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Home , Aviation fuel, Cetane number, Diesel fuel, Hexadecane, Kerosene, Octane rating

LIBRARY OF PRODUCTS AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Content

Introduction 4 Aviation & 35 Characterization of Some Petroleum Products 5 Fig.27 Aviation 35 Fig.28 Turbine (Jet) Fuel 36 Chromatographic Method GC/FID 8 Fig.29 JP-4 () 37 Fig.1 Chromatogram of Standard Mix 12 9 Fig.30 JP-5 Fuel 38 Fig.2 Chromatogram of Calibration Standard BAM-K010 10 Fig.31 JP-7 39 Petroleum 11 Fig.32 JP-8 Gasoline 40 Fig.3 Crude 11 Fig.33 JP-TS 41 Fig.34 42 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils 12 Fig.35 JP-10 Aviation Fuel 43 Fig.4 Natural 91 12 Fig.5 Natural 95 13 Household & Industrial 44 Fig.6 Natural 98 14 Fig.36 Lacquer Thinner 44 Fig.7 Special 91 15 Fig.37 Mineral Spirits 45 Fig.8 RFA Gasoline 16 Fig.38 Naphta 46 Fig.9 #2 17 Fig.39 47 Fig.10 Diesel Fuel #1(Low ) 18 Fig.40 Stoddard 48 Fig.11 Diesel Fuel #2 (Extra Low Sulfur) 19 Fig.41 Parrafin 49 Fig.12 Artic Diesel Fuel 20 Fig.42 Sheron Konkor 101 - Lubrication Oil 50 Fig.13 100 (Consumer Grade) 21 Fig.43 Sonax Lax Reiniger - Polish 51 Fig.14 Biodiesel 20 22 Heating Fuel Oils 52 Fig.15 FAME Oil 23 Fig.44 #1 52 Fig.16 SAE 30W 24 Fig.45 Fuel Oil #2 53 Fig.17 SAE 40W Motor Oil 25 Fig.46 Fuel Oil #3 54 Fig.18 SAE 50W Motor Oil 26 Fig.47 Fuel Oil #4 55 Fig.19 Mogul Trans SAE 80W 27 Fig.48 I 56 Fig.20 Mogul Racing 5W-40 28 Fig.49 Kerosene II 57 Fig.21 Mogul 15W-40 29 Fig.50 Fuel Oil #6 58 Fig.22 Mogul SAE 30 M6A 30 Fig.23 Mogul Oil Alfa Profi 31 Other Natural Matter 59 Fig.24 Madit Emol SAE 10W-30 32 Fig.51 Compost 59 Fig.25 Prosint Oleo Mac - Oil for Two- 33 Fig.52 Acacia Wood Sawdust 60 Fig.26 Oil for Two-Stroke Engines 34 Fig.53 Peat 61 Summary 62

3 Introduction

The GC/FID method is used for analysis of extractable which are usually products from of crude oil. Refined fractions obtained during petroleum processing are mentioned in the following table:

Fraction Boiling point (°C) n-Alkanes Gas hydrocarbons < 5 C1 – C4 Light gasoline 30 – 85 C5 – C6 Heavy gasoline 85 - 180 C7 – C10 Paraffin oil 180 – 270 C11 – C15 Gas oil 270 – 370 C16 – C22 Vacuum spirits 370 – 550 C23 – C45 Vacuum waste over 550 > C46

The GC/FID method is capable of analysing hydrocarbons in boiling point range between 85 and 350°C. Low boiling fractions like Gas hydrocarbons or Light gasoline cannot be determined using by method GC/FID similar to heavy hydrocarbons like Vacuum Spirits and Vacuum Waste.

4 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Characterization of Some Petroleum Products

Petroleum Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth‘s surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol and kerosene to and chemical reagents used to make and pharmaceuticals.

Gasoline Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid flammable mixture consists mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with isooctane or aromatics hydrocarbons and to increase ratings. Gasoline is primarily used as a fuel in combustiwe of the additives that are put into it. The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between 4 and 12 atoms per . Depending on use, it can be classified: ∙∙ Automobile gasoline ∙∙ Aviation gasoline ∙∙ Technical (solvent) The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of petrol and other fuels to autoignition in spark-ignition internal engines. The octane number of a fuel is measured in a test , and is defined by comparison with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and which would have the same anti-knocking capacity as the fuel under test: the percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in that mixture is the octane number of the fuel. For example, petrol with the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 95 % iso-octane and 5 % heptane would have an octane rating of 95. in the form of tetra-ethyl lead was once a common antiknock additive, but since the 1970s, its use in most of the industrialised world has been restricted, and its use is currently limited mostly to aviation gasoline. It is complicated to find out the octane rating by GC/FID method because the chromatographic profiles are very similar.

Mineral spirits Mineral Spirits, also called Stoddard solvent, is a petroleum distillate commonly used as a thinner and mild solvent. In Europe, it is referred to as petroleum spirit or . Mineral spirits are especially effective in removing oils, greases, carbon, and other material from metal. Mineral spirits may also be used in conjunction with cutting oil as a thread cutting and reaming . A typical composition for mineral spirits is the following: aliphatic solvent having a maximum aromatic content of 0,1 % by volume, a kauri- butanol value of 29, an initial boiling point of 65 °C, a dry point of approximately 69 °C, and a specific mass of 0,7 g/cm3.

Turpentine Turpentine (also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, wood turpentine, gum turpentine) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from trees, mainly pine trees. It is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene (C10H16). Turpentine is representative of non . The two primary uses of turpentine in are as a solvent and as a source of materials for organic synthesis. As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based , for producing , and as a raw material for the . Its industrial use as a solvent in industrialized nations has largely been replaced by the much cheaper turpentine substitutes distilled from crude oil also known as mineral turpentine (b.p. 150-180 °C).

5 Characterization of Some Petroleum Products

Kerosene Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colorless, oily, highly flammable liquid with a strong odour, distilled from petroleum (10–25 % of total volume). It is a mixture of about 10 different types of fairly simple hydrocarbons, depending on its source. Fraction distillation resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It is less volatile than gasoline, boiling at 150–275 °C. It is burned in lamps, heaters, and furnaces and is used as a fuel or fuel component for diesel and engines, jet engines, and and as a solvent for greases and insecticides. Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures.

Jet fuel Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in powered by gas-turbine engines. It is clear to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1 which are produced to a standardized international specification. Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, freezing point or point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 carbon numbers; wide-cut or -type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15 carbon numbers.

Fuel Oil Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a of approximately 40 °C and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha.

Fuel oil is classified into six classes, numbered 1 through 6, according to its boiling point, composition and purpose. The boiling point, ranging from 175-600 °C, and carbon chain length, 9 to 70 atoms, of the fuel increases with fuel oil number. also increases with number, and the heaviest oil has to be heated in order to get into liquid state. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases.

Diesel fuel Diesel oil is a type of Fuel oil. It is produced from the of crude oil between 200 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 8 and 21 carbon atoms per molecule with specific gravity range of 0.76–0.94. Diesel fuel quality is defined by the , which usually falls into the range 30–60. A high cetane number indicates the potential for easy starting and smooth operation of the engine. The cetane number is the analog of the automobile engine octane

number, with cetane (n-, C16H34) having the arbitrarily assigned number of 100. At the other end of the scale, heptamethylnonane, an isomer of cetane, has the assigned cetane number of 0.

Biodiesel Fuel made from natural, renewable sources, such as new and used vegetable oils and animal , for use in a . Biodiesel has physical properties very similar to petroleum- derived diesel fuel, but its emission properties are superior. Using biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine substantially reduces emissions of unburned hydrocarbons, , , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Diesel blends containing up to 20 % biodiesel can be used in nearly all diesel-powered equipment, and higher-level blends and pure biodiesel can be used in many engines with little or no modification. Lower-level blends are compatible with most storage and distribution equipment, but special handling is required for higher-level blends. Biodiesel is made from oils or fats, which are hydrocarbons. Fresh oil is most commonly used, although biodiesel can be made from mustard or waste (such

6 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Characterization of Some Petroleum Products as used oil from restaurant deep fryers). These hydrocarbons are filtered and mixed with an , such as , and a catalyst ( hydroxide or hydroxide), resulting in a chemical reaction whose major products are the biodiesel fuel and glycerol. Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil or animal based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. Products of catalyzed reaction between fats or fatty acids and methanol are methyl esters (FAME).

Motor oil Motor oils are derived from petroleum-based and non-petroleum-synthesized chemical compounds. Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of typical motor oil consists of hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule. Motor oil is oil used for lubrication of various internal combustion engines. The main function is to lubricate moving parts. Motor oil also cleans, inhibits corrosion, improves sealing, and cools the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts. Motor oils are today mainly blended by using base oils composed of hydrocarbons (mineral, polyalphaolefins, polyinternal olefins), thus organic compounds consisting entirely of carbon and . The base oils of some high-performance motor oils contain up to 20 % of esters. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a numerical code system for grading motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics. SAE viscosity grade includes the following, from low to high viscosity: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 or 60. The numbers 0, 5, 10, 15 and 25 are suffixed with the letter W, designating their “winter” (not “weight”) or cold-start viscosity, at lower temperature. The number 20 comes with or without a W, depending on whether it is being used to denote a cold or hot viscosity grade.

Hydraulic oil (Fluids) Hydraulic fluids () are a large group based on mineral oils or . It is used in machinery equipment ranging from brakes, hydraulic cylinders, power steering, and transmissions. Natural oils such as rapeseed (also called ) are used as base stocks for fluids where biodegradability and renewable sources are considered important. Other base stocks are used for specialty applications, such as for resistance and extreme temperature applications. Some examples include: glycol, esters, organophosphate ester, polyalphaolefin, propylene glycol, and oils. Hydraulic fluids can contain a wide range of chemical compounds including: oils, butanol, esters (e.g. phthalates and adipates), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), phosphate esters, , alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons, polyalphaolefins (PAO), corrosion inhibitors, etc.

7 Chromatographic Method GC/FID

This method was developed by ALS for quantitative analysis of non-volatile hydrocarbons in range of C10-C40 extracted with non polar solvent – hexane. The extract is analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) with ionization detector (FID).

Conditions of Chromatographic Separation

Injection method COC (cool on column) Inlet temperature 73 °C Oven temperature Programmed, final temp. 360 °C Column type Varian Select (15m x 0.32 x 0.1μm) Column mode Constant flow Detector temperature 350 °C Detector gases Hydrogen, air, nitrogen Carrier gas Hydrogen

8 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Chromatographic Method GC/FID

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ C10-C40 ev en n-alk anes - FID A

0.8

0.6 e g a t l C10 o v 0.4

C14 C16 C18 C20 C22 C24 C26 C28 C30 C12 C32 C34 0.2 C36 C38 C40

0.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.1 Chromatogram of Standard Alkanes Mix 12 (Mixture of even Hydrocarbons from C10 to C40)

9 Chromatographic Method GC/FID

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ ok 05 100617 - FID A

0.8

0.6 e g a t l o v 0.4 Diesel fuel Mineral Oil

0.2

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.2 Chromatogram of Calibration Standard BAM-K010 (Diesel Fuel - Mineral Oil 1:1)

10 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth‘s surface. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation.

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010Method\ RU\ Calib \1Ropa\ ropa11 r500x __10.9.201Method0 21_18_1 25_v ial67 - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%)

0.8 C10-C12 10 C10-C16 34 C12-C16 24 C16-C22 27 C16-C35 60 C22-C30 23 C35-C40 6 C30-C40 16 0.6 e g a t l o v 0.4

0.2

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.3 Crude Oil

11 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V]

Natural 91_19.1N0at.u2ra0l 1910_ 1194.10_.20010_ 1144_2_0v_1i4a_lv2ia4l2 4- -F FIID A A Method 1 Method 2

8 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 8 C10-C12 99.5 C10-C16 100 C12-C16 0.5 C16-C22 - 6 C16-C35 - C22-C30 -

6 C35-C40 - C30-C40 - 4 e g a t

l 2 o v 4

0 C10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2

0

10 C C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.4 Natural 91

12 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V]

Natural 95 1021_2N1a.t1ur0al. 2950 110201 _1218.1_03.2401_0 0182__34v_i0a2_l9v ia -l9 F- IFIDD AA Method 1 Method 2

8 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%)

8 C10-C12 86 C10-C16 100

6 C12-C16 14 C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 -

6 4 C35-C40 - C30-C40 - e

g 2 a t l o v 4

0 C10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

2

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.5 Natural 95

13 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] Natural 98_19.10.2010 13_57_10_v ial23 - FID A Natural 98_19.10.2010 13_57_10_v ial23 - FID A Method 1 Method 2

8 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 8 C10-C12 92 C10-C16 98.7

6 C12-C16 6.7 C16-C22 1.3 C16-C35 1.3 C22-C30 -

6 4 C35-C40 - C30-C40 - e g

a 2 t l o v 4

0 C10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.6 Natural 98

14 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] [V] I:\ Organics\ MS-0p0e45c\i2a0l1 90\1RU_\1D9at.a1\ S0p.e2c0ia1l 901_ 194.1_04.2301_02 146__43v_i2a6l_2v5ial 2-5 F - IFDID A Method 1 Method 2

8 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 8 C10-C12 89.1 C10-C16 98.7 6 C12-C16 9.6 C16-C22 1.3 e g a

6 t C16-C35 1.3 C22-C30 - l o v 4 C35-C40 - C30-C40 - e g a t l

o 2 v 4

0 C10 2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Time [min.]

0 C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.7 Special 91

15 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 04_RFA Gasoline - FID A Method 1 Method 2 5 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 5 C10-C12 84 C10-C16 100 4 C12-C16 16 C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 - 4 3 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

2

3 e

g 1 a t l o v

0 2 C10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.8 RFA Gasoline

16 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ OrganicMethods\ M -0045 1\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandardMethod\ 05_#2 D ie2sel Fuel - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 14 C10-C16 55 0.8 C12-C16 41 C16-C22 39 C16-C35 45 C22-C30 6 C35-C40 - C30-C40 - 0.6 e g a t l o v 0.4

0.2

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.9 Diesel Fuel #2

17 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2Method010\ RU\ C 1alib\ AccuStandard\ 06_#1 DiesMethodel Fuel (Lo 2w Sulfur) - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 2.5 C10-C12 36 C10-C16 85 C12-C16 49 C16-C22 14 C16-C35 15 C22-C30 1 2.0 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.5 e g a t l o v

1.0

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.10 Diesel Fuel #1(Low Sulfur)

18 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RMethodU\ Calib\ A c1cuStandard\ 07_#2 Diesel FueMethodl (Ex tra Lo w2 Sulfur) - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 2.5 C10-C12 9 C10-C16 77 C12-C16 68 C16-C22 20 C16-C35 23 C22-C30 3 2.0 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.5 e g a t l o v

1.0

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 [min.] Time

Fig.11 Diesel Fuel #2 (Extra Low Sulfur)

19 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 11_Arctic Diesel Fuel - FID B Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 36 C10-C16 87

3 C12-C16 51 C16-C22 13 C16-C35 13 C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

2 e g a t l o v

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig. 12 Artic Diesel Fuel

20 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RMethodU\ Calib\ A c1cuStandard\ 12_Biodiesel 100Method (consum e 2r grade) - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 5 C10-C16 24 C12-C16 19 C16-C22 64 3 C16-C35 75 C22-C30 10 C35-C40 1 C30-C40 2

2 e g a t l o v

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig. 13 Biodiesel 100 (Consumer Grade)

21 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ OrgaMethodnics\ M -00 145\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandarMethodd\ 13_Bio d2iesel 20 - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 11 C10-C16 46 0.8 C12-C16 35 C16-C22 43 C16-C35 54 C22-C30 10 C35-C40 - C30-C40 1 0.6 e g a t l o v 0.4

0.2

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.14 Biodiesel 20

22 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] FAM E 100x _7.10.2010 0_34_23_v ial70 - FID B Method 1 Method 2 4 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 - C12-C16 - C16-C22 - C16-C35 100 C22-C30 83 3 C35-C40 - C30-C40 17 e g a t

l 2 o v

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.15 FAME Rapeseed Oil

23 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 08_SAE 30W M otor Oil - FID B Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%)

0.8 C10-C12 - C10-C16 - C12-C16 - C16-C22 1 C16-C35 80 C22-C30 27 C35-C40 20 C30-C40 72 0.6 e g a t l o v 0.4

0.2

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.16 SAE 30W Motor Oil

24 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -Method0045\ 201 01\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 09_MethodSAE 40W M2otor Oil - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 1 0.8 C12-C16 1 C16-C22 4 C16-C35 50 C22-C30 20 C35-C40 49 C30-C40 75 0.6 e g a t l o v 0.4

0.2

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.17 SAE 40W Motor Oil

25 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -Method0045\ 201 01\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 10_MethodSAE 50W M 2otor Oil - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 - 400 C12-C16 - C16-C22 4 C16-C35 76 C22-C30 39 C35-C40 24 C30-C40 57 300 e g a t l o v 200

100

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.18 SAE 50W Motor Oil

26 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ Oleje\ olej M ogul Trans SAE 80W - přev odov ý olej_11.9.2010 - FID B Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 - 600 C12-C16 - C16-C22 1 C16-C35 75 C22-C30 35 C35-C40 25 C30-C40 64

400 e g a t l o v

200

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.19 Mogul Trans SAE 80W

27 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ Oleje\Methodolej M ogu l1 Racing 5W-40 celoroční plně syMethodntetick ý _ 121.9.2010 - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 -

600 C12-C16 - C16-C22 2 C16-C35 96 C22-C30 76 C35-C40 4 C30-C40 22

400 e g a t l o v

200

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.20 Mogul Racing 5W-40

28 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ Oleje\ olej M ogul Felicia 15w-40__11.9.2010 - FID B Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 - 600 C12-C16 - C16-C22 2 C16-C35 81 C22-C30 43 C35-C40 19 C30-C40 55

400 e g a t l o v

200

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.21 Mogul 15W-40

29 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ Oleje\ olej M ogul SAE30 M 6A - jednostupňov ý ropný olej_11.9.2010 - FID B Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 - 600 C12-C16 - C16-C22 1 C16-C35 63 C22-C30 14 C35-C40 37 C30-C40 85

400 e g a t l o v

200

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.22 Mogul SAE 30 M6A

30 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ OleMethodje\ olej M o 1gul Alfa profi - olej pro ztrátov éMethod m azání_1 20.9.2010 - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 - 400 C12-C16 - C16-C22 - C16-C35 56 C22-C30 13 C35-C40 44 C30-C40 87 300 e g a t l o v 200

100

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.23 Mogul Oil Alfa Profi

31 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2Method010\ RU\ C a1lib\ Oleje\ olej M adit Em ol SAE Method10W-30_1 12.9.2010 - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 -

600 C12-C16 - C16-C22 9 C16-C35 96 C22-C30 74 C35-C40 4 C30-C40 17

400 e g a t l o v

200

0

CC1010 C40C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.24 Madit Emol SAE 10W-30

32 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ OMethodleje\ olej O 1leo M ac Prosint - pro dv oubobéMethod m otory _ 120.9.2010 - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%)

400 C10-C12 7 C10-C16 34 C12-C16 27 C16-C22 3 C16-C35 51 C22-C30 27 C35-C40 15 C30-C40 36 300 e g a t l o v 200

100

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.25 Prosint Oleo Mac - Oil for Two-Stroke Engines

33 Motor Fuels & Lubricating Oils

Two-stroke oil (also referred to as two-cycle oil, 2-cycle oil, 2T oil or 2-stroke oil) is an engine oil intended for use in two-stroke engines. Since these lightweight engines do not have a closed crankcase like 4 cycle engines, as they use the crankcase as part of the induction tract, oil must be mixed with the petrol fuel, for distribution throughout the engine for the purpose of lubrication. The two-stroke oil is ultimately burned along with the fuel resulting in exhaust emissions with blue smoke and/or a distinctive odor. The oil base stock is either petroleum, vegetable, semi-synthetic or synthetic oil and is mixed with petrol/gasoline at a fuel:oil ratio ranging from 16:1 to as low as 100:1.

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ CMethodalib\ Oleje \1olej Husqv arna - pro dv oubobéMethod m otory _1 20.9.2010 - FID B Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 500 C10-C12 18 C10-C16 22 C12-C16 4 C16-C22 5 C16-C35 65 C22-C30 43 400 C35-C40 13 C30-C40 30

300 e g a t l o v

200

100

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.26 Oil for Two-Stroke Engines

34 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds standard: Aviation Fuel

standard: Aviation Fuel Aviation Fuels & Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 14_Av iation Fuel - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 1.5 C10-C12 100 C10-C16 100 1.5 C12-C16 - C16-C22 -

1.0 C16-C35 - C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

0.5 1.0 e g a t l o v

0.0 C10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.27 Aviation Fuel

35 Aviation Fuels & Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 15_Turbine (Jet) fuel - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 2.5 C10-C12 38 C10-C16 96 C12-C16 58 C16-C22 4 C16-C35 4 C22-C30 - 2.0 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.5 e g a t l o v

1.0

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.28 Turbine (Jet) Fuel

36 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Aviation Fuels & Oils

JP-4 or JP4 (for „Jet “) was a jet fuel, specified in 1951 by the U.S. government (MIL-DTL-5624). It was a 50-50 kerosene-gasoline blend. It has lower flash point than JP-1, but was preferred because of its greater availability. It was the primary U.S. Air Force jet fuel between 1951 and 1995. Its NATO code is F-40. It is also known as avtag. JP-4 is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a flammable transparent liquid with clear or straw color, and a kerosene-like smell. It evaporates easily and floats on water. Although it has a low flash point −18 °C, if a lit is dropped into JP-4, ignition does not occur. JP-4 freezes at −60 °C, and its maximum burning temperature is 3,688 °C. Commercial aviation uses a similar mixture under the name Jet-B. JP-4 in addition contains corrosion inhibitors and icing inhibitors.

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 16_JP-4 (Jet Fuel) - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 3 C10-C12 78 C10-C16 100 3 C12-C16 22 C16-C22 -

2 C16-C35 - C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

2 1 e g a t l o v

0 C10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.29 JP-4 (Jet Fuel)

37 Aviation Fuels & Oils

JP-5 or JP5 (for „Jet Propellant“) is a jet fuel that weighs 0,81kg per 1L and has a high flash point (min. 60 °C). It was developed in 1952 for use in aircraft stationed aboard aircraft carriers, where the risk from fire is particularly great. JP-5 remains the primary jet fuel for most navies. Its NATO code is F-44. It is also called AVCAT fuel for Aviation carrier turbine fuel. The JP-4 and JP-5 fuels, covered by the MIL-DTL-5624 U Specification, are intended for use in aircraft turbine engines. These fuels require military-unique additives that are necessary in military weapon systems. This requirement is unique to military aircraft, engine designs, and missions. JP-5 is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, containing alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

[V] I:\ OrgMethodanics\ M -0 0145\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStanMethoddard\ 18_J P2-5 Fuel - FID A Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 2.5 C10-C12 46 C10-C16 100 C12-C16 54 C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 - 2.0 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.5 e g a t l o v

1.0

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.30 JP-5 Fuel

38 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Aviation Fuels & Oils

JP-7 is a jet fuel developed by the U.S. Air Force for use in supersonic aircraft because of its high flashpoint and thermal stability. JP-7 is a mixture composed primarily of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, cycloalkanes, , indanes/tetralins, and , with addition of fluorocarbons to increase its lubricant properties, an oxidizing agent to make it burn better, and a cesium containing compound known as A-50, which aided in disguising the radar signature of the exhaust plume. JP-7 is unusual in that it is not a distillate fuel but is created from special blending stocks in order to have very low (<3%) concentration of highly volatile components like benzene or toluene, and almost no sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities. It has low vapor pressure and high thermal oxidation stability.

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 19_JP-7 Gasoline - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 55 C10-C16 99

3 C12-C16 44 C16-C22 1 C16-C35 1 C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

2 e g a t l o v

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.31 JP-7 Gasoline

39 Aviation Fuels & Oils

JP-8 is a jet fuel, specified in 1990 by the U.S. government. It is kerosene-based. It is a replacement for the JP-4 fuel; the U.S. Air Force replaced JP-4 with JP-8 completely by the fall of 1996, to use a less flammable, less hazardous fuel for better safety and combat survivability. The U.S. Navy uses a similar formula, JP-5. It was first introduced at NATO bases in 1978. Its NATO code is F-34. JP-8 has a flash point of 38 °C, compared to -18 °C for JP-4. JP-5 has an even higher flash point of > 60 °C (140 °F), but also a higher cost. Outside of powering aircraft, JP-8 (or JP-5) is used as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks, by the U.S. military as a replacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical ground and electrical generators, and as a in engines and some other aircraft components. The use of a single fuel greatly simplifies logistics.

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 20_JP-8 Gasoline - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 2.5 C10-C12 42 C10-C16 96 C12-C16 54 C16-C22 4 C16-C35 4 C22-C30 - 2.0 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.5 e g a t l o v

1.0

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.32 JP-8 Gasoline

40 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Aviation Fuels & Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 21_JP-TS Av iation Fuel - FID A Method 1 Method 2

4 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%)

4 C10-C12 98 C10-C16 100

3 C12-C16 2 C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 - 3 2

e 1 g a t l o v 2 0 C10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.33 JP-TS Aviation Fuel

41 Aviation Fuels & Oils

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 22_Hy draulic Fluid - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 5

600 C12-C16 5 C16-C22 44 C16-C35 92 C22-C30 42 C35-C40 3 C30-C40 9

400 e g a t l o v

200

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.34 Hydraulic Fluid

42 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Aviation Fuels & Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 23_JP-10 Av iation Fuel - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 6 C10-C12 100 C10-C16 100 C12-C16 - C16-C22 - 5 C16-C35 - C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

4 e g a t l

o 3 v

2

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.35 JP-10 Aviation Fuel

43 Household & Industrial Solvents

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 24_Lacquer Thinner - FID A Method 1 Method 2

8 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 8 C10-C12 - C10-C16 -

6 C12-C16 - C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 -

4 C35-C40 - C30-C40 - 6

e 2 g a t l o v 4 0 C10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

2

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.36 Lacquer Thinner

44 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Household & Industrial Solvents

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 25_M ineral Spirits - FID A Method 1 Method 2

4 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%)

4 C10-C12 95 C10-C16 100 C12-C16 5 C16-C22 - 3 C16-C35 - C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 - 3 2 e

g 1 a t l o v 2

0 C10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.37 Mineral Spirits

45 Household & Industrial Solvents

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 26_Naphta - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 3 C10-C12 100 C10-C16 100 3 C12-C16 - C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 - 2 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

2 1 e g a t l o v

0 C10

1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.38 Naphta

46 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Household & Industrial Solvents

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 27_Turpentine - FID A Method 1 Method 2

8 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 8 C10-C12 83 C10-C16 100

6 C12-C16 17 C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 - 6 4 e

g 2 a t l o v 4

0 C10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

2

0

10 C C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.39 Turpentine

47 Household & Industrial Solvents

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 28_Stoddard Solv ent - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 6 C10-C12 98 C10-C16 100 6 C12-C16 2 C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 - 4 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

4 2 e g a t l o v

0 C10

2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.40 Stoddard Solvent

48 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Household & Industrial Solvents

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ Kom erční produk ty \ SKIVO sjezdov ý parafin zelený - DRUCHEM A - INT7 - 1 Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%)

0.8 C10-C12 - C10-C16 21 C12-C16 21 C16-C22 25 C16-C35 77 C22-C30 46

0.6 C35-C40 2 C30-C40 8 e g a t l o V 0.4

0.2

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.41 Parrafin Wax

49 Household & Industrial Solvents

[mV] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 201Method0\ RU\ Cali b1\ Kom erční produk ty \ Sheron k oMethodnk or 101 -2 PARAM O - FID A Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 22

600 C12-C16 22 C16-C22 25 C16-C35 77 C22-C30 46 C35-C40 2 C30-C40 8

400 e g a t l o v

200

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.42 Sheron Konkor 101 - Lubrication Oil

50 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Household & Industrial Solvents

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ Kom erční produk ty \ SONAX® lack reiniger - FID A Method 1 Method 2 5 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 93 C10-C16 95 C12-C16 2 C16-C22 - 4 C16-C35 3 C22-C30 2 C35-C40 2 C30-C40 3

3 e g a t l o v

2

1

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.43 Sonax Lax Reiniger - Car Polish

51 Heating Fuel Oils

[V] I:\ OrganMethodics\ M -00 415\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandaMethodrd\ 29_#1 2 Fuel oil - FID A Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 39 C10-C16 97

1.5 C12-C16 58 C16-C22 3 C16-C35 3 C22-C30 - C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.0 e g a t l o v

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.44 Fuel Oil #1

52 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Heating Fuel Oils

[V] I:\ OrganMethodics\ M -00 415\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandaMethodrd\ 31_# 32 Fuel oil - FID A Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 5 C10-C16 51

1.5 C12-C16 46 C16-C22 48 C16-C35 49 C22-C30 1 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.0 e g a t l o v

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.45 Fuel Oil #2

53 Heating Fuel Oils

[V] I:\ OrganicMethods\ M -0045 \12010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandaMethodrd\ 31_#3 F2uel oil - FID A Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 8 C10-C16 57

1.5 C12-C16 49 C16-C22 41 C16-C35 43 C22-C30 2 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.0 e g a t l o v

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.46 Fuel Oil #3

54 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Heating Fuel Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 32_#4 Fuel oil - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 4 C10-C16 42

1.5 C12-C16 38 C16-C22 42 C16-C35 55 C22-C30 10 C35-C40 3 C30-C40 6

1.0 e g a t l o v

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.47 Fuel Oil #4

55 Heating Fuel Oils

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandard\ 33_Kerosene - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 2.5 C10-C12 39 C10-C16 95 C12-C16 56 C16-C22 5 C16-C35 5 C22-C30 - 2.0 C35-C40 - C30-C40 -

1.5 e g a t l o v

1.0

0.5

0.0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.48 Kerosene I

56 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Heating Fuel Oils

[V] Method 1 Kerosene II - petrolej_3.1.20Method11 15_57 _245_v ial3 - FID A

6 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 92 C10-C16 100

5 C12-C16 8 C16-C22 - C16-C35 - C22-C30 - 4 C35-C40 - C30-C40 - e g a t l

o 3 v

2

1

0 C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.49 Kerosene II

57 Heating Fuel Oils

[mV] I:\ OrgaMethodnics\ M -00 415\ 2010\ RU\ Calib\ AccuStandaMethodrd\ 34_# 62 Fuel oil - FID A Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 1 C10-C16 17 400 C12-C16 16 C16-C22 24 C16-C35 72 C22-C30 33 C35-C40 11 C30-C40 26 300 e g a t l o v 200

100

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.50 Fuel Oil #6

58 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Other Natural Matter

Compost is plant matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in . At its most essential, the process of composting requires simply piling up waste outdoors and waiting a year or more. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, and ammonium. The ammonium is further refined by bacteria into plant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates.

[mV] K1X 10x _v ial20 - INT7 - 1 Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 400 C10-C12 - C10-C16 - C12-C16 - C16-C22 3 C16-C35 83 C22-C30 79 300 C35-C40 17 C30-C40 18 e g a t l o V 200

100

0

C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig. 51 Compost

59 Other Natural Matter

Wood consists mainly from cellulose (40-50 %), lignin (20-30 %) and hemi cellulose (20-30 %). Minor compounds in wood are other organic compounds (1-3 %, tropical woods up to 15 %): terpenes, fats, , pectins, tannins (leaf trees only), sterols, resin, and inorganic compounds (0,1-0,5 %, tropical trees up to 5 %) – which being ash when wood burns. Water is also contained in wood. Water content depends on season or degree of dryness. Terpenes, fats, waxes and resins may produce positive response on FID detector after extraction with non polar solvent.

[mV] PA1X_v ial18 - INT7 - 1 Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) 500 C10-C12 - C10-C16 - C12-C16 - C16-C22 - 400 C16-C35 69 C22-C30 69 C35-C40 31 C30-C40 31

e 300 g a t l o V

200

100

0 C10 C40

0 2 4 6 8 Time [min.]

Fig.52 Acacia Wood Sawdust

60 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds Other Natural Matter

Peat, or turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world. Peat forms when plant material, usually in marshy areas, is inhibited from decaying fully by acidic and anaerobic conditions. It is composed mainly of marshland vegetation: trees, grasses, fungi, as well as other types of organic remains, such as insects, and animal remains. Under certain conditions, the decomposition of the latter (in the absence of oxygen) is inhibited, and archaeologists often take advantage of this. Sometimes natural (NOM) complicates crude oil quantification by partitioning into extraction solvents. The compounds in NOM which partition into non-polar solvents are called “soil bitumens”, or natural fats, waxes and resins.

[V] I:\ Organics\ M -0045\ 2011\ RU\ Calib\ Peat - rašelina - FID A Method 1 Method 2 Fraction Ratio (%) Fraction Ratio (%) C10-C12 - C10-C16 - C12-C16 - C16-C22 4 1.0 C16-C35 94 C22-C30 90 C35-C40 6 C30-C40 6 e g a t l o v

0.5

0.0 C10 C40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min.]

Fig.53 Peat

61 Summary

Name CAS # Producer Name CAS # Producer Aviation Fuel N/A AccuStandard Turbine (Jet) Fuel N/A AccuStandard Crude oil N/A N/A JP-4 (Jet Fuel) 50815-00-4 AccuStandard

Petroleum JP-5 Fuel N/A AccuStandard

Natural 91 N/A PAP Oil & JP-7 Gasoline 8006-61-9 AccuStandard Oils Natural 95 N/A Benzina JP-8 Gasoline 8006-61-9 AccuStandard

Natural 98 N/A PAP Oil Fuels Aviation JP-TS Aviation Fuel 64742-47-8 AccuStandard Special 91 N/A PAP Oil Hydraulic Fluid 64742-54-7 AccuStandard RFA Gasoline 8006-61-9 AccuStandard JP-10 Aviation Fuel N/A AccuStandard Diesel Fuel #2 68334-30-5 AccuStandard Lacquer Thinner N/A AccuStandard Diesel Fuel (Low Sulfur) #1 68334-30-5 AccuStandard Mineral Spirits 8030-30-6 AccuStandard Diesel Fuel (Extra Low Sulfur) #2 68476-34-6 AccuStandard Naphta 64742-89-8 AccuStandard Arctic Diesel Fuel 68334-30-5 AccuStandard Turpentine 8006-64-2 AccuStandard & Biodiesel 100 (consumer grade) 67784-80-9 AccuStandard Stoddard Solvent 8052-41-3 AccuStandard

Household Parrafin Wax N/A Druchema Biodiesel 20 N/A AccuStandard & Industrial Solvents Industrial Sheron Konkor 101 N/A Paramo FAME Rapeseed Oil N/A Sigma-Aldrich SAE 30W Motor Oil N/A AccuStandard Sonax Lax Reiniger N/A Sonax Motor Fuels Fuels Oil #1 70892-10-3 AccuStandard Lubricating Oils Lubricating SAE 40W Motor Oil N/A AccuStandard SAE 50W Motor Oil N/A AccuStandard Fuel Oil #2 68476-30-2 AccuStandard Mogul Trans SAE 80W N/A Paramo Fuel Oil #3 N/A AccuStandard Mogul Racing 5W-40 N/A Paramo Fuel Oil #4 68476-31-3 AccuStandard Oils Mogul Felicia 15w-40 N/A Paramo Kerosene I 8008-20-6 AccuStandard Mogul SAE 30 M6A N/A Paramo Fuel Heating Kerosene II N/A Customer STD Mogul Alfa Profi N/A Paramo Fuel Oil #6 68553-00-4 AccuStandard Madit Emol SAE 10W-30 N/A Slovnaft Compost N/A N/A Prosint Oleo Mac - Oil for Two- N/A Oleo Mac Stroke Engines Acacia Wood Sawdust N/A N/A Other Other Matter Oil for Two-Stroke Engines N/A Husqvarna Natural Peat N/A N/A

62 Library of petroleum products and other organic compounds

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