DOCSLIB.ORG

An Investigation of the Use of Solvent Gels for the Removal of Wax-Based Coatings from Wall Paintings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Investigation of the Use of Solvent Gels for the Removal of Wax-Based Coatings from Wall Paintings Conservation of Wall Painting Department COURTAULD I NSTITUTE OF ART Somerset House, Strand, London WC2R 0RN Telephone +44 (0)20 7848-2848 [email protected] This is a dissertation accepted for a Postgraduate Diploma in the Conservation of Wall Painting in the Conservation of Wall Painting Department, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London. It is unpublished and copyright is held by the author. No quotations or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author, who may be contacted through the address above. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF SOLVENT GELS FOR THE REMOVAL OF WAX-RASED COATINGS FROM WALL PAINTINGS TOBIT CURTEIS Courtauld Institute ofArt/Getty Conservation Institute, Conservation of Wall Paintings Department. July 1991 CONTENTS Acknowledgements. 1. Summary. 2. Introduction. 3. Solvent Gel Principles. 4. Gel Components. 4.1 Carbopol 4.1.1 Thickening mechanisms of Carbopol. 4.1.2 Amines for Neutralisation. 4.1.3 Surfactants. 4.1.4 Clearance. 4.1.5 Possible drawbacks with Carbopol. 4.2 Pemulen. 4.2.1 Thickening mechanisms of Pemulen. 4.2.2 Drawbacks of Pemulen. 4.3 Cellulose materials 5. Desiderata for Test Sites. 6. Test Methodology and Procedure. 6.1 Examination and Analysis. 6.2 Preparation of Carbopol gels. 6.3 Test Procedure. 6.4 Clearance Tests. 7. Holcot Church. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Painting Condition. 7.3 Cross-section analysis and SEM. 7.4 FTIR and Thermomicroscopy. 7.5 Solvency parameter tests. 7.6 Solvent gel tests. 8. The Holy Sepulchre Chapel, Winchester Cathedral. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Technique. 8.3 Conservation History. 8.4 Painting Condition. 8.5 Cross-section analysis and SEM. 8.6 FITR and Thermomicroscopy. 8.7 Solvency parameter tests. 8.8 Solvent gel tests. 9. Westminster Abbey Chapter House. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Technique. 9.3 Conservation History. 9.3.1 G. G. Scott. 9.3.2 Prof A. H. Church 9.3.3 H. M. Office of Works. 9.3.4 English Heritage. 9.4 Painting Condition. 9.5 Cross-section analysis and SEM. 9.5.1 Binding Media. 9.6 FTIR and Thermomicroscopy. 9.7 Solvency parameter tests. 9.8 Solvent gel tests. 10. Analysis for Residual Materials. 11. Conclusion and Further Research. 12. Bibliography. 13. Appendices. 1. Recipes for wax and wax resin preservatives advocated by Professors Church and Tristram. 2. Solvent Gel formulas. 3. Teas Chart showing the solvency parameters of the most effective solvent gels in relation to the solubility region of beeswax. 4. Solvent Gel Tests,Summary of results reported in the proformas. 5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra. 6. Nitromors paint stripper. 7. Solvent Gel Tests Carried out in the Chapel Of Our lady Undercroft, Canterbury Cathedral. 8. Site proformas. 14. Plates. Acknowledgements For permission to examine and sample the paintings at the four sites studied I am grateful to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral and to Mr. Wolfgang Gartner of the Wallpaintings Workshop; the Dean and Chapter of Winchester Cathedral and especially to Mr. John Hardacre for his help and advice, the Parish Council of Holcot Church and the Rev. Anthony Watkins; and to Mr. Jan Keevil, Head of the English Heritage Conservation Studio, for Westminster Abbey Chapter House. For technical information on materials and for product samples I would like to thank Mr. G. Stead and Mr. John Gallagher of B. F. Goodrich and Mr. C. Drake of AKZO Chemicals. Ms. Zahira Veliz, Mr. Alan Phenix (Courtauld Institute) and Ms. Lucia Scalisi (Victoria and Albert Museum) gave much helpful advice on formulation of the gels. I am particularly grateful to Ms. Marianne Odlyha of Birkbeck College for her constant help and valuable advice especially in regard to the analysis including Fl'lK, DSC and Thermomicroscopy. I am also very grateful for the help of Mr. Raymond White, Scientific Department, National Gallery, particularly in the area of interpretation of IR spectra. For their advice and support throughout and in all areas of this research I would especially like to thank my two supervisors Ms. Aviva Burnstock, Scientific Department, National Gallery, who also carried out the SEM and EDX analysis, and Ms. Katherine Powell of the Courtauld Institute. Finally I would like to thank Mr David Park and Ms. Sharon Cather of the Courtauld Institute for their continual help during the course of this work. -5- Summarv The effects of the preservative' coatings commonly applied to wall paintings in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, have been both damaging and disfiguring in the longer term. Typically these coatings consist of either pure beeswax or a mixture of beeswax and a natural resin applied to the painting surface. The penetration of the coatings due to the porosity of wall paintings and the fragile nature of many of the paint surfaces, when treated, has made the removal of such materials extremely difficult. The solvent gels formulated for this study were intended to have very specific solvency parameters allowing them to dissolve a particular material, without endangering the other vulnerable components of the paint surface. The system was not be intended as an all-encompassing solvent mixture for the removal of all coatings on the paint surface. If there were more than one coating of a different nature, for instance a varnish layer covered by a wax resin coating, it would be necessary to use two different gels, each tailored by their solvent mixtures to the specific problem of each layer. The complete removal from the painting of all components of the gel system, forms an integral part of gel cleaning process. The long-term effects of the non-volatile components and their interaction with the materials of wall paintings are not fully understood and to ensure that no damage is caused by these materials the implementation of an adequate system of clearance must be undertaken. The investigations into the feasibility of such a cleaning system drew heavily on the work of Richard Wolbers who was responsible for developing the theory and formulating a range of organic solvent gel systems for particular cleaning problems in the field of easel painting conservation. The formulas developed by him provided the starting point for the development of a series of solvent gels that were applicable to the problems faced in wall paintings. Materials were chosen that had a known history of usage in general conservation, although some of these had not been applied to wall painting conservation. Much of the initial work was theoretical, involved with the chemistry of producing a gel system with the necessary attributes. The main gelling agent, a high molecular weight polyacrylic acid, Carbopol, was chosen due to its ability to effect very viscous gels at relatively low percentages. Due to the high wax component of the coatings it was necessary to produce a series of highly aromatic solvent gels. A program of tests was undertaken on a number of wall paintings that had been treated with a wax or wax/resin coating in order to evaluate both the cleaning effect of the gels and their subsequent clearance. The possibility of conducting the tests on laboratory models was evaluated, but despite the complications caused by the lack of chemical control on actual paintings, it was felt that due to the problems of reproducing the necessary conditions on a model, the results obtained from actual paintings would of be more value in examining the effects of the gels. Cross-sections were taken to establish the stratigraphy of both the coatings and the painting. This enabled the characterisation of differing surface coatings and the their relative thickness to be established in order to make a comparison with the situation after cleaning. These samples were examined both on the surface and in cross-section using visible and ultra-violet microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Samples of the surface coating were analysed using FTIR in order to establish the exact nature of the material. This was necessary so that the solvent -6- component of the gel could be prepared to dissolve that particular material. After the cleaning and clearance tests had been carried out, further samples were taken in order to evaluate the effects of the gels as well as to check for possible residues. Examination was carried out using visible, ultra violet and scanning electron microscopy. In order to examine the problem of clearance more fully, controlled tests were carried out on a laboratory model, allowing a more detailed series of experiments to take place. The results of the project were extremely encouraging indicating that it is possible to produce a solvent gel system with the necessary solvency parameters to remove the commonly encountered wax coatings. No residues of the material from the cleaning system were detected with FTIR or SEM after clearence had taken place. This latter result must however be qualified. A negative result such as this means simply that no residue has so far been found, it is not a guarantee that no trace of the material is present and further more sensitive analysis should be carried out to ensure this. -7- 2. Introduction During the nineteenth and the first half of this century, wax and resin based treatments were commonly believed to be the most effective method for the 'preservation' of wall paintings. The original premise behind the application of such coatings lay in the mistaken belief that classical Roman paintings were executed in encaustic technique, thus leading to the conclusion that wax was responsible for their longevity and survival. The writings of both Pliny and Vitruvius appeared to confirm that the use of wax was advantageous in protecting fresco paintings.1 The saturation of the painting with such coatings was seen as a general cure for the various types of damage encountered and with the active involvement of respected men such as Professors E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cognitive Tests Used for Evaluation of Neurotoxic Effects of Organic Solvent in Rats
    Cognitive tests used for evaluation of neurotoxic effects of organic solvents in rats. Ph.D. Thesis Grete Ostergaard Roskilde Universitet Levnedsmiddelstyrelsen Department of Life Sciences National Food Agency of Denmark and Chemistry Institute of Toxicology DATA SHEET Title: Cognitive tests used for evaluation of neurotoxic effects of organic solvents in rats. Author: Grete 0stergaard Publisher: National Food Agency of Denmark Affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, Department of General Toxicology, National Food Agency of Denmark, Ministry of Health. Address: M@rkh@jBygade 19, DK-2860 Sgborg, Denmark Telephone: +45 39 69 66 00 Fax: +45 39 66 01 00 Please quote: Grete 0stergaard (1997): Cognitive tests used for evaluation of neurotoxic effects of organic solvents in rats. Ph.D. thesis. National Food Agency of Denmark, DK-2860, Soborg, Denmark. Keywords: Morris water maze, eight-arm radial maze, cognitive tests ISBN: 87-601-1745-l List of contents 1 PREFACE . 5 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 6 3 LIST OF PAPERS INCLUDED . 7 4 OTHER PAPERS WITH RELATION TO THE SUBJECT OF THIS . 8 5 SUMMARY . 9 6 DANSK SAMMENDRAG . 10 7 INTRODUCTION . 11 8 ORGANIC SOLVENTS ........................... 14 8.1 Effects of solvents on the nervous system in man .................................. 15 8.2 Solvents involved in the development of chronic toxic encephalopathy ............... 16 8.3 Toluene ................................ 18 8.4 Effects of toluene in man ................... 18 8.5 Behavioural effects of toluene in laboratory animals ............................... 19 8.6 White spirit ............................ 23 8.7 Effects of white spirit in man ............... 23 8.8 Effects of white spirit in animals .............. 25 9 CHOICE OF EXPOSURE IN THE PRESENT PROJECT . 28 10 CHOICE OF TIME OF TESTING RELATIVE TO EXPOSURE IN THE PRESENT PROJECT .
    [Show full text]
  • Stoddard Solvent 9
    STODDARD SOLVENT 9 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective of the toxicology of Stoddard solvent and a depiction of significant exposure levels associated with various adverse health effects. It contains descriptions and evaluations of studies and presents levels of significant exposure for Stoddard solvent based on toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations. Stoddard solvent is a mixture of numerous hydrocarbons derived by refining crude oil. It is a petroleum distillate with a boiling range of 154-202°C and a flashpoint of 38-60°C. The hydrocarbon chain length ranges from C7 to C12 although a form of Stoddard solvent called 140 flash contains C5 and C6 hydrocarbons as well. The mixture consists of three major groups of components: linear and branched alkanes, also known as paraffins (30-50% of the total mixture); cycloalkanes, also called cycloparaffins or naphthenes (not to be confused with naphthalenes which are bicyclic aromatics) (30-40%), and aromatic hydrocarbons (l0-20%). A complete list of the individual components of Stoddard solvent is not available (Air Force 1989b); however, some possible components and common hydrocarbon classes are presented in Chapter 3. Data are available on the health effects of the various components of Stoddard solvent, but discussion of individual constituents is beyond the scope of the profile. Exposure to Stoddard solvent and white spirits, a somewhat synonymous substance, is discussed in this profile. Stoddard solvent is also considered to be a form of mineral spirits, white spirits, and naphtha; however, not all forms of mineral spirits, white spirits, or naphtha are considered to be Stoddard solvent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynisco Extrusion Processors Handbook 2Nd Edition
    The Dynisco Extrusion Processors Handbook 2nd edition Written by: John Goff and Tony Whelan Edited by: Don DeLaney Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this latest edition of the DYNISCO Extrusion Processors Handbook. First of all, we would like to thank John Goff and Tony Whelan who have contributed new material that has been included in this new addition of their original book. In addition, we would like to thank John Herrmann, Jim Reilly, and Joan DeCoste of the DYNISCO Companies and Christine Ronaghan and Gabor Nagy of Davis-Standard for their assistance in editing and publication. For the fig- ures included in this edition, we would like to acknowledge the contributions of Davis- Standard, Inc., Krupp Werner and Pfleiderer, Inc., The DYNISCO Companies, Dr. Harold Giles and Eileen Reilly. CONTENTS SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO EXTRUSION Single-Screw Extrusion . .1 Twin-Screw Extrusion . .3 Extrusion Processes . .6 Safety . .11 SECTION 2: MATERIALS AND THEIR FLOW PROPERTIES Polymers and Plastics . .15 Thermoplastic Materials . .19 Viscosity and Viscosity Terms . .25 Flow Properties Measurement . .28 Elastic Effects in Polymer Melts . .30 Die Swell . .30 Melt Fracture . .32 Sharkskin . .34 Frozen-In Orientation . .35 Draw Down . .36 SECTION 3: TESTING Testing and Standards . .37 Material Inspection . .40 Density and Dimensions . .42 Tensile Strength . .44 Flexural Properties . .46 Impact Strength . .47 Hardness and Softness . .48 Thermal Properties . .49 Flammability Testing . .57 Melt Flow Rate . .59 Melt Viscosity . .62 Measurement of Elastic Effects . .64 Chemical Resistance . .66 Electrical Properties . .66 Optical Properties . .68 Material Identification . .70 SECTION 4: THE SCREW AND BARREL SYSTEM Materials Handling .
    [Show full text]
  • Oil Statistics
    Joint SPC-APEC Training Workshop on Energy Statistics and Modeling for the SDG7 and the COP21 INDC Energy Targets 20-23 June 2016 Port Moresby Oil Statistics Edito Barcelona Energy Statistics and Training Office Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre Outline • Introduction A few concepts e.g. refining, units, conversion, etc • Definitions of Products Primary Products Secondary Products • Definitions of Flows Primary Supply Transformation Final Consumption 2 Oil and Oil Products • 25 product categories: • crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks, additives/oxygenates, biofuels, other hydrocarbons, • ethane, refinery gas, LPG, naphtha, motor gasoline, biogasoline, aviation gasoline, jet gasoline, jet kerosene, other kerosene, gas/diesel oil, biodiesel, fuel oil, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other products. 3 Primary Oil Products 4 Crude Oil • 1. Crude Oil Oil is a mineral oil of fossil origin extracted by conventional means from underground reservoirs, and comprises liquid or near- liquid hydrocarbons and associated impurities such as sulphur and metals. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure, and usually flows to the surface under the pressure of the reservoir. This is termed “conventional” extraction. Crude oil includes condensate from condensate fields, and “field” or “lease” condensate extracted with the crude oil. • Issues and Difficulties in reporting Crude Oil • Usually there are not too many problems in applying the definition. Quality: crude oil can be of varying quality, colour, viscosity and mineral content. The two main factors determining the quality are the density and the sulfur content. Density: Heavy crudes will yield less light products and are therefore in general of lesser quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Brochure Fractional Distillation Units GB
    FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION UNITS Professional Industrial Qualified Formeco s.r.l. Via Cellini, 33 35027 Noventa Padovana Padova – Italy – www.formeco.com FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION COUMNS Fractionating columns are units for fractional distillation, which allow the separation of solvents which differ in their boiling point and the almost total separation of solvents from liquid pollutants. The fractional distillation process makes it possible to obtain a sufficiently pure liquid for its integral reuse in its original processes. The plant consists of a boiler heated indirectly by diathermic oil or different energy sources (steam for example). The diathermic oil is placed in forced circulation inside an external shell around the boiler and in an inner coil. A fractionating column fitted with anti-splash devices and high-efficiency packing material is installed in the upper part of the boiler in order to favour washing in the steam-liquid counterflow. A head condenser makes it possible to regulate the forced reflux in the column in order to support the separation of the various components of the mixture being treated. The vacuum group consist of a liquid ring pump on treatment in closed circuit, contained in a dedicated cooled tank, equipped with a special vapour condenser EGC - Exhausted Gas Condenser, placed on the way out of the vacuum pump. The plant can work 24 hours a day, with automatic loading of the liquid to treat, automatic unloading of the distillate and of the process residue. A special pc-board with display sets the diathermic oil temperature, the temperature inside the boiler and the temperature on the head of the column, with possibility to set the oil temperature with respect to the head temperature for regulating the distillation speed.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Weeks' Exposure of Rats to Dearomatized White Spirit Modifies Indices of Oxidative Stress in Brain, Kidney, and Liver
    Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 651~57, 1994. Copyright © 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd ti)Pergamon Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0006-2952/94 $6.00 + 0.00 0006-2952(93)E0017-2 THREE WEEKS' EXPOSURE OF RATS TO DEAROMATIZED WHITE SPIRIT MODIFIES INDICES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BRAIN, KIDNEY, AND LIVER H. R. LAM,*t G. 0sTERGAARD,t S. X. Guo,:j: 0. LADEFOGEDt and S. C. BoNDY:j: tlnstitute of Toxicology, National Food Agency of Denmark, DK-2860 S0borg, Denmark, and iDepartment of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717-1825, U.S.A. (Received 19 July 1993; accepted 15 October 1993) Abstract-The present study was undertaken in order to investigate whether dearomatized white spirit induces indices of oxidative stress in subcellular fractions of hemisphere, hippocampus, kidney and liver tissue of rats exposed to 0, 400 and 800ppm 6 hr/day, 7 days a week for 3 weeks. The results show that white spirit is a strong in vivo inducer of oxidative stress in subcellular fractions of brain, kidney and liver. In the liver there was a statistically significant increase in the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity. In the kidney there was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of ROS generation. In the hemisphere there was a statistically significant increase in the level of reduced glutathione. In the hippocampus there was a statistically significant increase in the rate of ROS generation. However, in vitro addition of dearomatized white spirit had no effect on the rate of cerebrocortical P2 fraction ROS generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Fluorochromised Gelatine to Visualise the Sealing E Ect Of
    DOI: 1234567890 Published: 6 November 2018 Using uorochromised gelatine to visualise the sealing eect of cyclododecane during re-adhesion of aking paint on canvas Karolina Soppa When working with low viscosity adhesives on canvases without a sizing layer, it is advisable to mask the canvas prior to consolidation (for example with CDD solutions). The use of uorochrome-labelled gelatine (type A, 180 Bloom 5% w/w in distilled water) in combination with uorescence microscopy allows the sealing eect of various methods of cyclododecane (CDD) application to be visualised, in order to optimise the techniques for re-adhesion of aking paint on canvas. As solvents for CDD, petroleum ether (boiling point <40 °C) and white spirit (b.p. 100–140 °C) have delivered positive results. The observed adhesion was best when using CDD in petroleum ether <40 °C. However, from a practical point of view, the handling of CDD in white spirit 100–140 °C is easier, the penetration is laterally wider and therefore the sublimation faster. Application of solid CDD either as chips or with a spray can (both worked in using a heated spatula on the reverse of the canvas) produced irregular and poorly reproducible results. There is a signicant dierence between the two CDD application techniques: if the paint has no contact with the canvas, the CDD solution stops at the canvas interface, whereas melts can penetrate further, embedding the bres entirely and even lling the joints – or they do not reach the interface. A further important practical observation is that there should be no contact with the reverse of the canvas during application of the adhesive since this contact increases capillary forces, allowing the adhesive to penetrate more easily towards the other side.
    [Show full text]
  • White Spirit (Stoddard Solvent) Health and Safety Guide
    Cs INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY Health and Safety Guide No. 103 WHITE SPIRIT (STODDARD SOLVENT) HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDE UNEP UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME LABOUR ORGANISATION V. t VA• 5 iJ . WORLD HEALTH AT ORGANIZATION WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, GENEVA 1996 Other hEALTh ANI) SAlE FY (1 'IDES available: corn i nued on the ns ,,k' b;c. k cc er Acetaldehyde (No. 'Xl). 199 Dimethoate (No. 20, 1988) Acrolein (No. 67. 1992) Dimelhvl sulfate (No. 29. 1989) Aervlamide (No. 45, 199 Dunet.hvlarsinic acid, niethanearsonic Acrylonitrile (No. I, I 986 acid, and salts (No. 69, 1992) Aldicarb(No. 64. 1991) Dimethylformamide (N,c 43, I 09(1) Akirin and dieldrin No. 21 988) Diquat (No. 52, 1991 Allethrins (NO. 24. 1989) Endosulfan (No. 17. 1988) Amitrolt' (No 85, 1994) Endrin NI'. 60. 1991) Atnunnia (No 37, 1990> I pic hloroh\'dr in (No 8. 1987) Arsenic c Itilpounds inorganic tIler Ethylene oxide (NI'. 1(, 1988) than arsine i No 7)), 992 Fenitrothion (NI' 65. 11)1)11 ;\traztt)e No 47 109M Fenvaleratc' I No 34. 1989) l)arrurn No 46. 1091 I'olpet (No. 72, 1992 f3etIIit'ii. I NI) 81. 199 I'orrnaIdeh de (No 57. l'))I l3etitazoi,e NI' .18, (')')( I leptachlor ( N,' 14 . 1989 ller Ilium i No 4 (, 1990 Ilexachlorohifladienc I No 8), '1') l(tIldilaL')uttl N 0, I ((5 I kxachIoroc clohes,,ties . alpha und I)rliuialtkltie i No 94 beta- (NO. 53. 1991 I F4utanol (No 4 1987 I lexachlorocyclopcirtadene 2-l3utanol No 1 1987 (NO. 63. ('8)1; iert-l3ut,u,ol _ ti-I lesane ( NI) SI) 1991 (.atlqlheclilt 49.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Chronic Solvent Encephalopathy in Finland 1995 2007
    Petra Keski-Säntti Petra Keski-Säntti During recent decades, the number of solvent-exposed workers Occupational chronic solvent and solvent exposure in many work tasks has diminished. This Occupational chronic solvent encephalopathy in Finland 1995–2007: incidence and diagnostic methods has led to a decrease in the number of occupational chronic encephalopathy in Finland 1995–2007: solvent encephalopathy (CSE) patients, but still every year reveals new cases. incidence and diagnostic methods This book presents the incidence of CSE in Finland during 1995–2007 and the work tasks and solvent exposure related to CSE. It also presents the findings in brain magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and event-related potentials and discusses their diagnostic value in CSE. Orders: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A FI-00250 Helsinki Finland Fax +358-9 477 5071 E-mail [email protected] www.ttl.fi/bookstore ISBN 978-952-261-082-9 (paperback) 978-952-261-083-6 (PDF) ISSN-L 1237-6183 ISSN 1237-6183 94 Cover picture: People and Work Suomen kuvapalvelu / Science foto library Research Reports 94 People and Work Editor in chief Harri Vainio Scientific editors Raoul Grönqvist Irja Kandolin Timo Kauppinen Kari Kurppa Anneli Leppänen Hannu Rintamäki Riitta Sauni Editor Virve Mertanen Address Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A FI-00250 Helsinki Tel. +358- 30 4741 Fax +358-9 477 5071 www.ttl.fi Cover design Tiina Vaahtera Cover Picture Suomen kuvapalvelu / Science foto library ISBN 978-952-261-082-9
    [Show full text]
  • White Spirit Incident Management
    White Spirit Incident Management Key Points Fire flammable reacts with strong oxidants, causing a fire and explosion hazard; attacks some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings emits acrid fumes and may explode when heated to decomposition in the event of a fire involving white spirit, use normal foam and normal fire kit with breathing apparatus Health ingestion causes nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain systemic symptoms include drowsiness, lethargy, ataxia, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, coma and respiratory collapse aspiration into the lungs causes pneumonitis with initial choking, gasping, coughing and haemoptysis inhalation may cause nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, respiratory tract irritation, euphoria, delirium, tremor, lethargy, ataxia and drowsiness dermal exposure can cause irritation, drying, cracking, erythema and blistering; rarely, systemic toxicity may arise ocular exposure may cause irritation to the eyes, causing an immediate stinging and burning sensation with lacrimation Environment avoid release to the environment; inform the Environment Agency of substantial incidents PHE publications gateway number: 20144790 Published: January 2016 Compendium of Chemical Hazards: White Spirit Hazard Identification Standard (UK) dangerous goods emergency action codes Turpentine substitute, packing group II UN 1300 Turpentine substitute, packing group II EAC 3YE Use normal foam. Wear normal fire kit in combination with breathing apparatus*. Spillages and decontamination run-off should be prevented from entering
    [Show full text]
  • Bleko - Turpentine / White Spirit 1010100
    Safety data sheet According to 1907/2006/EC (REACH), 453/2010/EU, 2015/830/EU Bleko - Turpentine / White Spirit 1010100 SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING 1.1 Product identifier: Bleko - Turpentine / White Spirit 1010100 Hydrocarbons, C9-C12, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, aromatics (2-25%) CAS: Non-applicable EC: 919-446-0 Index: Non-applicable REACH: 01-2119458049-33-XXXX 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against: Relevant uses: Cleaning solvent; solvent for coatings Uses advised against: All uses not specified in this section or in section 7.3 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet: Bleko Chemie BV Het Lentfert 3 7547 SN Enschede - Netherlands Phone.: +31 (0)53 431 58 35 - Fax: +31 (0)53 431 54 30 [email protected] www.blekochemie.nl 1.4 Emergency telephone number: +31 (0)534 315 835 ( 8:00 - 17:00 ) SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture: Caution: Due to the existence of neutralisation ( 5 < pH < 9) between the product's components, the hazards in terms of corrosion potential are not individually provided for the substances. CLP Regulation (EC) nº 1272/2008: Classification of this product has been carried out in accordance with CLP Regulation (EC) nº 1272/2008. Aquatic Chronic 2: Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard, Category 2, H411 Asp. Tox. 1: Aspiration hazard, Category 1, H304 Flam. Liq. 3: Flammable liquids, Category 3, H226 STOT RE 1: Specific target organ toxicity by inhalation, repeated exposure, Category 1, H372 STOT SE 3: Specific toxicity causing drowsiness and dizziness, single exposure, Category 3, H336 2.2 Label elements: CLP Regulation (EC) nº 1272/2008: Danger Hazard statements: Bleko Chemie BV Aquatic Chronic 2: H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects Asp.
    [Show full text]
  • An Nnual L Que 2017- Estion -2021 Nnair Re
    OIL ANNNUAL QUESTIONNAIRE 2017-2021 AND HISTORICAL REVISIONS July 2019 Attached is the annual questionnaire for oil which provides for the submission of 2017--2021 data and historical revisions where applicable. Countries reporting to the IEA are requested to complete the questionnaire at the latest by 30 September. Earlier submissions are welcome. Countries reporting to Eurostat are requested to complete the questionnaire by 30 November (Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 on energy statistics). Earlier submiissions are welcome. Please send your questionnaire to: • International Energy Agency (IEA/OECD), Ennergy Data Centre (the IEA will forward the data to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva). • European Commission, Eurostat, Energy Statistics (for EU Member States, European Economic Area countries, EU Candidate Countriies and Potential Candidates, Energy Community Contracting Parties) • United Nations Statistics Division, Energy Statistics Section Transmission details are provided in the “Data communication procedures” section. ANNUAL OIL QUESTIONNAIRE Data Communication Procedures IEA 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739, Paris, Cedex 15, France Please complete data for your country on the Energy Validation Outlet: https://evo.iea.org Alternatively send the completed questionnaire to the IEA in a CSV or Excel file as an e-mail attachment to [email protected] For questions regarding the questionnaire, contact [email protected]. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eurostat European Commission – Eurostat, Unit E.5: Energy, L-2920 Luxembourg (for EU Member States, European Economic Area countries, EU Candidate Countries and Potential Candidates, Energy Community Contracting Parties) The completed MS Excel file questionnaire should be transmitted via the Single Entry Point following the implementing procedures of EDAMIS (Electronic Data Files Administration And Management Information System): https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/edamis selecting the electronic data collection ENERGY_PETRO_A.
    [Show full text]