-scale plantations of oil palm and rubber, as well as clearance for small-scale agriculture. The species requires large trees in which to nest, so logging of large trees is a particular threat (S. Mahood in litt. 2018). The species is also threatened by hunting and may be taken as 'bycatch' by hunters targeting Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil (D. L. Yong in litt. 2018).”

Wreathed Hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2018b)

“Forest destruction in the Sunda region has been extensive as a result of commercial and illegal logging, conversion to agriculture (particularly plantations) and increasing human population pressure. The species generally prefers areas with extensive forest cover, while it avoids areas with even low human population (A. Datta and R. Naniwadekar in litt. 2018). The species has a very large home range (Keartumsom et al. 2011) and therefore requires large tracts of undisturbed forest. Its preferred lowland forest habitat is particularly impacted by deforestation, even within protected areas (Kemp et al. 2018). An analysis of forest loss from 2000 to 2012 estimated deforestation within the species range at 32.8% over three generations (Tracewski et al. 2016). In north-eastern India, only 5% of the landscape offers suitable habitat (Naniwadekar et al. 2016). There, the species has disappeared from places where it used to be common (A. Choudhury in litt. 2018), while it declined in abundance at sites where it still persists (A. Datta and R. Naniwadekar in litt. 2018).”

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“Even though the species is less hunted than the Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis (A. Datta and R. Naniwadekar in litt. 2018), hunting poses a substantial threat. A survey in north-eastern India found that the species is mainly targeted for its meat or as a trophy (A. Datta and R. Naniwadekar in litt. 2018). Apart from that, its feathers are used as for cultural reasons by local communities and its fat is highly prized for medical purposes (A. Datta and R. Naniwadekar in litt. 2018). The species may also be taken as 'bycatch' by hunters targeting Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil (R. Wirth in litt. 2017).”

White-crowned Hornbill (Berenocornis comatus) – IUCN Status: Endangered Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2018c)

“Rates of forest loss in the lowlands of Indonesia have been extremely rapid, owing partly to the escalation of illegal logging and land conversion, with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas. Forest fires have also had a damaging effect. The magnitude of these threats could have been allayed by this species tolerance of hill forest, which is under less pressure from logging and agricultural conversion. An analysis of forest loss from 2000-2012 estimated forest loss within the species range at a rate equivalent to 49.6% across three generation lengths (Tracewski et al. 2016). The species is also threatened by hunting and may be taken as 'bycatch' by hunters targeting Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil (D. L. Yong in litt. 2018).”

Black Hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2018d)

“Forest destruction in the Sundaic lowlands of Indonesia has been extensive as a result of commercial and illegal logging, conversion to agriculture (particularly plantations) and increasing human population pressure. Even though the species can tolerate a moderate level of habitat degradation, its preference for flat lowland forests places it at high risk, as these areas are particularly impacted by deforestation, especially in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula (Kemp et al. 2018). An analysis of forest loss from 2000 to 2012 estimated forest loss within the species range at 36.7% across three generation lengths (Tracewski et al. 2016). The species may also be taken as 'bycatch' by hunters targeting Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil (R. Wirth in litt. 2017).”

Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss & Local Hunting Source: BirdLife International (2020c)

“Forest loss likely has detrimental impacts on this species throughout its range, particularly as it shows a preference for forest areas with large trees that may be targeted by loggers. Forests are lost to illegal logging and land conversion mainly for housing and agricultural developments, from small-scale agriculture to large-scale plantations. Because of its exceptionally large home range, the species requires extensive tracts of undisturbed forest and

- 9 - is unable to persist in areas where lowland forest has been reduced to small fragments (Chang et al. 2013). This species is affected by logging (Datta 1998) and the decline of hornbills in hunted and logged forests results in reduced seed dispersal (Naniwadekar et al. 2015). The species is also susceptible to fragmentation of its rainforest habitat (Raman and Mudappa 2003) as well as loss or death of old growth or large trees for nesting (Mudappa and Raman in litt. 2020).” “Hunting poses a substantial threat to the species. Because of its predictable behavior when regularly visiting the same feeding sites as well as using the same tree-cavities to nest in, it is easily targeted by local hunters. A survey in north-eastern India found that the species is mainly hunted for food as well as for its casque and tail feathers, which are used as adornments by local communities (R. Naniwadekar and A. Datta in litt. 2016, A. Datta and R. Naniwadekar in litt. 2018). Moreover, the species is highly prized for its fat, which is used for a variety of purposes, ranging from medical treatments to gun polish (A. Datta and R. Naniwadekar in litt. 2018). The species is also captured for the pet trade (Eames 2008), with chicks reported as being collected in south India and Thailand (R. Naniwadekar and A. Datta in litt. 2016) and may also be taken as 'bycatch' by hunters targeting Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil (R. Wirth in litt. 2017).”

Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss & Local Hunting Source: BirdLife International (2020d)

“Its dependence on large trees for feeding and nesting makes it especially susceptible to deforestation and habitat degradation through logging, shifting cultivation and clearance for agriculture. Furthermore, viable populations require vast tracts of forest to survive, exacerbating its susceptibility to habitat fragmentation. These problems are compounded by widespread hunting and trapping for food, and trade in pets and casques. Hunting is the primary threat to the species in Arunachal Pradesh, India (Datta 2009, Naniwadekar et al. 2015a), where it is targeted primarily for meat (Naniwadekar et al. 2015a). As compared with the Great Hornbill and Wreathed Hornbill, Rufous-necked Hornbills often occurs in lower densities even in their optimal habitats (Dasgupta and Hilaluddin 2012, Naniwadekar and Datta 2013). In addition, their annual home ranges are small (c. 25 km2), they show strong affinity to hill forests and are not known to make wide-ranging movements (Tifong et al. 2007). This likely makes them more vulnerable to hunting.”

“Where Great Hornbill does not occur, the casque is used in ceremonial headgear, while the tail feathers are occasionally sought for cultural reasons, meat is consumed and some communities use the body fat for a purported medical value and even for polishing guns (Naniwadekar et al. 2016). In eastern Arunachal Pradesh the head of the species is frequently displayed in houses and was found in 61% of households sampled (Datta 2002).”

Sulu Hornbill (Anthracoceros montani) – IUCN Status: Critically Endangered Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2020e)

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“Jolo (Sulu) and Sanga-Sanga have apparently been almost completely deforested. By the mid-1990s, rapid clearance of primary forest on Tawi-Tawi had rendered remaining lowland patches highly degraded, although plans to replace these with oil-palm plantations seem to have stalled, while the rate of logging has slowed with the remainder of forest being confined to rugged mountainous areas. Conversion to rubber plantations and mining activities remain a threat to existing forest (D. Allen in litt. 2012, 2016). There have been examples of known sites being cleared for agriculture (I. Sarenas in litt. 2010). High gun ownership in the recent past may have resulted in it being shot for food and target practice. Young may continue to be harvested for food, and the species may be collected for trade. Hunting pressure on Tawi-Tawi may well have increased in recent years (I. Sarenas in litt. 2010).”

Rufous-headed Hornbill (Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni) – IUCN Status: Critically Endangered Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2018e)

“Chronic deforestation has led to its extinction on Guimaras and its extreme scarcity elsewhere. An estimated 4% of Negros and 8% of Panay remained forested in 1988, although this has reportedly since been reduced to c. 3% and c. 6%, respectively (W. Oliver in litt. 2007). Only 10% (c. 110 km2) of this is thought to be below 1,000 m. It heavily utilizes (at least temporally) forest fruits and thus is adversely affected by deforestation. Hunting has reportedly had severe impacts in the past, with one estimate of up to a quarter of the (then estimated) population of north-west Panay shot in a single day in 1997, although the validity of this report is uncertain. It tends to gather in fruiting trees and reportedly congregates around injured members of the flock (Marseille 2013), which makes it particularly vulnerable to hunting. Nest poaching, whether for sale of incumbent females and their dependent chicks for human consumption or into local bird trade, is the most serious threat. Poaching affected c. 50% of broods before the implementation of a nest guarding scheme which now protects about two thirds of all broods in the Central Panay Mountain Range, but until the nest guarding scheme can be expanded the remaining third are still vulnerable (W. Oliver in litt. 2007; E. Curio in litt. 2007, 2008).”

Visayan Hornbill (Penelopides panini) – IUCN Status: Endangered Major Threats - Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2020f)

“Deforestation and hunting are the major threats. Tiny fragments of forest remain on Masbate, Guimaras, Ticao, Pan de Azucar and Sicogon. In 1988, it was estimated that just 4% forest cover remained on Negros (although this is thought to have been an underestimate [Brooks et al. 1992]) and 8% on Panay and shifting kaingin cultivation continues. Hunting and trapping of adults and young is widespread.”

Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis) – IUCN Status: Endangered Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2020g)

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“By 1988, extensive deforestation on Mindoro had reduced forest cover to an estimated 120 km2. Remaining lowland forest is highly fragmented. In 1991, it was estimated that it would be totally cleared within 10-20 years, although rates of loss may have slowed. Encroaching slash- and-burn cultivation and selective logging threaten forest fragments that still support the species, including Siburan. Illegal timber and firewood collection are also destroying forest (B. Tabaranza in litt. 2007). At Puerto Galera, dynamite blasting is forcing it upslope. In 1993, many hornbill nest-trees were destroyed by a flood, the effects of which were exacerbated by deforestation. It is easily hunted for food.”

Palawan Hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2016)

“Deforestation in lowland Palawan and on many of its satellite islands (e.g. Culion, Balabac and Busuanga) has been extensive. The lowland forests which are core habitat for the species are the least protected forest ecosystems in Palawan (Widmann et al. 2015). Logging and mining concessions have been granted for much of the island's remaining forest. Illegal logging is thought to persist in the south, and forest at Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm may be threatened by illegal encroachment (P. Widmann in litt. 2016). Hunting for food and sport is also a threat: interviews conducted in south Palawan indicate that the species is regularly hunted for bushmeat (Villafuerte-van den Beukel et al. 2009). Nest trees may be raided for young birds with the species apparently becoming increasingly common in the pet trade, nationally and to a certain degree also internationally (Widmann et al. 2015).”

Northern Rufous Hornbill (Buceros hydrocorax) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2020h)

“This species suffers from substantial hunting pressure and widespread loss of habitat as a result of logging and conversion to agriculture. Continued subsistence hunting and felling of remnant dipterocarp forests for agriculture are thought to be further depressing population numbers, and the range is now highly fragmented and likely suffering from an acute lack of suitable nesting trees, at least in parts of the range (J-C. Gonzalez in litt. 2013, J. Ibanez in litt. 2014).” Southern Rufous Hornbill (Buceros mindanensis) – IUCN Status: Vulnerable Major Threats – Habitat Loss Source: BirdLife International (2020i)

“This species suffers from substantial hunting pressure and widespread loss of habitat as a result of logging and conversion to agriculture. Continued subsistence hunting, felling of remnant dipterocarp forests for agriculture, and petty trade in remote places in Mindanao are thought to be further depressing population numbers, and the range is now highly fragmented and likely suffering from an acute lack of suitable nesting trees, at least in parts of the range (J-C. Gonzalez in litt. 2013, J. Ibanez in litt. 2014). This could be because nest trees, especially dipterocarps and ironwood, are among the most valued timber species in illegal logging operations (P. & I. Widmann in litt. 2019)”

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RECOVERY PLAN, OTHER PLANS & IUCN STRATEGIC PRIORITIES

In recent years the IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group has identified strategic priorities for conservation planning and has initiated new conservation action plans for the Helmeted Hornbill (2018), Sulu Hornbill (2019), Rufous-headed Hornbill (2019) and Visayan Hornbill (2019). Currently, discussion is taking place to support both a National Conservation Planning Session for Philippine Hornbills and/or a regional conservation planning session for the Mindoro Hornbill and other Mindoro endemics in 2021. Information about current plans is given below.

Sulu Hornbill

In March 2019 a Species Conservation Planning Workshop process was conducted for the Sulu Hornbill, facilitated jointly by the IUCN’s Hornbill Specialist Group and Conservation Planning Specialist Group. The science-based, stakeholder inclusive meeting brought together 44 participants from 23 organizations representing government, Non-government organizations, universities and conservation organizations. The process produced a 10-year Conservation Strategy & Action Plan. Among the participants, North Carolina Zoo participated in facilitating the workshop and editing the plan document. North Carolina Zoo and other SAFE Program Partners are now actively involved with the implementation of the Plan. Document reference: Datta, A., Jakosalem, P.G., Kemp, L.V., Lee, J., Lees, C., Paguntalan, L., Strange, B.C., Sweeney, R., & Widmann, I. (Eds.) 2019. Species Conservation Strategy and Action Plan: Sulu Hornbill, Anthracoceros montani. IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group

Helmeted Hornbill

In May 2017 a Species Conservation Planning Workshop was conducted in Sarawak, Malaysia coordinated by the Helmeted Hornbill Working Group, with funding support from several organizations. This science-based, stakeholder inclusive workshop process brought together 35 participants from 28 organizations including representatives of range-country governments, non- government organizations, field biologists and wildlife trade experts. The resulting 10-year Conservation Strategy & Action Plan is now being actively implemented and has many action areas that the SAFE program will be engaged with, particularly regarding demand reduction and fighting wildlife trade. Document reference: Jain A., Lee J. G. H., Chao N., Lees C., Orenstein R., Strange B. C., Chng S. C. L., Marthy W., Yeap C. A., Hadiprakarsa Y. Y. and Rao M. (Eds) 2018. Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil): Status Review, Range-wide Conservation Strategy and Action Plan. 2018-2027. IUCN Species Survival Commission Hornbill Specialist Group.

Rufous Headed Hornbill & Visayan Hornbill

In June 2019 a multi-species Conservation Planning Workshop was held in Negros Occidental for five Threatened West Visayas Endemic species that included planning for Rufous-headed Hornbill (CR) and Visayan Hornbill (EN). That plan being coordinated by Kristin Leus from IUCN Conservation Planning Specialist Group (CPSG) European office should be complete in 2021. A diverse group representing government, non-government organizations, universities, field biologists and many ex situ conservation professionals from the international zoo community came together over 4 days to produce conservation strategies for all five species. A

- 13 - plan has yet to be produced by CPSG, but the goals and objectives produced by the Hornbill sub- group of these meetings are already being used by the SAFE Program to initiate range habitat suitability assessment work ahead of a proposed reintroduction project for the Visayan Hornbill in 2021.

National Action Plan development for Philippine Hornbills

A National Conservation Planning workshop for Philippine Hornbills was planned to be initiated by the Philippine Biodiversity Management Bureau in Spring 2020 but has been delayed because of COVID-19 restrictions; this should be rescheduled within 12 months and North Carolina Zoo is a planned participant in this process. This Philippine government-led process will include conservation planning for 7 species within the Asian Hornbill SAFE Program Plan.

Mindoro Hornbill and other threatened Mindoro endemic species

North Carolina Zoo & Wildlife Reserves Singapore are tentatively planning a conservation planning workshop for the Endangered Mindoro Hornbill that will also include other threatened Mindoro island endemic species in Fall 2021 - Summer 2022.

THREATS

The major threats to Asian Hornbills can vary between different countries and can be different for island endemics with small natural ranges, compared to species with larger natural ranges that occur in multiple countries. In general, major threats fall into the following categories.

Habitat loss or degradation

Habitat loss is the most significant major threat to Asian Hornbill SAFE Program species. Fourteen of the SAFE Program species have habitat loss listed as the most serious major threat for the survival of the species, with only the Helmeted hornbill having trade as a more serious threat than habitat loss. An analysis of deforestation in South-East Asia was conducted using data from 2000 to 2012 to estimate forest loss, with the results compared to species distribution polygons for over 6,283 bird species, including most Asian hornbill species (Tracewski et al. 2016). The results showed that for the Asian Hornbill species managed as Species Survival Programs (SSP) by AZA member institutions, Rhinoceros Hornbill habitat declined by 43.8%, Wrinkled Hornbill habitat declined by 62%, Great Hornbill habitat declined by 26% and Wreathed Hornbill habitat declined by 32.8%. (Tracewski et al. 2016). The time period for the dataset studied was considered 3 generation lengths for hornbill species, so the rate of habitat loss for these species is alarming.

For the seven hornbill species from the Philippines covered in this SAFE Program plan, most are single island endemics in a country where forest cover has been dramatically reduced across most of the country. In example, for the West Visayas region species it was estimated in 1998 that just 4% forest cover remained on Negros and 8% forest cover on Panay (BirdLife International 2018e).

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Trade

Trade, as defined here as commercial wildlife trafficking is the most serious major threat specific to one species, the Helmeted Hornbill. The solid casque of the Helmeted Hornbill is in strong demand to be used in trade crafts (Collar 2015). The Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) Status Review, Range-Wide Conservation Strategy and Action Plan 2018-2027 (Jain et al. 2018) states “This may have been partially fueled by the Chinese ban on commercial ivory sales in 2017 (Adhiasto D., pers. Comm.). A single casque can fetch more than USD 1,000 on the black market in China, a price five times higher than that for elephant ivory (EIA 2015; Hughes, 2015).” The action plan also describes “Recent seizures of Helmeted Hornbill products reveal the staggering scale of the illegal casque trade. Between 2010 and 2017, a minimum of 2,878 Helmeted Hornbill casques, skulls and products, worth almost USD 3 million, were confiscated in at least 59 separate seizure incidents (EIA 2016)” (Jain et al. 2018). Six other Asian Hornbill SAFE Program species that share geographical range with the Helmeted Hornbill are known to have been affected by trade as ‘bycatch’ by hunters aggressively targeted the Helmeted Hornbill. These six species are the Great Hornbill, Rhinoceros Hornbill, Wrinkled Hornbill, Wreathed Hornbill, White-crowned Hornbill and Black Hornbill.

Several Asian Hornbill species are also captured for the pet trade. The Great Hornbill in particular has been a target for the pet trade (Eames 2008), with chicks reported as being collected in south India and Thailand.

Traditional hunting

Traditional hunting, defined here as hunting by local communities that use meat or biomaterials from the birds locally rather than trade their catch commercially, is noted as a threat for some species. Traditional hunting at community levels tends to be for food or for body parts used in local cultural activities (Kinnaird and O'Brien 2007, Kemp and Boesman 2018). Some communities also use the body fat for a purported medical value or to polish guns (Naniwadekar et al. 2016). Species noted are being more affected by traditional hunting include Rhinoceros Hornbill, White-crowned Hornbill, Great Hornbill, and Rufous-headed Hornbill.

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES

1. Partner with IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group, and affiliated working groups, to deliver science-based, stakeholder inclusive conservation planning for priority Asian Hornbill species and coordinate implementation of the conservation strategies and action plans produced. 2. Address data deficient knowledge gaps for key range areas and species of Asian hornbills according to strategic priorities identified by IUCN Hornbill Specialist Group. 3. Work with Traffic-Asia and other like organizations to monitor patterns and current trends in wildlife trafficking of Asian hornbills and address demand reduction to reduce

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wildlife trafficking for Asian hornbills in range, transit and demand countries in line with conservation action plans that are being implemented.

PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

1. Cultivate long-term sustainable partnerships, between AZA organizations and field partners, both established and new, that advance the field conservation of Asian hornbills. 2. Collaborate with regional field partners to raise awareness in range country communities about hornbills’ unique ecological role in forest seed-dispersal. 3. Collaborate with regional field partners to facilitate at least one demand reduction campaign in Asian hornbill range countries that targets 100 consumers of 50+ live birds or body parts during plan period.

COMMUNICATIONS/PUBLIC AWARENESS OBJECTIVES 1. Create baseline of understanding and conservation education activities within AZA partner organizations regarding Asian hornbill conservation. 2. Increase awareness within AZA partner organizations and their public about the international trade of live hornbills and their parts. 3. Increase awareness within AZA partner organizations and their public about Asian hornbill habitat loss and degradation.

FUNDING OBJECTIVES

1. Increase the amount of funding for Asian Hornbill conservation in line with the Strategic Objectives for this SAFE Program Plan by 10% annually. 2. Provide opportunities for AZA members to support the funding and implementation of conservation action plans being developed by the IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group. 3. Provide opportunities for AZA members to support long-term sustainability building partnerships being championed with organizations including HUTAN, Hornbill Research Foundation and Nature Conservation Foundation. 4. Provide technical advice and peer review opportunities for Principal Investigator grant applications from range countries that aligns with the strategic objectives of this SAFE Program Plan.

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LITERATURE CITED

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Cochrane, M. A. 2001. Synergistic interactions between habitat fragmentation and fire in evergreen tropical forest. Conservation Biology 15(6): 1515 – 1521.

Collar, N.J. 2015. Helmeted Hornbills Rhinoplax vigil and the ivory trade: the crisis that came out of nowhere. BirdingASIA 24: 12-17.

Datta, A. 1998. Hornbill abundance in unlogged forest, selectively logged forest and a forest plantation in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Oryx 32: 285-294.

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Dasgupta, S., and Hilaluddin. 2012. Differential effects of hunting on populations of hornbills and imperial pigeons in the rainforests of the Eastern Indian Himalaya. Indian Forester 138(10): 902-909.

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Hughes, A. 2015. Not just rhinos: hornbill horns fetch stunning prices in illegal wildlife trade. Alliance of Leading Environmental Researchers and Thinkers. http://alertconservation.org/issues-research-highlights/2015/8/18/not-just-rhinos-hornbill- hornsfetch-stunning-prices-in-illegal-wildlifetrade.

Jain A., Lee J. G. H., Chao N., Lees C., Orenstein R., Strange B. C., Chng S. C. L., Marthy W., Yeap C. A., Hadiprakarsa Y. Y. and Rao M. (Eds). 2018. Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil): Status Review, Range-wide Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2018-2027). IUCN Species Survival Commission Hornbill Specialist Group.

Keartumsom, Y., Chimchome, V., Poonswad, P., Pattanavibool, A., and Pongpattananurak, N. 2011. Home range of Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis Linnaeus, 1758) and Wreathed Hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus (Shaw) 1881) in non-breeding season at Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Journal of Wildlife in Thailand 18: 47-55.

Kemp, A.C.; Boesman, P. 2018. Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros). Barcelona Available at: https://www.hbw.com/node/55909. (Accessed: 25/07/2018).

Kinnaird, M. F.; O'Brien, T. G. 2007. The ecology and conservation of Asian Hornbills: farmers of the forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA.

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Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R., Augeri, D., Rosenbaum, B., Iskandar, D., Setyawati, T., Lammertink, M., Rachmatika, I., Wong, A., Soehartono, T., Stanley, S. and O'Brien, T. 2005. Life after logging - Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry in Indonesian Borneo. CIFOR and UNESCO, Jakarta.

Naniwadekar, R. and Datta, A. 2013. Spatial and temporal variation in hornbill densities in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Tropical Conservation Science 6: 734-748.

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Naniwadekar, R., Datta, A., Raghunath, R., Teegalapalli, K., Ghosalkar, M., Borah, B., and Lotha, L. 2016. Hornbill distribution in a biodiversity hotspot: Occupancy modelling for hornbills in north-east India. Report submitted to the Forest Departments of Nagland, Mizoram, Tripura, Assam and Meghalaya. Nature Conservation Foundation and Whitley Fund for Nature, March 2016.

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Naniwadekar, R., Mishra, C., Isvaran, K., Madhusudan, M. D., and Datta, A. 2015. Looking beyond parks: the conservation value of unprotected areas for hornbills in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya. Oryx 49: 303-311.

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Tifong, J.; Chimchome, V.; Poonswad, P. and Pattnavibool, A. 2007. Home range and habitat use of Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis) by radio tracking in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Uthai Thani Province. Thailand Journal of Forestry 26: 28-39.

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Villafuerte-van den Beukel, D., Cruz, R., and Widmannn, P. 2009. Trapping and hunting of wildlife in Rizal, Palawan, Philippines. In: I.D. Widmann, P. Widmann, S. Schoppe, D. van den Beukel, and M. Espeso (eds), Conservation Studies on Palawan Biodiversity, pp. 179-186. Katala Foundation, Inc., Puerto Princesa City, Philippines.

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PROGRAM SUMMARY TABLE

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Conservation Objective 1. Partner with IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group, and affiliated working groups, to deliver science-based, stakeholder inclusive conservation planning for priority Asian Hornbill species and coordinate implementation of the conservation strategies and action plans produced. Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 1.1 Helmeted Hornbill Action Plan 1.1.1 Fund 2 or more 2021-2023 • Helmeted ~ $30,000.00 Implementation. rapid assessment trips. Hornbill Working 1.1.1 Continue priority rapid 1.1.2 Participate in 2 or Group, assessments to provide more complete more sub-group meetings. • Traffic range and population information. 1.1.3 Fund 1 or more trial • Wildlife Trade 1.1.2 partner with new Demand programs for hornbill Alliance Reduction working sub-group. guardian program. 1.1.3 Provide seed funding for a trial 'hornbill guardians' program designed to help fill a key data deficiency gap in current range data information. 1.2 Sulu Hornbill action plan 1.2.1 Complete base field 2021-2023 • PhilBio, $30,000.00 Implementation. surveys for hornbill range. • North Carolina 1.2.1 Conduct field surveys for 1.2.2 Complete habitat Zoo, population & demographic data. mapping exercise • IUCN Hornbill 1.2.2 Combine habitat suitability 1.2.3 Complete PVA Specialist Group mapping with population density workshop and share estimates to understand what modeling results. population size could be supported. 1.2.4 Document the 1.2.3 Conduct Population Viability provision of training, Assessment Workshop. equipment & technical 1.2.4 Support Tawsi Forest Ranger support for Tawsi program. Rangers.

1.3 Rufous-headed Hornbill and 1.3.1 Provide funding for 2021-2022 • PhilBio $20,000.00 Visayan Hornbill Action Plan island wide habitat • Talarak Implementation. (waiting finalization assessments & Foundation of new action plan). populations surveys in 1.3.1 Island Wide habitat assessments Negros. and populations surveys on Negros.

1.4 Rapid Assessment of Wrinkled 1.4 Provide funding for 2022-2023 • Birdlife Asia ~ $5,000.00 Hornbill population status. rapid assessment once it has been approved. 1.5 Conduct a species conservation 1.5 Complete workshop 2021-2022 • North Carolina $15,000.00 planning workshop for the Mindoro and publish Species Zoo Hornbill and other threatened Mindoro conservation strategy & • Wildlife Reserves endemics. action plan. Singapore • MBCFI

Conservation Objective 2. Address data deficient knowledge gaps for key range areas and species of Asian hornbills according to strategic priorities identified by IUCN Hornbill Specialist Group.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 2.1 Assess wild population status of 2.1 Publish at least one 2021-2023 • Birdlife Int. TBD Indochinese hornbill species. new article or report. • IUCN Hornbill Specialist Group • AH SAFE partner institutions 2.2 Provide Seed funding to test 2.2 Fund one test program 2021-2023 • Birdlife Int. ~ $10,000.00 concept for new Birdlife Int. Hornbill in an Indochina range • AZA Partner Guardian program in an Indochina country. Organizations range country that is designed to help fill a key data deficiency gap in current range information.

Conservation Objective 3. Work with Traffic-Asia and other like organizations to monitor patterns and current trends in wildlife trafficking of Asian hornbills and address demand reduction to reduce wildlife trafficking for Asian hornbills in range, transit and demand countries in line with conservation action plans that are being implemented. Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 3.1 Contribute funding towards new 3.1 Publication of results 2021-2023 • Helmeted ~ $10,000.00 Demand Reduction study proposed by of new Demand Hornbill Birdlife International/Traffic. Reduction Study. Working Group • Traffic 3.2 Conduct hornbill trade surveys, 3.2 Increase knowledge 2021-2023 • Helmeted In Kind support both physical and online. base of data through Hornbill Working by Program publication or at least one Group Partners new report or article. • Traffic • AZA Partner Organizations

Engagement Objective 1.0 Cultivate long-term sustainable partnerships, between AZA organizations and field partners, both established and new, that advance the field conservation of Asian hornbills.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 1.1 HUTAN Hornbill Conservation 1.1 One additional AZA 2021-2023 • Phoenix Zoo In kind support Partnership Development. member institution from SAFE supporting partnership Program each year. Partners 1.2 Hornbill Research Foundation 1.2 One additional AZA 2021 - 2023 • Woodland Park In kind support Partnership Development. member institution Zoo from SAFE supporting partnership Program each year. Partners 1.3 Nature Conservation Foundation 1.3 One additional AZA 2021-2023 • St. Augustine In kind support Partnership Development. member institution Alligator Farm from SAFE supporting partnership Program each year. Partners

1.4 Animal Asia Foundation 1.4 One additional AZA 2021-2023 • Nashville Zoo In kind support Partnership Development. member institution from SAFE supporting partnership Program each year. Partners 1.5 Talarak Foundation Partnership 1.5 One additional AZA 2021-2023 • North Carolina In kind support Development. member institution Zoo from SAFE supporting partnership Program each year. Partners

Engagement Objective 2.0 Collaborate with regional field partners to raise awareness in range country communities about hornbills’ unique ecological role in forest seed-dispersal.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 2.1 Community Engagement campaign 2.1 One awareness 2021-2023 • Talarak $1,000.00 activities implemented by Talarak and activity supported. • PhilBio PhilBio in Philippines with resources • North Carolina from AZA partners. Zoo 2.2 Community Engagement campaign 2.2 One awareness 2021-2023 • Hornbill Research $1,000.00 activity implemented by Hornbill activity supported. Foundation Research Foundation in Thailand with • Woodland Park resources from AZA partners. Zoo 2.3 Community Engagement campaign 2.3 One awareness 2021-2023 • Nature $1,000.00 activity implemented by The Nature activity supported. Conservation Conservation Foundation in India with Foundation resources from AZA partners. • St. Augustine Alligator Farm 2.4 Community Engagement campaign 2.4 One awareness 2021-2023 • HUTAN $1,000.00 activity implemented by HUTAN in activity supported. • Phoenix Zoo Malaysia with resources from AZA partners.

2.5 Community Engagement campaign 2.5 One awareness 2021-2023 • Animal Asia $1,000.00 activity by Animal Asia Foundation in activity supported. Foundation Vietnam with resources from AZA • Nashville Zoo partners.

Engagement Objective 3.0 Collaborate with regional field partners to facilitate at least one demand reduction campaign in Asian hornbill range countries that targets 100 consumers of 50+ live birds or body parts during plan period. Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 3.1 Develop joint initiatives with 3.1 Completion of a joint 2021-2022 • Wildlife Trafficking In kind Support Wildlife Trafficking Alliance to inform strategy with Wildlife Alliance from AZA target audiences about how Asian Trafficking Alliance. • Regional Field partners Hornbill are affected by wildlife Partners trafficking and what they can do to combat this. 3.2 Launch at least one demand 3.2 Target 100 consumers 2022-2023 • Wildlife Trafficking $5,000.00 reduction campaign in target countries of 50+ live birds or body Alliance that targets 100 consumers of 50+ live parts during plan period • Regional Field birds or body parts during plan period. with aim to see a 20% or Partners greater reduction in demand as reported by regional field partner.

Awareness Objective 1.0: Create baseline of understanding and conservation education activities within AZA partner organizations regarding Asian hornbill conservation.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 1.1 Develop and distribute a survey 1. 25% of AZA 2021 • AH SAFE partner In kind support regarding AH conservation organizations respond institutions from AZA understanding and activities to all to AH conservation • AZA Partner partners AZA partner organizations. education survey. Organizations Information to be used in creating toolkits.

Awareness Objective 2.0: Increase awareness within AZA partner organizations and their public about the international trade of live hornbills and their parts.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 2.1Develop education toolkit with Development and 2021-2022 • Coraciiformes TAG In kind support materials that AZA institutions can use distribution of toolkit • AZA Partner from AZA to highlight the importance of to ALL AZA partner Organizations partners combating trade of Asian Hornbills organizations • AH SAFE partner (live birds and biofacts). 1. 25% of AZA partner institutions organizations utilize the toolkit with their audiences. 2. 75% of partner organizations that use the toolkit provide feedback on their implementation and outcomes through an online survey. 2.2 Align and combine content on the Asian Hornbill toolkit 2023 • WTA (AZA) In kind support wildlife trafficking of Asian hornbills materials are added to the • Asian Hornbill SAFE from AZA and with the WTA toolkits. WTA partner toolkit and partner institutions AZA partners travel toolkit. 2.3 AZA Zoos housing Asian hornbills 1. 100% of AZA zoos 2022-2023 • Coraciiformes TAG In kind support participate in providing signage and housing Asian • AZA Partner from AZA social media messaging about the need hornbills are providing Organizations partners to stop wildlife trafficking. messaging & signage. • AH SAFE partner 2. 75% of AZA zoos institutions housing Asian • WTA (AZA) hornbills report that they utilize the toolkit messaging as part of

their public communication.

2.4 AZA zoos housing Asian hornbills 75% of AZA zoos housing 2022-2023 • AZA Partner In kind support promote Love Hornbills Day each year Asian hornbills promote Organizations from AZA on February 13th. Love Hornbills day • Asian Hornbill SAFE partners annually. partner institutions

Awareness Objective 3.0: Increase awareness within AZA partner organizations and their public about Asian hornbill habitat loss and degradation.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 3.1 Develop education toolkit with Development and 2022-2023 • Coraciiformes TAG In kind support materials that AZA institutions can use distribution of toolkit • AZA Partner from AZA to highlight the importance of tropical to ALL AZA partner Organization partners forests and the ecological role of organizations • AH SAFE partner hornbills. 1. 25% of AZA partner institutions organizations utilize the toolkit with their audiences. 2. 75% of partner organizations that use the toolkit provide feedback on their implementation and outcomes through an online survey. 3.2 AZA zoos housing Asian hornbills 2.2 75% of AZA zoos 2022-2023 • AZA Partner In kind support promote World Rainforest Day, June housing Asian hornbills Organizations from AZA 22nd. promote World Rainforest • Asian Hornbill SAFE partners day annually. partner institutions

Funding Objective 1.0 Increase the amount of funding for Asian Hornbill conservation in line with the Strategic Objectives for this SAFE Program Plan by 10% annually. Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 1.1 Demonstrate annual increase in 1.1 Show annual increase 2021-2023 • AZA Partner In kind support Asian Hornbill conservation funding in AZA funding for Asian Organizations from SAFE by AZA community over course of 3- Hornbill conservation in • AH SAFE partner Program year Program Plan. annual SAFE Report. institutions Partners

Funding Objective 2.0 Provide opportunities for AZA members to support implementation of conservation action plans being developed by the IUCN SSC Hornbill Specialist Group.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 2.1 Develop and promote at least one 2.1 One campaign 2021-2023 • Coraciiformes In kind support campaign opportunity each year of the initiative promoted each TAG from SAFE program plan that allows AZA zoos to year. • AZA Partner Program easily contribute to the implementation Organization Partners of an Asian Hornbill Species • AH SAFE partner Conservation Action Plan. institutions

Funding Objective 3.0 Provide opportunities for AZA members to build long-term partnerships

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 3.1 Develop and promote at least one 3.1 One campaign 2021-2023 • Coraciiformes In kind support campaign opportunity each year that initiative implemented TAG from SAFE allows AZA zoos to more easily each year. • AZA Partner Program contribute to one of the long-term Organization Partners capacity building partnerships • AH SAFE partner identified in Program Plan. institutions

Funding Objective 4.0 Provide technical advice and peer review opportunities for Principle Investigator grant applications from range countries that aligns with the strategic objectives of this SAFE Program Plan.

Action Metrics Timeframe Partners Budget 4.1 Provide technical support for at 4.1 Increased frequency 2021-2023 • IUCN Hornbill In kind support least one or more Principle of range country Principle Specialist Group from SAFE Investigators from range countries to Investigators applying for • AZA Partner Program apply for North American grant North American grant Organization Partners funding opportunities. opportunities. • AH SAFE partner institutions