The Rock Cycle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

THE ROCK CYCLE Created by Kayla Rooney New Terms • Weathering: the various mechanical & chemical processes that cause exposed rock to decompose. • Lithification: the process by which materials are converted into solid rock through compaction or cementation. • Sediment: minerals or organic matter deposited by water, air or ice. • Metamorphism: a change in the structure of a rock due to natural processes such as, pressure or heat. • Crystallization: the act or process of crystallizing. • Solidification: a change from a liquid or gaseous state to a solid form. Sedimentary Rocks • Formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once- living organisms. • Formation occurs through the processes of deposition and lithification on Earth’s surface. • Distinct layering and bedding Examples of Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Rocks • Formed when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. • Found near active tectonic plate boundaries • Two types: 1) Intrusive (Plutonic): Formed when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth. 2) Extrusive (Volcanic): Formed when magma exits and cools above the Earth’s surface. Examples of Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks • Formed from other types of rocks (sedimentary, igneous or other metamorphic rocks) • Formed from the processes of high heat and high pressure deep within the Earth. • The final result is a more dense and compact rock with a new mineral make up. Examples of Metamorphic Rocks References • https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/rxmin/rock2.html • https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-igneous-rocks?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products • https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-metamorphic-rocks-0?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products • https://www.dictionary.com/browse/weathering Images • http://www.studynotes.ie/wiki/formation-igneous-rocks-sample-answer/ • https://www.reference.com/science/can-metamorphic-rocks-found-3dd4f3f23f019b44 • http://easyscienceforkids.com/all-about-rock-cycle/ • http://www.iupui.edu/~g107/mod21/lecture05.htm • http://usenaturalstone.org/wild-ride-rock-cycle/ • https://www.coolkidfacts.com/sedimentary-rocks/ .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Geochemical Cycle
Geochemical cycle In Earth science, a geochemical cycle is the pathway that chemical elements take in the surface and crust of the Earth.[1] The term "geochemical" tells us that geological and chemical factors are all included. The migration of heated and compressed chemical elements and compounds such as silicon, aluminium, and general alkali metals through the means of subduction and volcanism is known in the geological world as geochemical cycles. The geochemical cycle encompasses the natural separation and concentration of elements and heat-assisted recombination processes. Changes may not be apparent over a short term, such as with biogeochemical cycles, but over a long term changes of great magnitude occur, including the evolution of continents and oceans.[1] Contents Diﬀerentiating biogeochemical cycles Earth system Pathways Important cycles See also References Diﬀerentiating biogeochemical cycles Some may use the terms biogeochemical cycle and geochemical cycle interchangeably because both cycles deal with Earth's reservoirs. However, a biogeochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions in surface reservoirs such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere whereas a geochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions that exist in crustal and sub crustal reservoirs such as the deep earth and lithosphere. Earth system The Earth, as a system, is open to radiation from the sun and space, but is practically closed with regard to matter.[2] As all closed systems, it follows the law of conservation of mass which
[Show full text]
Earth Systems and Interactions
The Earth System Earth Systems and Interactions Key Concepts • How do Earth systems What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide interact in the carbon whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column cycle? if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you’ve read • How do Earth systems this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. interact in the phosphorus Before Statement After cycle? 1. The amount of water on Earth remains constant over time. 2. Hydrogen makes up the hydrosphere. 3. Most carbon on Earth is in the atmosphere. 3TUDY#OACH Earth Systems Make a Table Contrast the carbon cycle and the Your body contains many systems. These systems work phosphorus cycle in a two- together and make one big system—your body. Earth is a column table. Label one system, too. Like you, Earth has smaller systems that work column Carbon Cycle and together, or interact, and make the larger Earth system. Four the other column Phosphorus of these smaller systems are the atmosphere, the Cycle. Complete the table hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere. as you read this lesson. The Atmosphere Reading Check The outermost Earth system is a mixture of gases and 1. Identify What systems particles of matter called the atmosphere. It forms a layer make up the larger Earth around the other Earth systems. The atmosphere is mainly system? nitrogen and oxygen. Gases in the atmosphere move freely, helping transport matter and energy among Earth systems.
[Show full text]
Rock Cycle Roundabout
Rock Cycle Roundabout grade level 4th-8th; Standards for 4th and 7th subjects Earth & Space Science, Cause & Effect duration Prep Time: 20 min; Activity Time: 60 minutes, or two class periods setting Classroom Materials objectives - Rock Cycle Roundabout Board (1 per group) Students will be able to: - Rock Cycle Cards (1 set per 4 – 6 students) - small rocks, buttons, or other objects for game pieces 1. Differentiate among the three types of rock by (1 per student) referring to their methods of formation, providing - California Maps: Landforms, Waterways, and Faults real-world scenarios as examples. (1 per group, or projected for the class) 2. Recognize that some geologic processes are - Rock Types of California Map instantaneous, and others extremely gradual. (1 per group, or projected for the class) 3. Describe which processes might be affecting a - Student science notebooks or scratch paper given region, using evidence from natural features present on a map. scientific terms for students igneous rock: a type of rock that forms from the cooling and crust: the thin layer of solid rock that forms Earth’s outer hardening of magma or lava surface metamorphic rock: a type of rock that forms when a rock has mantle: the thick layer of hot, dense, rocky matter found below had its mineral composition and/or texture changed by heat the Earth’s crust and surrounding the Earth’s core and pressure magma: the molten material beneath or within the Earth’s sedimentary rock: a type of rock that forms when particles crust, from which igneous rock is formed from other rocks, or the remains of plants and animals, are lava: liquid magma that reaches the Earth’s surface pressed and cemented together weathering: the chemical and physical processes that break down rocks exposed to air, moisture, and organic matter at Background for Educators Earth’s surface The Earth, our rocky planet, is very active.
[Show full text]
The Rock Cycle
The Rock Cycle There are three major classifications of rock, based on the method of their formation: igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and sedimentary rock. The rock cycle is the series of processes by which rocks are transformed from one type to another and continually renewed. The origin of all rock can be ultimately traced back to the solidification of molten magma. Magma is a hot liquid made of melted minerals and compounds commonly found in rocks. The rock cycle is a model that describes how rocks are created, changed, and destroyed. There are three major types of rock: igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and sedimentary rock. During the rock cycle, each type of rock may be changed into another type. The rock cycle also includes several different processes. Crystallization is the process by which magma cools and forms solid rock. Heat and pressure often change one type of rock into another. Weathering, erosion, and deposition are the processes that break rock down into sediment at the Earth's surface. Wind, rain, running water, and ice commonly take part in these processes. Compaction and cementation—also known as lithification—is the process of loose sediments being formed into sedimentary rocks. And melting, of course, is the process that transforms solid rock back into liquid magma. The rock cycle is a process that takes hundreds of millions of years. But since it has operated continuously during Earth's history, new rock at the Earth's surface is constantly replacing old rock. Igneous Rock Igneous rock forms when magma and lava cool and make mineral crystals.
[Show full text]
The Rock Cycle Simplified
THE ROCK CYCLE SIMPLIFIED Sedimentary elevated temperature Rock and Minerals and pressure lithification (make into rock) Metamorphic Rocks and Minerals Sediment melting weathering erosion Magma Igneous Rocks and Minerals cooling crystallization Igneous Rocks Most igneous rocks crystallize from molten silicate (oxygen and silicon) magmas and thus, the minerals in them are most often silicate or oxide minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, feldspar, mica, amphibole, quartz, and iron-titanium oxides. There are two subtypes of igneous rocks, those that crystallize below the surface of the Earth (called intrusive) and those that are erupted and crystallize on or above the surface (called volcanic). Those that crystallize below the surface cool slowly resulting in larger grains of minerals whereas those that crystallize on or above the surface cool quickly resulting in fine grain size or if quenched resulting in glass. There are different names for igneous rocks based on whether it is intrusive or volcanic and its chemical composition which determines the type of minerals in the rock. Sedimentary Rocks Most sedimentary rocks form from the products of weathering (by water, wind, and ice) of other rocks at the surface of the Earth which are either solid minerals or solid minerals that are dissolved into ions in water. There are two subtypes of sedimentary rocks, those are dominantly composed of the solid weathering products (called clastic) and those that form from the dissolved ions precipitating from water (precipitates). Those clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of the clasts of minerals in the rock being weathered that are not dissolved and new minerals formed from the breakdown of original minerals during weathering.
[Show full text]
Rock Cycle Geol
THE ROCK CYCLE THE ROCK CYCLE www.geolsoc.org/factsheets www.geolsoc.org/factsheets YOU WILL NEED: There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic ñ Geological Society ‘The Rock Cycle' rocks and these rocks all form in different ways. Fill in the questions below factsheet 2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS test your rock knowledge. ñ Colouring pencils a) Use the space below to draw the stages in which a sedimentary rock might form. ñ Basalt and granite rock samples (optional) 1. THE ROCK CYCLE WEATHERING: wind, rain & ice EROSION: rivers, glaciers & wind DEPOSITION: sediments are laid Use the phrases in the word bank below to label the different processes and rock types in the rock cycle. break up rock into fragments transport the sediment away down in layers in a sea or lake WORD Metamorphosis Erosion & transport Metamorphic rock Crystallisation of Weathering Melting Uplift magma Sedimentary rock BANK: Burial & compaction Igneous rock Deposition of sediments Geolsoc.org/factsheets BURIAL & COMPACTION: SEDIMENTARY ROCK: sediments are pushed deeper and sediments are cemented into a rock compacted over time Basalt Granite 3. IGNEOUS ROCKS Granite and basalt are two types of igneous rock. Granite has large crystals whereas basalt has tiny crystals. a) Label the diagram to show where each rock forms. b) Why do you think granite usually has larger crystals than basalt? Tip: Think about temperature. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. METAMORPHIC ROCKS How can a sedimentary rock become a metamorphic rock? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ .
[Show full text]
Types of Rock and the Rock Cycle
TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle Core Concepts • Rocks in the Earth’s crust vary in their form and structure based on process that made them. The constant changing of the form and structure of rocks is called the rock cycle. The energy powering the rock cycle comes from the sun and the earth’s core. o Minerals o Igneous Rock o Metamorphic Rock o Sedimentary Rock o The Rock Cycle Minerals The study of minerals is important because all rocks are made of minerals. A mineral is a solid substance that occurs in nature, is inorganic, and has a specific chemical composition. Examples of minerals are diamonds, quartz, and table salt. Minerals are NSF/IERI Science IDEAS #0228353 crystalline, meaning that they are made up of atoms in specific, orderly, repeating structure. Rocks can be broken down mechanically into their individual minerals. Minerals themselves cannot be mechanically divided down into any of their constituent parts. The two main factors that differentiate one type of mineral from another are the chemical composition and the crystalline arrangement of the atoms. Chemical composition refers to the type and proportion of atoms that make up the mineral. For example, table salt is made up of two kinds of atoms (sodium and chlorine) in equal proportion (one sodium atom for each chlorine atom as shown by the formula NaCl). Quartz is made up of a combination of one silicon atom for every two oxygen atoms and is shown by the formula SiO2. A different ratio of materials would result in a different kind of mineral.
[Show full text]
Planet Earth
Educator’s Guide Gottesman Hall of PLANET EARTH INSIDE • Map of the Hall • Essential Questions • Teaching in the Hall • Come Prepared Checklist • Correlation to Standards • Glossary ONLINE • Science & Literacy Activities • Additional Resources amnh.org/planet-earth-educators Essential Questions correspond to map locations; red terms are ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS defined in the Glossary How has Earth evolved? where and how the rocks formed. To determine their relative age, they observe sequences of layered rocks, Our solar system formed 4.7 billion years ago. Along and identity the fossils found in sedimentary rocks. with all the other planets, Earth was created from Some rocks can be dated radiometrically, which gives clouds of dust orbiting our infant Sun. Molten at first, their absolute age. All this information, combined with the planet differentiated into a molten iron core and geologists’ observations of processes operating today, a silicate outer layer—within a few tens of millions of makes it possible for them to reconstruct geologic years. Shortly thereafter the Moon formed, possibly history in order to deduce what happened long ago. from material ejected when a Mars-sized object smashed into early Earth. As Earth’s surface cooled enough for a new crust to solidify, water vapor and What causes climate and climate change? other gases were driven from the interior to form an Earth’s climate has been changing naturally over its ocean and atmosphere. By at least 3.5 billion years entire history. The significant, ongoing changes that ago, photosynthetic bacteria had evolved and began began in the middle of the 19th century, however, introducing oxygen into the ocean and atmosphere.
[Show full text]
Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle Designed to meet South Carolina Department of Education 2005 Science Academic Standards Table of Contents What are Rocks? (slide 3) (Standard: 3-3.1 (covers slides 3-26)) Major Rock Types (slide 4) The Rock Cycle (slide 5) Metamorphic Rocks (slide 6) Metamorphism (slide 7) Metamorphic Conditions (slide 8) Causes of Metamorphism (slide 9-11) Heat (slide 9) Pressure (slide 10) Chemically Active Fluids (slide 11) The Role of Parent Rocks in Metamorphism (slide 12) Classifying Metamorphic Rocks by Different Textures (slide 13) Foliated Rock Textures: (slide 14-17) Slaty Cleavage (15), Schistocity (16), and Gneissic (17) Foliated Metamorphic Rocks: (slide 18-22) Slate (19), Phyllite (20), Schist (21), and Gneiss (22) Nonfoliated Rock Textures (slide 23) Marble (slide 24) Quartzite (slide 25) Metamorphic Rocks in the Landscape (slide 26) Metamorphic Rocks in South Carolina (slide 27) South Carolina Science Academic Standards (slide 28) Resources and References (slide 29) 2 What are Rocks? Most rocks are an aggregate of one or more minerals, and a few rocks are composed of non-mineral matter. There are three major rock types: 1. Igneous 2. Metamorphic 3. Sedimentary 3 Table of Contents Major Rock Types Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of molten magma or lava near, at, or below the Earth‟s surface. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of inorganic and organic sediments deposited at or near the Earth‟s surface. Metamorphic rocks are formed when preexisting rocks are transformed into new rocks by heat and pressure below the Earth‟s surface. 4 Table of Contents The Rock Cycle 5 Table of Contents Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing parent rocks are transformed (metamorphosed) by heat and pressure deep below the surface of the earth or along the boundary of tectonic plates.
[Show full text]
“Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks” Newcomer Academy Visualization Four
“Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks” Newcomer Academy Visualization Four Chapter Subtopic/Media Key Points of Discussion Notes/Vocabulary Introduction Title NA NA Various Pictures of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks One Rock to Composition of the The Earth is a layered rocky planet. The rocky portion Crust Another Earth of the Earth is its outermost layer the crust. The crust varies in thickness from 10 km (in the ocean) to 50 km (mountains). Various Images of each layer Under the crust is the mantle. It is 4200 km deep and Mantle it made of solid rock. Deep inside the Earth is a two-layered core. The Outer Core molten outer core is composed of iron-nickel, and the inner core is made of solid iron. Inner Core The crust and the uppermost region of the mantle Lithosphere make up the lithosphere, the dynamic surface of our planet. This allows for plate tectonics. Plate Tectonics Video clip of the layers and composition of the Earth Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks were the first rocks to form on the Igneous Rock Earth. They form from molten Earth material. In the Various images of beginning the Earth was a planet of molten, seething different rock mass. It took millions and millions of years for it to samples cool and form a crust of igneous rock. Still images of Igneous rocks can form above and below the surface intrusive and of the Earth. The rocks that form below the surface Magma extrusive are made from the magma and are called intrusive (HINT: “IN”trusive = IN the Earth).
[Show full text]
Past and Present of Sediment and Carbon Biogeochemical Cycling Models
Biogeosciences, 1, 11–32, 2004 www.biogeosciences.net/bg/1/11/ Biogeosciences SRef-ID: 1726-4189/bg/2004-1-11 Past and present of sediment and carbon biogeochemical cycling models F. T. Mackenzie1, A. Lerman2, and A. J. Andersson1 1Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA 2Department of Geological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA Received: 25 April 2004 – Published in Biogeosciences Discussions: 24 May 2004 Revised: 1 August 2004 – Accepted: 10 August 2004 – Published: 20 August 2004 Abstract. The global carbon cycle is part of the much more thermore, evidence from the inorganic carbon cycle indicates extensive sedimentary cycle that involves large masses of that deposition and net storage of CaCO3 in sediments ex- carbon in the Earth’s inner and outer spheres. Studies of ceed inflow of inorganic carbon from land and produce CO2 the carbon cycle generally followed a progression in knowl- emissions to the atmosphere. In the shallow-water coastal edge of the natural biological, then chemical, and finally ge- zone, increase in atmospheric CO2 during the last 300 years ological processes involved, culminating in a more or less of industrial time may have reduced the rate of calcification, integrated picture of the biogeochemical carbon cycle by the and continuation of this trend is an issue of serious environ- 1920s. However, knowledge of the ocean’s carbon cycle be- mental concern in the global carbon balance. havior has only within the last few decades progressed to a stage where meaningful discussion of carbon processes on an annual to millennial time scale can take place.
[Show full text]
Igneous Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks and the Rock Cycle Designed to meet South Carolina Department of Education 2005 Science Academic Standards Table of Contents What are Rocks? (slide 3) (Standard: 3-3.1 (covers slides 3-39)) Major Rock Types (slide 4) The Rock Cycle (slide 5) Igneous Rocks (slide 6) (3-3.1) What happens to molten rock as it cools? (slide 7) Crystal size and Cooling Rates (slide 8) Texture (slide 9-10) Igneous Rock Textures: (slide 11-20) Phaneritic (12) , Aphanitic (13) , Porphyritic (14) , Glassy (15) , Pegmatitc (16), Pyroclastic (17 - 18), Aa Lava (19) , Pahoehoe (20) Igneous Rocks Mineral Composition (slide 21) Magma and Bowens Reaction Series (slide 22 - 23) Mineral Composition and Magma (slide 24) Ferromagnesian Silicates (slide 25) Non-Ferromagnesian Silicates (slide 26) Igneous Rock Categories: Granitic, Basaltic, Andesitic (slide 27) Igneous Rocks: (slide 28 - 38) Granite (29) , Rhyolite (30) , Pumice (31) , Obsidian (32) , Gabbro (33) , Basalt (34) , Diabase (35) , Andesite (36) , Diorite (37) , Tuff (38) Igneous Rocks in the Landscape (slide 39) Igneous Rocks in South Carolina (slide 40) South Carolina Science Standards (slides 41) Resources and References (slide 42) 2 What are Rocks? Most rocks are an aggregate of one or more minerals and a few rocks are composed of non-mineral matter. There are three major rock types: 1. Igneous 2. Metamorphic 3. Sedimentary 3 Table of Contents Major Rock Types Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of molten magma or lava near, at, or below the Earth’s surface. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of inorganic and organic sediments deposited near or at the Earth’s surface.
[Show full text]