Ferruccio Busoni 1866–1924

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Ferruccio Busoni 1866–1924 Ferruccio Busoni 1866–1924 150. Geburtstag 2016 150th Birthday 2016 150. Geburtstag Busoni-Jahr 2016 Zwischen Klassizität und Experiment – die Orchesterwerke Ferruccio Busonis „Unsicherheit ist charakteristisch für diese Zeit“ be- Neben seiner pianistischen Laufbahn betätigte fand Nietzsche 1886 und kommentierte damit die sich Busoni als Pädagoge (Lehrtätigkeiten in Hel- sich in Europa verstärkenden außerstaatlichen und sinki, Moskau und Boston), Dirigent, Herausgeber, innergesellschaftlichen Spannungen. Industri a - Bearbeiter von Musik, Verfasser von Libretti sowie lisierung, Verstädterung und Säkula risie rungs - zahlreicher Abhandlungen zur Musikästhetik und prozesse vereinigten sich zu einem verbreiteten anderen Themen. Mittelpunkt seines Wirkens bildete Kulturpessimismus, dem ein unerschütterlicher Fort- für Busoni jedoch das Komponieren. Hierbei wollte schrittsglaube gegen über stand. er „noch einen Zipfel der neuen Tonkunst erwischen Die Kunstschaffenden reagierten auf diesen und womöglich selbst einen Saum daran nähen“. Zwiespalt mit der Suche nach neuen, adäquaten Mehr als die Hälfte der etwa 300 Kompositionen Ausdrucksmitteln, in deren Folge sich auch die Busonis entstanden bis 1900 und gelten heute als Sprache der Musik ändern sollte: schon kurz nach Frühwerke. Trotz kompositorischer Eigenart orien- der Jahrhundertwende begannen Schönberg und tierte sich Busoni noch an klassischen Vorbildern wie Webern mit Tönen in freier Atonalität zu experi- Bach, Beethoven und Brahms. Danach wollte Busoni mentieren. Abbild für diese Zeit des Umbruchs sich hiervon lösen und wandte sich dem Experimen- und des Suchens sind Werk und Persönlichkeit von tellen zu. Äußerlich tritt dies an den von ihm ab und empfinde, dass jeder Gedanke, jedes Motiv, Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924) – eine epochale, 1902 geleiteten Berliner Orchesterabenden hervor, jedes Individuum eine eigene im Verhältnis zum europäische Künstlerfigur, dessen 150. Geburtstag bei denen aktuelle und selten gespielte Werke auf Gedanken, zum Motiv, zum Individuum stehende am 1. April 2016 gefeiert wird. dem Programm standen. Innerhalb seines Schaffens Fo rm haben muss.“ Eine in Einheit mit der Natur Geboren als Sohn eines italienischen Klarinet- zeigte sich dieses Streben nach Neuorientierung stehende „Ur-Musik“ sollte idealerweise als zeitlich tisten und einer aus Triest stammenden Pianistin in in dem 1907 veröffentlichten „Entwurf einer neuen und räumlich allgegenwärtige „ewige Harmonie“ in Empoli bei Florenz, erhielt Busoni den ersten Musik- Ästhetik der Tonkunst“. jedem neu erdachten Tonstück zu einem bis dahin unterricht von den Eltern. Er begann mit sieben Ausgehend vom 19. Jahrhundert fordert Busoni unerhörten Ausdruck gelangen. Jahren eine Wunderkindkarriere am Klavier und hier die Befreiung der Musik von verfestigten Ge- Die kompositorische Umsetzung des im „Ent- entwickelte sich nachfolgend zum bedeutendsten staltungnormen ein. Formlosigkeit war damit aller- wurf“ formulierten Postulats, „einen eigenen Klang Virtuosen seiner Zeit. Busoni litt jedoch zeitlebens dings nicht gemeint. „Ich bin ein Anbeter der zu treffen und die Form in Empfindung aufzulösen“, unter seinem Ruhm als Pianist, da er für etwas Form!“, stellt Busoni fest, „aber ich lehne mich glückte Busoni seiner Überzeugung nach bei der gefeiert wurde, was ihm selbst sekundär erschien. gegen überlieferte und unabänderliche Formen auf dem Andenken an seine verstorbenen Mutter gewid- aus: Turandot-Suite op. 41 , VIII. Nächtlicher Walzer „Dieser fortwährende bunte Wechsel von Passion und Spiel, von Realem und Irrealem, von Alltäglichkeit und exotischer Phantastik war es, der mich an dem ,chinesischen Theater- märchen‘ Gozzis am meisten gereizt hat.“ / “It was this constant, colorful alternation of passion and play, of real and unreal, of ordinariness and exotic fantasy that I found so fascinating in Gozzi‘s theatrical ‘Chinese Fairy Tale’.” meten Berceuse élégiaque (1909). Durch Gustav das monumentale Klavier-Concerto op. 39 mit Busoni, ebenso wie in den Suiten und Elegien, das Mahler 1911 in New York uraufgeführt, gehört Männerchor (1904). Dieses Werk gehört mit einer musikalische Material weitgehend frei zu gestalten dieses atmosphärisch dichte „elegische Wiegenlied“ Aufführungsdauer von 70 bis 80 Minuten zu den und dennoch nicht auf das Orchester zu verzichten. in den Kreis der „Sechs Elegien“, die Bu soni inner- längsten und pianistisch an spruchsvollsten Kon- Busoni hatte sich 1894 mit seiner Familie in halb von zehn Jahren für reduzierte Orchesterbe- zerten der Klavierliteratur. Es gliedert sich in fünf Berlin niedergelassen. Zu Beginn des Krieges verließ setzung schrieb (1909–1919). Diese Werke – Sä tze, wobei ein Chorsatz über die Schlussverse zu er jedoch die Stadt und verbrachte fünf Jahre im Nocturne Symphonique (1912/13), Rondo Adam Oehlenschlägers Märchenstück „Aladdin“ Schweizer Exil. Nach seiner Rückkehr 1920 hatte Arlecchinesco (1914/15), Gesang vom Reigen den Abschluss bildet. sich Busonis Musikbegriff verändert. In einem offe- der Geister (1915), Sarabande und Cortège Kurz danach entstand die achtsätzige Turan- nen Brief an den Musikkritiker Paul Bekker erläuterte (19 18/19) – sind am ehesten der freien Liedform dot-Suite op. 41 (1905) als Ergebnis der Beschäf- Busoni sein neues Denken: „Unter einer ‚jungen zuzurechnen. Außerdem bestehen weitere Ähnlich- tigung mit Carlo Gozzis Commedia „Turandot“. Die Klassizität‘ verstehe ich die Meisterung, die Sichtung keiten der Orchester-Elegien zueinander hinsichtlich Suite diente in erweiterter Form auch als Schauspiel- und Ausbeute aller Errungenschaften vorausge- ihrer Entstehungsgeschichte, der Instrumentierung musik und erklang 19 11 ers tmals auf einer Bühne. gangener Experimente: ihre Hineintragung in feste sowie der Bedeutsamkeit, die ihnen Busoni zumaß. Währenddessen hatte sich Busoni mit neuen Kom- und schöne Formen.“ Aus der Synthese von Altem Insbesondere durch die „polyphone Harmonik“ im positionsplänen befasst: „Die Serapionsbrüder“ von und Neuem soll eine „Tonkunst“ entstehen, die im Zusammenspiel mit raffinierter Instrumentations- E.T.A. Hoffmann hatten ihn zu einer neuen Oper, Ide alf all ein Abbild der „Ur-Musik“ darstellt. technik und gedämpftem Kolorit verlieh Busoni die- Die Brautwahl , angeregt. Das Stück fiel allerdings Ein instrumentales Werk aus dieser Schaffenspe- sen Stücken eine unverwechs elbare Klanggestalt. durch und möglicherweise war dies ein Grund, riode ist das Klarinetten-Concertino op. 48 Alle sechs Orchester-Elegien stehen in Verbin- weshalb Busoni die fünfsätzige Brautwahl-Suite (1918), welches sofort begeisterte Aufnahme beim dung zu szenischen Werken, die Busoni teilweise, op. 45 zusammenstellte, die als eines der bedeu- Publikum und Musikern gefunden hatte und bis wie bei der Berceuse („Aladdin“-Stoff) oder dem tendsten Orchesterwerke Busonis gilt. heute seinen Platz im Repertoire behauptet. Reigen (indianische Themen), nie ausgearbeitet hat. Ein e weitere Serie m it programmatischem Hin- Wie kaum ein anderer produktiver Musiker Der Hinweis auf die szenischen Bezüge ist insofern tergrund bilden Stücke über „indianische Themen“. seiner Zeit war die universelle Künstlerfigur Busoni von Bedeutung, als dass Busoni in seinem „Ent- Neben der erwähnten Elegie Gesang vom Reigen mit den aktuellen Szenen der anderen Kü ns te inter- wurf“ den Verzicht auf außermusikalische Einflüsse entstand 1913/14 die Indianische Fantasie national vernetzt. An seinem musikalischen Schaf- fordert, indem er der Programmmusi k eine deutliche op. 44 für Klavier und Orchester. Die Arbeit an dem fen, dem reichen kompositorischen Werk aus Opern Abs age erteilt („Eine begrenzte, primitive Kunst!“) vergleichsweise kurzen Konzertstück wurde ange- und Liedern, Orchester-, Kammer- und Klaviermusik und die absolute Musik dagegen setzt. regt durch das „Indians‘ Book“ der amerikanischen sowie Bearbeitungen gibt es vieles wieder und mehr Zuweilen kommt Busoni der Programmmusik Pianistin und Ethnologin Natalie Curtis, die Melo- noch neu zu entdecken – das kommende Jubiläum indes durchaus nah, so in den Werken, in denen er dien aus dem Bestand der Ure inwohner zusammen- lädt dazu ein! Märchendramen verarbeitete. Hierzu gehört auch getragen hatte. Die Form der Fantasie erlaubte Susanne Mahn aus: Concerto op. 39 , IV. All’Italiana, „in tono popolare“ „... eines Freundes bedarf ich diesmal als Verleger. Die Partitur ist technisch so unanfechtbar und bedeutsam. Sie bedeutet für mich die Arbeit von über drei Jahren und somit ein Stück meines Lebens.“ Busoni 1905 an Breitkopf & Härtel / „… this time I need a friend as a publisher. The score is technically unassailable and momentous. For me, it means the work of more than three years and thus a piece of my life.“ Busoni to Breitkopf & Härtel in 1905 150th Birthday The Busoni Year 2016 Between Classicism and Experiment – Busoni’s Orchestral Works “Uncertainty is characteristic of our time,” opined vidual.” Both temporally and spatially, an “Ur- Nietzsche in 1886 while commenting on the increa- music” in harmony with nature should ideally attain Umschlag der Erstausgabe sing tension among European nations and within a never-before-heard expressiveness. Each new Cover of the First Edition society in general. Industrialization, the growth of composition would bear this expressiveness within cities, secularization processes – they all melded into it as a kind of omnipresent “eternal harmony.” one vast surge of cultural pessimism that stood From his point of view, Busoni, with his Ber- squarely opposite an unshakable
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