LIBRARY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Content Introduction 4 Aviation Fuels & Oils 35 Characterization of Some Petroleum Products 5 Fig.27 Aviation Fuel 35 Fig.28 Turbine (Jet) Fuel 36 Chromatographic Method GC/FID 8 Fig.29 JP-4 (Jet Fuel) 37 Fig.1 Chromatogram of Standard Alkanes Mix 12 9 Fig.30 JP-5 Fuel 38 Fig.2 Chromatogram of Calibration Standard BAM-K010 10 Fig.31 JP-7 Gasoline 39 Petroleum 11 Fig.32 JP-8 Gasoline 40 Fig.3 Crude Oil 11 Fig.33 JP-TS Aviation Fuel 41 Fig.34 Hydraulic Fluid 42 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils 12 Fig.35 JP-10 Aviation Fuel 43 Fig.4 Natural 91 12 Fig.5 Natural 95 13 Household & Industrial Solvents 44 Fig.6 Natural 98 14 Fig.36 Lacquer Thinner 44 Fig.7 Special 91 15 Fig.37 Mineral Spirits 45 Fig.8 RFA Gasoline 16 Fig.38 Naphta 46 Fig.9 Diesel Fuel #2 17 Fig.39 Turpentine 47 Fig.10 Diesel Fuel #1(Low Sulfur) 18 Fig.40 Stoddard Solvent 48 Fig.11 Diesel Fuel #2 (Extra Low Sulfur) 19 Fig.41 Parrafin Wax 49 Fig.12 Artic Diesel Fuel 20 Fig.42 Sheron Konkor 101 - Lubrication Oil 50 Fig.13 Biodiesel 100 (Consumer Grade) 21 Fig.43 Sonax Lax Reiniger - Car Polish 51 Fig.14 Biodiesel 20 22 Heating Fuel Oils 52 Fig.15 FAME Rapeseed Oil 23 Fig.44 Fuel Oil #1 52 Fig.16 SAE 30W Motor Oil 24 Fig.45 Fuel Oil #2 53 Fig.17 SAE 40W Motor Oil 25 Fig.46 Fuel Oil #3 54 Fig.18 SAE 50W Motor Oil 26 Fig.47 Fuel Oil #4 55 Fig.19 Mogul Trans SAE 80W 27 Fig.48 Kerosene I 56 Fig.20 Mogul Racing 5W-40 28 Fig.49 Kerosene II 57 Fig.21 Mogul 15W-40 29 Fig.50 Fuel Oil #6 58 Fig.22 Mogul SAE 30 M6A 30 Fig.23 Mogul Oil Alfa Profi 31 Other Natural Matter 59 Fig.24 Madit Emol SAE 10W-30 32 Fig.51 Compost 59 Fig.25 Prosint Oleo Mac - Oil for Two-Stroke Engines 33 Fig.52 Acacia Wood Sawdust 60 Fig.26 Oil for Two-Stroke Engines 34 Fig.53 Peat 61 Summary 62 3 Introduction The GC/FID method is used for analysis of extractable hydrocarbons which are usually products from distillation of crude oil. Refined fractions obtained during petroleum processing are mentioned in the following table: Fraction Boiling point (°C) n-Alkanes Gas hydrocarbons < 5 C1 – C4 Light gasoline 30 – 85 C5 – C6 Heavy gasoline 85 - 180 C7 – C10 Paraffin oil 180 – 270 C11 – C15 Gas oil 270 – 370 C16 – C22 Vacuum spirits 370 – 550 C23 – C45 Vacuum waste over 550 > C46 The GC/FID method is capable of analysing hydrocarbons in boiling point range between 85 and 350°C. Low boiling fractions like Gas hydrocarbons or Light gasoline cannot be determined using by method GC/FID similar to heavy hydrocarbons like Vacuum Spirits and Vacuum Waste. 4 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Characterization of Some Petroleum Products Petroleum Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth‘s surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Gasoline Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid flammable mixture consists mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with isooctane or aromatics hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to increase octane ratings. Gasoline is primarily used as a fuel in combustiwe of the additives that are put into it. The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between 4 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule. Depending on use, it can be classified: ∙ Automobile gasoline ∙ Aviation gasoline ∙ Technical (solvent) Octane Rating The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of petrol and other fuels to autoignition in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. The octane number of a fuel is measured in a test engine, and is defined by comparison with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and heptane which would have the same anti-knocking capacity as the fuel under test: the percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in that mixture is the octane number of the fuel. For example, petrol with the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 95 % iso-octane and 5 % heptane would have an octane rating of 95. Lead in the form of tetra-ethyl lead was once a common antiknock additive, but since the 1970s, its use in most of the industrialised world has been restricted, and its use is currently limited mostly to aviation gasoline. It is complicated to find out the octane rating by GC/FID method because the chromatographic profiles are very similar. Mineral spirits Mineral Spirits, also called Stoddard solvent, is a petroleum distillate commonly used as a paint thinner and mild solvent. In Europe, it is referred to as petroleum spirit or white spirit. Mineral spirits are especially effective in removing oils, greases, carbon, and other material from metal. Mineral spirits may also be used in conjunction with cutting oil as a thread cutting and reaming lubricant. A typical composition for mineral spirits is the following: aliphatic solvent hexane having a maximum aromatic hydrocarbon content of 0,1 % by volume, a kauri- butanol value of 29, an initial boiling point of 65 °C, a dry point of approximately 69 °C, and a specific mass of 0,7 g/cm3. Turpentine Turpentine (also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, wood turpentine, gum turpentine) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from trees, mainly pine trees. It is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene (C10H16). Turpentine is representative of non petroleum product. The two primary uses of turpentine in industry are as a solvent and as a source of materials for organic synthesis. As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based paints, for producing varnishes, and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Its industrial use as a solvent in industrialized nations has largely been replaced by the much cheaper turpentine substitutes distilled from crude oil also known as mineral turpentine (b.p. 150-180 °C). 5 Characterization of Some Petroleum Products Kerosene Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colorless, oily, highly flammable liquid with a strong odour, distilled from petroleum (10–25 % of total volume). It is a mixture of about 10 different types of fairly simple hydrocarbons, depending on its source. Fraction distillation resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It is less volatile than gasoline, boiling at 150–275 °C. It is burned in lamps, heaters, and furnaces and is used as a fuel or fuel component for diesel and tractor engines, jet engines, and rockets and as a solvent for greases and insecticides. Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures. Jet fuel Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is clear to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1 which are produced to a standardized international specification. Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 carbon numbers; wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15 carbon numbers. Fuel Oil Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately 40 °C and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha. Fuel oil is classified into six classes, numbered 1 through 6, according to its boiling point, composition and purpose. The boiling point, ranging from 175-600 °C, and carbon chain length, 9 to 70 atoms, of the fuel increases with fuel oil number. Viscosity also increases with number, and the heaviest oil has to be heated in order to get into liquid state. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases. Diesel fuel Diesel oil is a type of Fuel oil. It is produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 8 and 21 carbon atoms per molecule with specific gravity range of 0.76–0.94. Diesel fuel quality is defined by the cetane number, which usually falls into the range 30–60.