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Invertebrates Associated with the Pincushion Moss (Leucobryum Glaucum) and Underlying Soil Timothy R

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Invertebrates Associated with the Pincushion Moss (Leucobryum Glaucum) and Underlying Soil Timothy R Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1988 Invertebrates Associated with the Pincushion Moss (Leucobryum glaucum) and Underlying Soil Timothy R. Leffler Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Zoology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Leffler, Timothy R., "Invertebrates Associated with the Pincushion Moss (Leucobryum glaucum) and Underlying Soil" (1988). Masters Theses. 2578. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2578 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THESIS REPRODUCTION CERTIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is receiving a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. I l Date I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because -�� Date Author m Invertebrates Assoc iated with the Pincushion Moss (Leucobryum glaucum) and Underlying Soil (TITLE) BY Timothy Leffler R. THESIS SUBMITIED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Masters of Zoology IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS 1988 YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE l!�l'fg'ATE ABSTRACT A faunal study of soil invertebrates collected from pincushion moss (Leucobryum glaucum) and underlying soil in a mixed deciduous forest of Charleston, Illinois, was performed because it was discovered that moss habitats have been largely overlooked by investigators. The results from this study suggest that moss habitats provide a buffer area from the external physical environment, provide protection from predators, a place for oviposition and may be used as a food source. Twenty-seven orders of invertebrates were collected (66,023 individuals). Acarina (57.9%) and Collembola (37.9%) made up the majority of the invertebrate population. Three abiotic factors (temperature, moisture content and pH ) were considered in relation to their effect on the fauna. Collembola populations fluctuated more than the Acarina population possibly indicating that they were more sensitive to environmental fluctuations than were the Acarina. This sensitivity may be attributed to the behavioral and anatomical diff erences. It is evident from the literature and this research that there is a need for more work on moss/invertebrate associations. INTRODUCTION This paper is the result of a one year study of the invertebrates associated with the pincushion moss, Leucobryum glaucum, and the underlying soil. Both abiotic and biotic factors which affect soil invertebrates are considered. Gerson (1972) reported that Ledermuellaria frigida (Acarina: Stigmaeidae) could not survive on the leaves of g. glaucum. This was the only reference found mentioning L. glaucum and soil invertebrates. The association between mosses and arthropods has been largely neglected by botanical as well as zoological ecologists (Gerson, 1969). Aoki (1967) stated that most soil zoologists put soil samplers on the surface of the forest floor or in soil at flat places, intentionally avoiding stones, rocks, tree stumps, rotten wood, patches of moss, etc. These avoided habitats contain some peculiar species which are scarce or absent in other habitats. Cloudsley-Thompson (1958) dismissed mosses as being a natural habitat as "it is clear that moss does not form a biotope with a natural microclimate." However, Richardson (1981) states that the microclimate in moss cushions and carpets is much less extreme than that found immediately 1 2 above the moss. Norgaard (1951), investigating spider distributions in a Danish sphagnum bog, discovered that moss carpets modified temperature and humidity, thus affecting the spatial distribution of arthropods. Bry-0phytes have the ability to ab sorb large amounts of moisture. Corbet Lan (1974) soaked Grimmia pulvinata & for thirty minutes in distilled water and discovered that the clumps of dry moss took up, on the average, 4.38 times their own weight of water. Water is held between the stems, between the leaves on each stem, and within the cells. Moisture content seems to be one of the most important abiotic factors governing the success or failure of many different types of soil invertebrates. Verhoef Witteveen (1980) stated that, for the most part, Collembola & are very susceptible to dessication. Because many species inhabit moi st areas, neither control and limitation of diffusion of water through the cuticle, nor speciali zed adaptations to dessication are found. Testerink (1982) found that Tomocerus minor would die when it was separated from its food by a dry area. Bhattacharya Raychaudhuri & (1979) considered moisture content of the soil to be the most important abiotic factor responsible for microarthropod population fluctuations in a wasteland of Santiniketen, India. Soil invertebrates utili ze bryophytes for food. Byers 3 (1961) found that bryophytes harbor craneflies, including the genera Tipula, Liogama, Erioptera, Dolichope za, and Orope za. Some species in these genera feed on the bryophytes with which they are associated. Gerson (1972) collected one hundred-sixty moss samples, representing fifty- five species of mosses; he found thirty-eight species that contained Ledermuellaria (Acarina:Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae). Ledermuellaria frigida, k· rhodomela, k· clavata, and k· schusteri were found to feed on various mosses. Loria Herrnstadt (1980) found harvester & ants in Israel climbing the setae of Aloina aloides and Bryum bicolor and cutting off their capsules. It was surmised that the capsules served as a primary food source, until phanerogam seeds became available. Woodring (1963) reared certain cryptostigmatid mites on a diet consisting entirely of mosses. Gerson (1982) stated that invertebrates which feed on bryophytes, usually oviposit there. Ledermuellaria frigida usually laid eggs in the axils of the moss leaves (Gerson, 1972). The cranefly Dolichope za deposits eggs within certain mosses such as Sphagnum, Tetraphis, and Orthotricum on which larvae will feed. Keeley (1913) found mite eggs in the empty capsules of Orthotricum pusillum. Richards Davies (1977) stated that twenty-one out & 4 of twenty-nine insect orders are associated with bryophytes. Butcher et. al. (1971) stated that biologists in the United States, with the exception of taxonomists, have concentrated their research on soil arthropods which directly affect yield and quality of crop plants. Noneconomic forms are given little attention even though they are important contributors to fundamental humification processes. Edwards et. al. (1970) stated that "Soil animals contribute to the breakdown of organic matter by disintegrating plant and animal tissues, making them easier to invade by microorganisms, selectively decomposing and chemically changing parts of organic residues, transforming plant residues into humic substances, increasing the surface area available for bacterial and fungal action, forming complex aggregates of organic matter with the mineral part of the soil and mixing the organic matter thoroughly into the upper layers of soil. " 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at Lakeview Park which is located in Coles County three kilometers southeast of Charleston, Illinois. Lakeview Park is hilly terrain covered by a mixed deciduous forest. The dominant trees are Quercus alba. The understory consists mainly of Marus rubra, Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, and Amelanchier arborea. The soil type within the study area is a strawn soil type which is light colored, well drained and silty (Hallbick, 1968). A total of one hundred-eighty samples of Leucobryum glaucum were taken between December 4, 1982, and November 30, 1983. Five 7.5cm x 7.5cm x 2.5cm samples of glaucum 1· with soil substrate were taken each month from north-, south- and west-facing slopes. Two or three samples were taken during the first half of the month with the other two or three taken during the second half of the month. Moss samples were chosen from pure stands of L. glaucum measuring not less than 12cm x 12cm. All samples were taken between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. and placed in a Glad Ziplock bag (Union Carbide Corporation), labeled and then returned to the lab. The samples were weighed on an oHaus triple beam balance and placed in a Tullgren 6 apparatus to extract invertebrates from each sample. Glass jars containing 70% isopropyl alcohol were placed under each funnel so that the invertebrates would fall into the alcohol after being driven down by heat created by a fourty watt light bulb above the funnel. Samples were left in the Tullgren apparatus for at least seventy­ two hours. Following extraction, the invertebrates
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