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F 521 148 VOL 16 N01 - - - - INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF TRUSTEES SARAH Evru'\'S BARKER, indianapolis MICH.\ELA. SIKK.\IAN, Indianapolis, Second Vice Chair �� \RY A.J-..:-...: BRADLEY, Indianapolis £0\\.\.RI) E. BREEN, �[arion, First Vice Chair 01.\.\!,E j. C\RT�tEL, Brownstown P•TRICL\ D. CeRRA!<, Indianapolis EOCAR G1 EXN 0.-\\15, Indianapolis DA.." l:. I �1. E�'T. Indianapolis RIC! lARD F'ELDMA-'-.;,Indianapolis RICHARD E. FoRD, Wabash R. RAY HAWKINS. Carmel TI!O\!A-<.; G. HOR\CK, Indianapolis MARTIN L<\KE, 1'1arion L\RRY S. L\NDIS, Indianapolis P01.1 'Jo�TI LEi'\NON,Indianapolis jAMES H. MADISON, Bloomington M \RY jA...'\'E �IEEJ.�ER. Carmel AMlRF\\ '"'· NiCKLE, South Bend GJ::.ORGJ::. F. RAPP,Indianapolis BO'<'IIE A. REILLY, Indianapolis E\'AIIt'\FII. RIIOOI:.II.AME.L,Indianapolis, Secretary LA:-.J M. Rou.�\!'-10, Fon \-\'ayne, Chair jMIES SHOOK JR., Indianapolis P. R. SwEENEY, Vincennes, Treasurer R BERT B. TOOTHAKER, South Bend WILLIAM H. WIGGINS JR., Bloomington

ADMINISTRATION SALVATORE G. CILELLAjR., President RA�IOND L. SIIOI:.MAKER, Executive Vice President ANMBELLF J.JACKSON, Comroller St!SAN P. BROWN, enior Director, Human Resources STEPIIl:-.. L. Cox, Vice President, Collections, Conserv-ation, and Public Programs TIIO\IAS A. �lAsoN, Vice President, n-JS Press Ll:'\DA L. PRArr, Vice President, Development and Membership BRE:"DA MYER.<;, Vice President, Marketing and Public Relation� DARA BROOKS, Director, Membership \ROLYI\ S. SMITH, Membership Coordinator

TRACES OF INDIANA AND MIDWESTERN HISTORY RAY E. BOOMHOWER, Managing Editor GEORGF R. HANLIN, Assistant Editor

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS M. TERESA BAER KATHLEEN M. BREEN DOUGlAS E. CLANIN EXT? PAULA J. CORPUZ LEIGII DARBEE Junrl"ll Q. McMuLLEN

PHOTOGRAPHY DAVID TURK, Photographer SUSAN L. S. SurroN, Coordinator

EDITORIAL BOARD EDWARD E. BREEN, Marion IIOWARll C. CALDII'ELLjR., Indianapolis J c\IES A. COLES, Indianapolis RJCI-V\RD FF:I.D�IAN, Indianapolis THE SPRING ISSUE OF Traces J'L\1 PI! D. GRAY, Indianapolis examines the career of Hoosier health pioneer }'-'\IES H. MADISON, Bloomington DALE OGDFN, Indianapolis Leroy E. Burney, who served as U.S. surgeon LESTER M. P01'\IDER, indianapolis ROBERT L. REID, Evans,�IIe general from 1956 to 1961 and became the first ERIC T. S.-\NDWEISS, Bloomington Bl-RNARD '"'· SIIEEH..-'-'�. Bloomington fe deral official publicly to link cigarettes with lung RICHARD S. SiMONS, Marion \-\1ILLIA.\t H. W!CGJNSjR., Bloomington cancer. The issue also fe atures articles on the expe­ DESIGN riences of an author researching the life of an R. LL0\1> BROOKS, Design Director RYAN SNEED, Designer Indiana missionary and his work in Ti bet, how Thrive, Inc. employees were recruited for the cotton mills in PREPRESS AND PRINTING GRAPHIC ARTs CENTER/Indianapolis

Cannelton, and a history of the revolutionary cabi­ IHS WORLD WIDE WEB PAGE nets made by the Hoosier Manufacturing Company http:/ /wvvw.indianahistory.org of New Castle.

Traus of lndwrw and .\lldwt'-5lt'111 llutor)' (ISSN 1040-788X) is puhlished qual terh and dblribuu�d as a benefitof memlx-rship by theIndiana IIi o;;torical Soci<"l' Pre�; editorial and executiH· offices, 450 WesL Ohio Strfet, lndianapolio;. Indiana 46202·3269. Membership categories include Studfnt 10, lndi\irlual 35, famil). Dual 50. and Sll'itaining 100. Single copies are 5.25. Peri<•dicah postage paid at Indianapolis, Indiana; t;SPS Number 003--275. l.ltrrar)' rontn· butimn: A brochure containing information for comriblltors is aY-ailablc upon ..,. request. 71nrfs acct"pts no rc�pomibiliLy for unsolicited manuo;;criplSsubmitted with011t return postaj{t'. Indiana newspaper publishers may obtain permission to repri nt articles by written request to the Press. The Press will refer request.-; from other publish�rs 10 the author. ©2004 Indiana Historical Society Pres�. All rights reserved. Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America. n PostmflJler:Pk·asc <,t·nd address chtmges to Traces ofIndiafla and J\fidWi'Jin'11 1/i.>tory', Indiana I IiSLorical Soricty l>reso;;, 150 West Ohio Street, illdianapolis, Indiana 16202·3269. Trarnis a mem ber of the Conference of llistoricaljounJals. HISTORICALI oc I ETY TRACES OF INDIANA AND MIDWESTERN HISTORY WINTER 2004 VOLUME SIXTEEN, NUMBER ONE

Editors' Page: The 28 "The Thing Is Te acher and the Right!": Eliza Student Blaker and the Free Ray E. Boomhower Kindergarten Movement Ray E. Boomhower 4 The Art of Healing: The Wishard Art Collection 3 Focus: "Having a Cinnamon Catlin- Good Time": Legutlw Indiana Postcards Barbara Quigley

16 Harmonicas and Homespun Humor: 44 I Remember When: The Life of Indiana Mint Farming in Funnyman Herb Lakeville Shriner LaritaJ Killian Nelson Price

48 Images of Indiana

RECEIVED

J N v :004

INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY

FRONT Cm I·R: llu1um11 l.and,rajJe by lloosicr Group anis1 T. C. S�t·ek once decorated the women\ ..,urgical ward at lndianapoli!,\ \Yi..,hard fi.kmorial l lo,pilal . Crerlil: Wishard An Collccl.ion. OPI'OSII f.: Dr. Lerm E. nnrne) check_, a patil'nt at a clinic in Georgia. Burncv htler sen eel as U.S. \urgeon general. Credil: Courtcs1 Dr. Robert G. Burnc1. ED ITOR S' PAGE

Children at the Alice Taylor Memorial Kindergarten in Muncie engage in a free-play period. THE TEACHER AND THE STUDENT

ONE OF THE SURE SIGNS OF ADVANCING AGE IS LEARNING that a cherished part of your childhood may face the wrecking ball. That chilling awareness came to me a few years ago when I read that the School City of Mishawaka had plans to demolish Mary Phillips Elementary School, which had educated students fo r more than sixty years but had closed its doors in the grin or the bizarre haircut inflicted on me by a sadistic spring of 1999 when the new Liberty Elementary barber-Miss Swarm took an interest in me, particu­ School on McKinley Avenue opened. larly my growing love of reading. Although other teach­ As a child, I lived near the two-story, red-brick school er might have scolded me fo r reading ahead in the and attended classes there from kindergarten until sixth text during a classroom assignment, Miss Swarm noticed grade. I also pent countle s hours on its playground, my enthusiasm fo r the printed word and encouraged me chipping ice off its basketball court during the winter to read whatever interested me. In my case, this hap­ to practice my jump shot, running after fly balls in the pened to be any book on hi tory or biography. summer on its concrete baseball field,and scampering My passion fo r the past would not have been possible over its elaborate and dangerous steel monkey bars without the encouragement of a dedicated teacher. In whenever possible. Thankfully, there is no empty hole some way, I believe, I write about Indiana history in where Mary Phillips once stood. When plans were order to pay back Miss Swarm's kindness. The work of announced to tear down the school, neighbors banded my old third-grade instructor would have pleased Eliza together to convince city officials to save the structure. Blaker, whose own service to education is featured in tl1is In September 2003 Ca teel Construction received a issue of Tmces. Blaker served as a leader in the free $2.8 million contract from the city to convert the school kindergarten movement in Indiana and spent her career into sixteen one-bedroom and nine two-bedroom apart­ training teacher so that they were better prepared to ments for senior citizens. The apartments will be owned guide children toward productive lives. and operated by the Mishawaka Housing Authority, Blaker, who gave numerous talk around the state which has experience running such a project, as it also and country on be half of the free kindergarten move­ operates the Battell School Senior Apartment . ment, emphasized that a teacher must be an observer In pondering Mary Phillips's fate, my mind wandered of students. By doing so, she argued, the teacher back to the year 1967, when I was in third grade. My would better understand each child's nature and teacher tl1atyear was a woman named Patricia Swarm. needs, become aware of his or her interests at each For some reason-perhap because of my gap-toothed stage of development, and "be able to furnish the right environment both physically and psychically to insure to the child the best growth." Whether or not she was aware of Blaker's theories and principles, Miss Swarm put them into practice at Mary Phillips Elementary School, and in the end she certainly achieved Blaker's goal with this student. Ray E. Boomhower

TRAC ES Winttr 20 0·• •

The Wishard Art Collection

4 TRACES Wi11tu 200,, TR ACES Wi11ter 200,, 5 THe· ART OF HEALING

overhanging eaves. Neoclassical porticoes were added in 19 29. When completed, the tmits were known as Wards B and C and stood five stories tall witl1 fo ur floors of patient wards. Each had a similar floor plan of a long ward with ancillary rooms. The rooms on the north end of the ward included a reception area for families, a consultation room, private rooms, a dinit1g room, kitchenettes, and baths. On the south end the floor plan terminated with a sunroom. When tl1ey opened fo r patient care, the Burdsal units were extremely functional, but the decor was stark. There were lit­ erally miles of white wall space tl1at beckoned for itnprovement. Hidden within the confines of one of the nation's Since 1907 the hospital had benefited from the St. Margaret's oldest county hospitals is a historic and unprecedented col­ Hospital Guild, a ladies society that provided funding for spe­ lection of paintings. The art collection at Indianapolis's cial projects and supplies for patient needs. The ladies of the Wishard Memorial Hospital was originally created as Guild took it upon tllemselves to beautifythe new wards. murals adorning the walls of patient-care wards. Today it Representatives of the Guild approached Keene witl1 an hangs in public spaces, offices, and conference rooms offer of two hundred dollars for aesthetic improvements to throughout the hospital. A total of sixteen prominent the units. Keene concurred, stating later, "I wanted to do Indiana artists contributed to this mammoth 19 14 pro­ something valuable to the hospital and of some use as a ject, creating an estimated quarter mile of artwork. Project memorial to the building itself and Mr. Burdsal." Another supervisor and famous Hoosier artist William Forsyth account reports that the Guild allocated one tl1ousand dol­ regarded it as "the most ambitious and monumental work lars. "I told them tl1at under no circumstances did I want to yet undertaken by Indianapolis artists. " see tl1e money spent for pots, kettles and pans or bed sheets In the years since its creation, the collection has faded or routine hospital equipment," said Keene. 'These tllings tlle fr om public awareness. Age and misguided care have city could supply. I wanted tl1ese wards to be a little differ­ drastically altered the beauty of the murals, and what ent from other wards. The $1,000 was the start of the idea." remains today is a fraction of the original project. The Keene happened to be a patron and a friend of many story of this great public work, however, is a reflection established and up-and-coming Indiana artists, so between of Hoosier talent and camaraderie joining to create "a the Guild and Keene, tl1e stage was set for a bold experi­ great milestone in Indiana art." ment. Keene had recently purchased a painting by Clifton Since its fo unding in 1859 , Indianapolis's City Hospital Wheeler and conferred with him and another Indianapolis had struggled, growing in fits and starts fueled only by artist, Wayman Adams, to consider the Guild's offer. Instead occasional fears of smallpox and cholera epidemics. By of a few paintings, however, the artists suggested a large­ 19 14, however, the hospital began to look like a modern scale mural project, the goal ofwhich was to create artworks facility with the completion of the Burdsal units, which for all of the ward in the Burdsal units. came about through a generous bequest to the city fr om The money proposed for the project was not commen­ prominent Indianapolis busine sman Alfred Burdsal of surate with the project's vision. Indiana's finest and most the Burdsal Paint Company. A portion ofthe bequest was dedicated to the construction of modern patient wards at the hospital. Burdsal intended the wards to be used by patients unable to pay fo r health care. The project began in 19 11 with T. Victor Keene, president of the city board of health, overseeing construction. The Indian apolis firm of Anton Scherrer served as designer for the project. Scherrer acted as the mechanical engineer, while Jacob Edwin Kopf served as architect. The Burdsal units were of praitie-style design and were originally two buildings that stood independently on the west end of the growing hospital campus. In 19 29, and again in 19 68, significant building projects joined the structure . The units The modern Burdsal units were constructed at the hospital from were enveloped with yellow brick and capped with copper 1911 to 1914.

6 TRACES Wi11ttr 2oo< T II l A R J 0 f H I I I I \ (;

The Burdsal units were of and were originally two buildings that

e on the west end of the growing hospital campus. In 1929, and again in

1968, significant building projects joined the structures.

Interior of the men's ward. William promising artists were of money and supplies continued during the project, Edouard Scott painted the murals here. invited to participate. resulting in a total estimated at $10,000. Committed to the idea regard! ss of pay, however, the artists The significance of this project is measured by the con­ agreed to work for the wages of a union housepainter, tributing arti ts and the cale of the work. In addition to approximately 75 a month. Forsyth wa designated a the For yth, Wheeler, and Wayman Adams, the remaining cadre general supervisor and earned $150 per month. In a 1940 was drawn from a pool of established and promising Indiana newspaper article, Keene noted: "Some of these younger arti ts: T. C. Steele, J. Ottis Adams, Otto Stark, William artists were earning a rather precarious living, trying to live Edouard Scott, Carl C. Graf, Martinus Andersen, Simon on what they could make or pay the rest of their way through Baus, Francis F. Brown, jay H. Connaway, Helene Hibben, school. A number were not so well established as they later Walter Hixon Isnogle, Emma B. Ki ng, and Dorothy Morlan. became in life, and they welcomed a chance to earn even The artists chose the rooms, hallways, and wards fo r the comparatively low wage we were able to pay." their work, agreeing on soothing scenes and tones. The In addition to the Guild donation, the City Board of subject matter was at their discretion as long as the tone Health provided $400 fo r canvas and pigments. In a and sty le were complementary to the architectural de ign. fu rther effo rt to defray costs, many of the artists moved As general supervisor, For yth selected a palette wit h into the unu eel Burdsal wards during the project muted tones. The artist's direction is apparent in Keene's and ate their meals in the hospital's kitchens. Donations recollection: "Forsyth laid clown a rather broad panel or

TRA E Wu•lrr >OO < 7 T II I t\ R r 0 F Jj E ALI.\' G general scheme of colors for the project. The composition and execution, however, of the various murals were done in toto by the individual artists assigned to that part ofthe project." These elements combined to create calm­ ing and healing scenery for early-twentieth-century patients. For many of the artists, this was their first mural project. As a result, the murals were painted on sheet of high-grade canvas and then mounted to the walls using a mixture of white lead and damar varnish. This strong adhesive was secured fur­ ther by covering the completed murals with heavy layers of varnish. While many of the artists painted on site, there were some excep­ tions. Steele painted his landscape murals in his Brown County home, J. Ottis Adams painted his landscape murals in his Brookville studio, and Wayman Adams painted his por­ traits in his Indianapolis studio. Scott was the only artist to paint in situ, directly on the wall-mounted canvases. The murals were hung on the upper half of the walls, above the eye level of an average man or woman, mak­ ing them more visible to patients lying in bed. Once completed, the artists contributed thirty-three murals in many subdivided parts. he gathering of artists at City Hospital was filled with a sense of dedication. Forsyth, Steele, Stark, and]. Ottis Adams's will­ ingness to contribute to the project for meager compensation is evidence of that. AsovE: Simeon and the Babe Jesus by Established as members of the Hoo ier William Edouard Scott. OPPOSITE: Carl Group of painters, these stellar artists often C. Graf depicted a series of classical worked in the regionalist fashion, docu- fe male figures for the African-American men ting the rich Indiana landscapes in its ward. The Three Women has also many lights and shadows. Steele's City been referred to as The Three Muses. Ho pita! murals are indicative of the region­ alist style. From this dedication grew camaraderie among the artists, especially those such as Scott, Graf, and Andersen, who lived in the hospital during the course of the project. This tal ented coterie enjoyed songs and an occasional opera from atop the scaffolding for hours at a time. In addition to acting as general supervisor, Forsyth completed a series of murals in the Burdsal units. On C-4, originally the pediatric ward, he painted a series of children at play. The mural , on average, were eight feet tall and eighteen feet long. Unfortunately, leaking roofs damaged many of the murals through the years. In addition to C-4, Forsyth painted a landscape for the main entrance hallway of the Burdsal units. While several of the murals were removed from the walls in the late 1960s, Forsyth's series remained and was painted over. Only one painting, Two Children, exists as part of the present-day Wishard collection. As of 2003, several murals remained in their original location on C-4, and aWpanels but one are covered with lime green paint. This section of the hospital is now known as BA 5, and it is used for storage.

8 TRACES W11tter >OO·t Indiana's 0 were invited to participate.

Committed to the idea regardless of pay . ..the artists agreed to work for the wages of a

n ou a n e , approximately $75 a month.

TRACES Wi11 tu 200•1 9 Tffl. · All/ OF f-!f.,\II.VG

Steele illuminated the women's surgical ward, B-1 , with entire collection of murals, Stark's work appears to have spectacular Brown County land capes resplendent with been the most joyous. In the pediatric-ward mural, the easonal color and light. He completed a total of eight toys are romping in play and include a train, a bicycle, murals, focusing on the four seasons: Spring, Summer, animals parading to the circus, toy soldiers, a baseball Auturnn, Winter. They were displayed at the John Herron game, and more. Meanwhile, a king and queen of toyland Art Institute before their installation on the women's ward. preside over the play against the backdrop of castellated Each season measured 60 inches by 111 inches and was turrets and towers. The only extant image of this mural too large for Steele's studio in Brown County, requiring him is from a 1914 newspaper article. to paint them in the living room of his house. Seven murals ayman Adams created so me of the most are part of the Wishard collection today. endearing decorations for the Burdsal units, J. Ottis Adams created a series of landscapes for the a series of twenty portraits oflndianapolis sunroom on B-1, the women's surgical unit, but the exact Wchildren. Designed for the pediatric ward number of murals he contributed is unknown. Two paint­ on C-3, his is the only nonmural contribution to the ings are part of the Wishard art collection, but three walls project. Adams drew attention and excitement from the of scenes were described in a 1940 newspaper article. A community as "beauty contests" were held to find the departure from Adams's typical vibrant palette and com­ appropriate models for this project. Adams wanted a cross position, these paintings are examples of the strictest section of Indianapoli 's ethnic population and socioeco­ adherence to Forsyth's predetermined palette with their nomic groups to reflect the different types of children muted tones and soft lines. Adams painted these in his receiving treatment at the hospital. Pediatric patients were In addition to serving as Brookville studio, the Hermitage. placed in beds opposite the face of another child of the the general supervisor for Although not a single piece same ethnicity, pre umably for comfort. the hospital's art project, of Stark's art remains at the The murals created by Scott, the only Mrican-American Wi lliam Forsyth painted on hospital, newspaper accounts artist to participate in the project, were the most ambi­ C-4, originally the pediatric report a dazzling toy mural tious. He concentrated on biblical scenes but also included unit, a series of murals painted for the sun room of the a few pastoral and allegorical murals filling two wards, featuring children at play. pediatric ward on C-3. Of the B-4 and C-1. In 191 5 Scott spent five months painting

TRACES Wi11trr 2oo, f Iff ,\ U I 0 l II I \I I\ r; several areas in the units. V\Then completed, his murals featured twenty-two panel and three hundred figures. Scott created a magnificent series of murals documenting the life of Chri t fo r the women's medical ward, B-4. In the lobby he explored other religious themes wit h the ExjJulsion from the Carden of Eden, the Annunriation of Mary, and the depiction of Moses, John, and Paul on three nar­ row panel . Scott also portrayed the women of the Old and ew Testamentsin two fo rty-foot panels located on the upper portion of the walls. Continuing down the corridor and into the sunroom, Scott illust rated the teachings of Chri t. One account state that he painted himself as a robed bedouin in the Sermon on the Mount. Only one of the biblical panels sw-vives today, Simeon and t11R Babejesus. The lndianajJoli.sStar reported in 19 13 that the Christ child was modeled after We ir Stuart, son of Dr. William We ir Stuart, a prominentAfiican-America.n pau·on of Scott. Florence Martin, nurse supervisor, posed as Mary. In 2003 the Indianapolis Museum of Art conservation laboratory treated this painting and restored much of its original splendor. Scott decorated a second area of the Burdsal units, and it is the least documented of his City Hospital conu·ibutions. On C-l, the lobby, corridor, ward, and sunroom were cov­ ered with Scott 's murals. The lobby fe atured figurative work, and a ide room showcased the "Pilgri m fa thers," a Thanksgiving scene fo r which many of the hospital's nurs­ ing taff posed a models. Three of the Pilgrim murals are in the Wishard collection. In the men's ward area, Scott completed pastoral scenes that were badly damaged prior to 19 48. The unroom featured the "race of mankind," titied The Nations of the Earth Coming to the Light. The City Hospital mural project involved some of the most talented Indiana arti ts, many who were in the spring of their careers. A muralist since his late teens, Grafwas a student of Forsyth when he participated in the hospital project and was just beginning to taste the profe sional artist 's lifestyle. Graf's murals included landscapes, classi­ cal figures, and fa iry tales. He painted them in two areas ToP: The Easter Bunny of the Burdsal units, ward B-3 and the lobby and hallway pays a visit to the on C-3. In 1940 Graf told a reporter, "It was one of the hospital's pediatric ward most interesting experiments I've ever enjoyed. Many of in the 1950s. Wayman us lived in the hospital-! tayed there 13 months-while Adams's portraits can be the work wa going on. It was one of tho e projects \vith no seen on the walls. strings attached. There was some great work done there." BonoM: Ward B-1 V\Then the Burdsal units op ned, B-3 was reserved fo r the included Steele's four African-American women' surgical, medical, and obstet­ seasons series. The rical ward. C-3 was the pediatric floor. back wall of the ward Fo r theAfrican-Amer ican ward Graf depicted a se1ies of clas­ shows Winter in fu ll view. ical fe male figu res, and fo r adjacent rooms he painted a serie of landscapes. Only a small portion of his series exists as well. Not to be outdone by Stark's parade of toys, Graf

TRACES Wit�lrr >oo< II '/'II I A U I 0 J 1-/ I A I I X G

created a series of seven panels illustrating the Cinderella story. These hung in the lobby adjacent to the C-3 pediatric ward and were six feet tall. Grafs model for Prince Charming was a well-known handsome man himself, Dr. David H. Sluss, whose father, Dr. .John W. Sluss, was a bone specialist at the hospital. David Sluss became a City Hospital staff physician but denied his resemblance to Prince Charming, depicted with flowing blond hair and an elaborate costume, for many years. In the hallway to the pediatric ward Gra.f painted a sec­ OPPOSITE: Steele's ond fairy tale, Eljin Grove. The images tell the story of how Summer landscape. the four seasons were created. Both Cinderella and Eljin BELow: Clifton Wheeler's Grove are missing; most likely they were not salvaged from Women and Children the walls during the late-l960s remodeling. showcased the artist's Wheeler was just finishing his formal education when use of quick and bold he joined the hospital project. His contributions were brush strokes. sizable with a series of idealized landscapes in the men's

12 TRACES W11rtn >OO< f' Il l \ U I u I II 1- -\ I I\ (; medical ward on C-2 and the adjacent lobby and hallway. In the adjacent sunroom he created far mland scenery, and fo r the sunroo m off the C-3 pediatric ward he illustrated a series of children's stories. Wo men and Ch ildren is a portion of a much larger mural that filled one corner of the lobby on C-2. The painting originally showed men, women, and children enjoying an idealized park setting Wheeler joined Stark and Graf in creating fairy tales fo r the pediatric rooms. In the sunroom the Mother Goose stories of Ja ck and the Beans talk, The Goose Girl, Little Red

Riding Hood, and the Pi ed PijJer of Hamlin came to life. A reporter described the Iauer in 1914: "The naive simplic­ ity of drawing and color in the fl eeing figures, of quain tly fr ocked children, fo llowing the red-cloaked piper is a real ing urvive today. The original location in the Burdsal units, joy. " Wheeler retouched the series in 19 33 and 1947, but however, is unknown. There i no record as to whether he no evidence of these paintings remains today. painted on site or off. In 19 67 the two paintings that were pre­ Andersen allended the John sumed lost were fo und in a storeroom during remodeling. Herron Art Institute and was a stu­ ery little information has been published about dent of Forsy th and J. Ottis Adams. Isnogle's career, but his mural participation at His idealized landscapes graced the the hospital is widely documented. Isnogle corridor, lobby, and side rooms of selected tl1e theme of Music, Literature, and Art the women's surgical ward, B- 1. fo r his mural work, which was in the side room ofthe men's During the project, Andersen worked surgical ward. When describing Isnogle's City Hospital full-time but managed to participate mural, Indiana art historian Mary Q. Burnet raved, "His by moving into the hospital and paint­ strong feelings fo r line and design has led him to place his ing during the early mornings and figures, singly or in groups, wiili splendid freedom." I nogle's by artificial light at night. The scope murals did not survive the va1ious hospital renovations. of his contribution is unknown, but IIibben is often overlooked when discussing the City three of his large mural segments Hospital project. As the only artist on the project devoted remain in the Wishard collection. to sculpture, she designed a sizable dedication plaque fo r Baus studied with Stark while a the Burdsal units. The bas-relief bronze tablet measured student at Manual Training High three feet by eight feet and was designed to hang above the School. He continued his studies at door to the units. The bronze plaque was skillfully molded the I Ien·on Art Institute, working to depict classically draped figures, posed to the left and with Stark, Forsyth , and ]. Ottis right of the in cription. The text i a dedication to Alfred Adams. Baus, like Andersen, had a Burdsal and was written by Hoosier novelist Meredith fu ll-time job during this project but Nicholson. The bas-relief figures represent The Spirit of managed to complete murals for Giving and The Recipients. The Burdsal units were dedicated the reception room on B-3, illus­ on November 28, 19 14, with Burdsal's wife in at tendance. trating the harmony in nature with The plaque continues to hang outside the second-floor landscapes of woods and lakes inter­ en trance to the BA building of Wishard Hospital. connected with pathways. King's murals, painted fo r a private patient room on As a student at Herron, Brown par­ B-3, were titled Hope and Hope Fulfilled. In Hope King illus­ ticipated in the City Hospital mural trated in cheerful tones a quiet pastoral setting of houses project, painting a eries of land­ sheltered by rolling hills, with the ocean serving as a back­ scapes fo r the lobby of the African­ ground fo r the fi gure of a woman waiting fo r a boat to American women's unit on B-3. One return home. The second mural, Hoj;e Fu(filled, finds the large landscape remains today a part woman's wish coming true. King's murals have been lost. of the Wishard collection. Morlan's murals fo r the side room and sunroom of the Connaway participated in the 1914 women's medical ward have not survived. In 19 14 Rena mural project and two of his paint- Tucker Kohlmann described Morlan's hospital murals as

TRACES Witttn >oo< 13 T111. All/ or Hl.:tl/\(;

"one of the most pleasing results in the line of pure landscape decoration in the entire set of decorations, in point of sim­

plicity and restfulness in color and lin . Bare trees and dark ev rgreen trees in rna ses are silhouettes against shades of soft cream, tan and green rolling country and placid gray water under quiet kies." Some of Morlan's mural canvases had been removed from the wall by 1948, and many of those that remained were badly damaged. One of these murals

The project received n . The renowned was salvaged, but its current location is unknown, and only a photograph of it muralist traveled to remains in the Wishard archives. Indianapolis to study the work. Robert Henri, mentor to many At the time, the participating artists felt that they had done some of their fine l of the artists involved, traveled from New York for a viewing. work. Scott noted in 1915 that his work at the City Hospital wa "the best bit of mural painting he [had] ever done." Forsyth commented in 1916, "Perhaps the best work ever done by most of these artist is to be found on the e walls; and it is no exaggeration to say that The hallway in B-3 of the it is a monument to their accomplishments as artists." Burdsal unit showcased The project received national auention. The renowned idealized landscapes muralist Thomas Hart Benton traveled to Indianapolis to by Graf. study the work. Robert Henri, mentor to many of the artists

14 TRACES IV1nlrr 1004 THf AHI Of Hl-.-\tl.\iC involved, traveled from ew Yo rk fo r a viewing. Alfred M. the artists' original intent is gone. The studio adhered the Brooks discussed Steele' Four Seasons murals in a 191 7 arti­ majority of the collection to Masonite board to tabilize the cle he wrote about the arti t. By 191 7 Brooks had mo t of canvases; this has caused further problems because the adhe­ Steele's career to refer to, but he chose the Four Seasons as sive type and the composition of the Masonite is unknown. the centerpiece of his di cu ion: 'They breathe the inmost A few of Wayman Adam ' portraits were conserved by the spirit of each season ... the reaction of a poet to the cease­ Indianapolis Mu eum of Art in a proper fashion, but the less yet quiet hum of a july noon; to the rustling blaze of bulk of the collection suffered a lesser fate. Once the work October; to the stillness of winter; to the promise which was completed, the art museum and the Indiana State the annual return of spring makes and keeps." Museum stored the collection for a number of years. Finally, espite the initial excitement, the advent of between 19 75 and 19 77, hospital officials reclaimed the World War I replaced the murals in the pub­ pieces, fr amed them, and in talled them in various places, lic's consciousness. In addition, their location including Myer Auditorium, physician offices, administrative D in ide patient wards allowed only limited offices, and conference rooms. Forty-three murals had been acces . The murals essentially langui hed at City Ho pita! alvaged from the walls, and the hospital reacquired thirty­ for the next several decades. Holes were cut in many to seven of them. The ho pita! gave two paintings to the art allow doorways; others were painted over or damaged by mu eum in gratitude for its services, and in 19 76 it gave the roof leaks and misguided cleaning attempts. state museum Steele's Winter, which is part of the Four Seasons. Although the level ofdamage to the murals was tremen­ For most of the next two and a half decades, the paint­ dous, blame cannot be as igned or attributed to any one fa c­ ing remained in their installed locations. A 19 77 fire in tor. It must be noted that the daily operations in a hospital the Myers Auditorium cau ed water and smoke damage to are often hectic and are fo cused on patient care. Murals twenty-four paintings, but they were returned to the hos­ such as these are easily taken for granted when human pital after being cleaned by Lyman Brother . From time to illne sand u·auma demand immediate attention. In addi­ time the collection was insured and the inventory list was tion, public fa cilities such as City Hospital experience a updated, but the murals were generally left alone. great deal of administrative turnover. Such inconsistency Beginning in 1999 a new wave ofinterest in the collection made taking proper care of the murals difficult. developed surrounding the 140th anniversary ofWishard Remodeling ofthe Burd a! units required extensive demo­ Health Service . Wi hard's chief executive offtcer and lition, and the only alternative wa to remove as many murals medical director, Dr. Randall Braddom, spearheaded as financially possible. Once again, the Guild stepped fo r­ effo rts for the continued care of the collection. ward, initiating a "Save the Murals" campaign. Because of Administrator completed an updated appraisal, appointed the hospital's public statu , the salvaging and restoration a curator fr om the Wishard staff, and had the collection of the murals could not be fm anced through the ho pital's cataloged. The curatorial oversight of the collection has budget. Instead, the Guild olicited private donations and continued, and fu nd-raising for the conservation of the was successful in saving a portion of the mural . collection began in 2003. The con ervation lab at the The removal and conservation process, however, did not Indianapolis Museum of Art is doing the work. The admin­ employ the be t possible methods. Oversight for the mural i tration of Wishard Health Services and the Wishard removal is uncertain, though it is known that Herron stu­ Memorial Foundation are bot h committed to the dents participated. Each painting incurred erious complex continued stewardship of this remarkable collection. tears during removal. The hospital retained a local con er­ Ginnamon Catlin- Legutlw is curator of the Wishard art collection vation studio to treat the paintings after their removal, but at Wishard MemorialHos pital and the director of the General Lew the methods used were not widely accepted techniques in the Wallace Study and Museum in Crawfordsville, Indiana. This is conservation field, and the paintings were fu rther damaged. herjirst article for Traces. An exhibition of the Wishard collection For example, the studio used excessive amounts of putty to will be at the Indiana Historical Society from February 7 to fill in tears, creating an uneven surface. It also employed june 6, 2004. The IHS Press, in cooperation with the Wishard extensive overpainting and not with an adept hand. Some Memorial Foundation, will publish The Art of Healing: The areas of the paintings are o marred by overpainting that Wishard Art Collection in late March 2004.

FOR FuRrHER READING Burnet, Mary Q. Art and Artists of Indiana: With fllustrations of the Wo rhs of indiana Artists and Sculptors. New Yo rk: Cenwry Co.,

1921. I Letsi nger-�Jiller, Lrn. The Artists of Brown County. Bloomington: Indiana lJniYersity Pre , 1994. I Newton, judith Va le. The Hoosier Group: Five

America n Pa inters. Indianapolis: Eckert Publications, 1985. I Peal, Wilbur. Pioneer Painters of Indiana. Indianapolis: An Association of Indianapolis,

1954. I Walsh, William H. The flospitals of Indianapolis: A Surve:y. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Foundation, 1930.

TRACE W"''" 2001 15 Herb Shriner poses

with one of his

trademark

harmonicas.

"I was born in Ohio, but came to Indian as soon as I heard

abOUt it."-Herb Shriner

16 TRACES Wi11ttr 200' harmonicas omes un hu or

Although televi ion and radio comedian Herb Shriner told yarns about a mythical hometown designed to typifyEveryt own USA, the bow-tied entertainer was anything but typical; he was a complex, idiosyncratic man whose offbeatcareer ended sud­ THE LIFE OF denly with his tragic death when his car crashed into a palm INDIANA tree. The boy from To ledo who moved to Fort Wayne as a three-year-old eventually went on to draw national attention to FUN NYMAN both himself and his adopted state as the harmonica-playing, homespun "Hoosier Humorist." HERB Shriner's life included a barnyard fullof contradictions, mys­ teries, and abrupt changes of course. By the mid-1950s, Shriner SHRINER had triumphed in several arenas of popular entertainment­ television, radio, the Broadway stage , vaudeville-and hovered just a rung or two below major multimedia stars such as fe llow Hoosier Red Skelton. Ye t during the ten years before Shriner's death at fifty-one in 1970, he almost vanished from network television, making only a handful of appearances on variety shows. A high-school dropout, he became an avid reader who indulged his fa scination wi th gadgets, automobiles, and the sea. By establishingha rmonica clubs across the country and fur­ nishing them with how-to kits, Shriner estimated he helped teach 100,000 people to play the instrument. But the maestro never learned to read music himself.

NELSON PRICE

TRAC ES Wu•ttr 200 1 17 So obsessed with his home state that he bequeathed two of his three children with names that are distinctively ToP: Fans line up to see Shriner Hoosier, Shriner occasionally was the target of resentment at the Moore Theatre in Seattle, from Indianans who believed that he depicted them as hay- circa 1960. BonoM: Shriner has eeds to the rest of the country. Mo tly, though, Shriner his hands full after the birth of endeared himself to audiences with a refreshingly low-key, twin sons Kin and Wil in 1953. rambling style that reminded many of Will Rogers-for OPPOSITE: The comedian during a whom Shriner named one of his son . "Herb brings to the performance. air a nasal drawl, a collection of Hoo ier wheezes, and a Columbia Records relaxed view of the news that is reminiscent of Will Rogers," recorded several of Tirne magazine observed in a 1948 profile that heralded Shriner's the national breakthrough of the entertainer who told monologues and Indiana anecdotes between riffs on the harmonica. musical numbers "Harmonica Herb" was the handle with which Shriner first and in 1955 reaped local renown in northeastern Indiana. As a teenager released them on an in the mid- 19 30s he developed a following by performing at album titled Herb barn dances, church socials, and other gatherings in small Shriner on Stage. towns. In fact, it was those communities-Monroeville, Leo, Montpelier, Wabash, and Warsaw-that later inspired his "Shrinerisms" instead of Fort Wayne, which, then as now, was the state's sec­ ond-largest city and hardly so minuscule that it fit "between the first and second signs of a Burma-Shave poem, " to quote one of Shriner's quips about his listless, unnamed hometown. hroughout his career Shriner returned to Indiana to search for material for his T act. He once confided that he occasion­ ally feared he was exaggerating the quirks of small towns, but after his return visits he invari­ ably concluded, "It's not exaggerating." Shriner also came back to Indiana for pleasure and renewal. "For about four to six years when I was a boy, we spent every summer in Angola," recalled Wil Shriner, one of Herb's twin sons born in 1953. At the time, Herb quipped on national televion that, when pacing in the mater­ nity ward's waiting room and being greeted by a nurse with identical baby boys in her arms, he asked, "Am I toddler son in the early 1920s remain a mystery, even to the supposed to have a choice?" According to Wil, who also became Shriner family. There is one certainty: Edith Schriner was a a comedian and television host, the family enjoyed water single parent in Indiana. "Herb's father always has been a mys­ skiing, boating, and relaxing in a cottage that the family tery," Wil Shriner said by phone from his home in Woodland regularly rented on Clear Lake in nortl1ern Steuben County. Hills, California. "It may be tl1at Edith split up with him, and The summer cottage was about fifty miles from where that's what brought her to Fort Wayne. Or maybe it was the Herbert Arthur Schriner had grown up. (As he began to fact that she was able to land a job there." earn bookings on the vaudeville circuit in the late 1930s, he The job was unusual for a woman in that era: Edith worked simplified the spelling of his surname.) Herb was born on as a department-store detective. Although Herb Shriner men­ May 29 , 19 18, in To ledo, the son of Peter and Edith tioned his mother 's intriguing line of work to his children (Rockwell) Schriner. Wisecracks about "moving to Indiana decades later, the job may have been somewhat less exalted as soon as I heard about it" aside, the circumstances that than it;seemed at first blush. Edith could have been employed propelled his mother to relocate to Fort Wayne with her essentially as an "undercover shopper" hired to keep an eye

18 TRACES Wi>l/er200'

H ,._ R B Slilt \,I. . It on customers at the Fort Wayne department tore, probably In 1940 Shriner auditioned fo r network radio and was Wolf and Dessauer. Yo ung Herb attended St. Mary's ele­ picked up by NBC as a monologist. His career took a major mentary school, where he began playing the harmonica with leap fo rward with regular appearances on The Ga rnet the school band. He told conflicting accounts about how he Caravan, a Friday-night variety show sponsored by Camel happened to choose the instrument that ser ved as his ini­ cigarettes. The popular program featured Shriner, vocal­ tial ticket to success. In one version, he had a job delivering ists Connie Haines and Lanny Ross, and the orchestra of the Fort Waynejoumal-Cazetle and gathered bones fo r one of Xavier Cugat (later Freddie Rich) during its run on CBS his customers, a woman who owned ten dogs and worked in Radio fr om June 10, 1942, to March 19, 19 43. a music store; to thank him, she gave Herb a harmonica. In World War Il interrupted Sh riner's escalating career. He spent another version he saved money earned as a carrier for the twenty-nine months as a member of a special-services unit, per­ rival Fort Wa yne News-Sentinel and bought the harmonica him­ fo rming in United Service Organizations shows fo r American self at the Tom Berry Music Store. Some have speculated troops stationed in Europe. During this period he realized that

that the instrument appealed to him because it was relatively audiences et:joyedhearing his chatter Lm: Though Shriner easy fo r an untrained youngster to learn to play-even if the about his Hoosier hometown more taught thousands of mastery that Shriner eventually achieved took years. than his harmonica playing. Although children how to play the t Central High School, Shriner began per forming Shriner's humor rarely was con- harmonica, in this photo with a harmonica quintet. He started giving private frontational or political, he is fo ndly his young sons don't A harmonica lessons, landed gigs at barn dances and remembered for this zinger told dur- appear to appreciate the civic gatherings, and competed fo r cash prizes during ama­ ing his World War II ser vice: "The lessons. RIGHT: Shriner teur hours broadcast on Fort Wayne radio shows. "Marilyn mail service in our unit is very good. meets with Johnny Maxwell usually won them," Shriner recalled year later, refer­ The mailman delivers packages to us Weissmuller, star of the ring to the blonde fu ture movie star who also grew up in Fort as fa st as he can smash ll1em." Ta rzan movies, in Florida Wayne. "I was too young to figure out why. " After the war Shriner made the in the 1960s. By 1935 lanky, sandy-haired "Harmonica Herb" enjoyed rounds of nightclubs across ll1e country and won a regular enough steady work on WOWO Radio as well as other radio spot on The Philip Morris Follies of 1946, a musical vatiety show stations and live-performance bookings that he dropped broadcast on Tuesday evenings by NBC Radio. He starred with out of Central High as a junior. He was seventeen years old. singers Johnny Desmond and Margaret Whiting on the pro­ Although the harmonica quintet landed gigs on the gram, which aired for approximately seven months in 1946. vaudeville circuit, the group broke up within three years. Then Shtiner got his biggest break yet. His nightclub act came Undaunted, Shriner devised a solo routine. While he to the attention oflloward Dietz, a :furnous Broadway lyricist and crisscrossed the country "playing one-night stands in producer. Dietz carved out a spot fo r Shriner in Inside USA , a broken-down theaters," as the New Yo rk Times later described big-budget musical revue that starred legendary comic Beatrice this period of his career, Shriner began telling stories about Lillie and Jack Haley (the Tin Man fr om The Wizard oJ Oz) . small towns in Indiana. "My home town had one big trouble," When Inside USA opened on Broadway on April 30, 1948, the a typical quip went. " ot enough git-up-and-go. Actually, show's.. songs and dances drew mixed reviews, but the comedy we 'd get up, but there wasn't anyplace to go. " numbers-including Shriner's monologues-brought down

20 TRACE W11>tn 2oo< II I·UR ,\ 1/ ltl\l ll the house. "All Shriner docs is wander out onto the stage with a shuffling gait, his head hung so his long blond hair fa lls over his eye , halt in fro11l of a micro­ MotorAm erica phone, and start talking in a low drawl," Newsweek magazine observed. "But his anecdotes have a warm, homely humor that [catches] appreciative ears." Thanks in no mall measure to Shriner, Inside USA ran for a year on Broadway. His success on the stage jump-started his radio career. CBS Radio offered Shriner a daily fifteen-minute program designed to showcase his Hoosier anecdotes and his prowess on the harmonica. Herb Shriner Time premiered on September 27, 1948, and was broadcast at 5:45 p.m. As a result, fo r much of 1948 and 1949 , Shriner performed eight hows on Broadway a week (two matinees and six evening performances) as well as five radio shows, for which he wrote his own material. During this hectic period, Newsweek observed, the transplanted Hoo icr was living with a collection of model boats, ailing magazin , and var­ ious gadgets at Manhattan's Park Central Hotel in a cramped "bachelor room." His lifestyle was about to change, though. Shriner had met the love of hi life, a vivacious, red-haired vaudeville dancer from Chicago named Eileen McDermott but known to everyone as Pixie. (She was four feet, eleven inches tall; in contrast, a The Kale Smith !!.veningJJour ancl An automobile enthusiast, Shriner stood six feet, four inches tall.) The two married in by serving as a substitute host fo r Shriner founded New Yo rk's 19 50. Within a year Pixie gave birth to the couple's first Arthur GodjrPy 's Ta lent Scouts in the International Motor Sports child, a daughter they named Indiana; she is called Indy to summer of 19 51. Then in the Show and published a this day. Although Pixie stopped dancing professionally fall of 19 51 the ABC television magazine, Motor America, in after her marriage, she often served a her hu band 's network brought the "Hoosier conjunction with the business manager, particularly in later years. Humori t" back in a new show of exhibition. He and his By the time of Indy's birth, her father had been intro­ his own, a thirty-minute fo rm at Phantom Corsair appeared on duced to audiences in the new medium of television. The that gave him a chance to include the cover of Motor America 's Herb Sh riner Shoz�es entially a TV version of his radio pro­ sk its with guest stars. Herb Sh riner spring 1954 issue. gram-wa broadcast by CBS beginning in November 1949. TiuZP premiered in October 19 51 amid a publicitysplash that It aired five times a week fo r only five minutes, just long incluclecl a photo feature in Lifemagazine depicting Sh riner enough fo r the host to tell a couple of Hoosier tales and play standing amid cornstalks. "With a new show coming up," a harmonica number. 'This guy used to sell lighU1in' rod ," Life noted, "Herb made his preparations in a characteristic went a typical Shriner line from this era, "until one night he manner: he went back to Indiana." got caught in a storm with a lot of samples." Shriner, who by this time was living with wife Pixie, baby CBS canceled The Herb Shriner Show in February 1950. Indy, and a clog named Gypsy in an apartment on Shriner kept busy by making appearances on programs such Manhattan's Fifth Avenue that overlooked Central Park,

TRACES IV1n lrr 200 1 21 HFRB SIIU/81:/l

ABOVE AND OPPOSITE: In 1963 DuPont hired Shriner to promote its products in a series of television commercials. Shriner broadcast his sales pitch from his mythical Hometown, Indiana, and included humorous quips and harmonica tunes as part of the message.

ABOUT INDIANA AND HOOSIERS

"Hoosiers are congenitally inquisitive. That means Africa.I tried changing-saying these things hap­ nosy, in a nice sort of way. " pened in Ohio. It didn't do any good. Ohio ain't a fu nny state. There's only three funny states-Indiana, "[Indiana is so peaceful that] if you dropped an Texas and Brooklyn." atom bomb on it, the bomb would just lay there and grow." ABOUT FAMILY LIFE ''You can tell I'm an Indiana boy. There's somethin' about a fe lla from Indiana. I don't know what it is. "Never fo rget the day my daughter, Indy, was born. Well ... I do know what it is, but I don't like to think There I was, pacing up and down the floor. Nothing about it." to read or anything. Well, it sure was tough. I'm cer­ tainly _glad the baby was a girl-so she'll never have 'When I told my home fo lks these stories, they was to go through the same ordeal I did." just bored. Like, I guess, giraffe joke ain't funny in

22 TRACES w,,,., 2oo•t HERB SHRINI-.H

'We had a hotel in town . It wasn't much, but at least "Back home, we had a beauty contest once, and it had a bridal suite. That wa the room with a lock nobody won." on the door." 'We had a burglar in our town. Everyone knew him "Around home a kid would usually get his suit asJoe the burglar. We knew he was burgling. We handed down to him from his father; then, when the didn't mind much 'cause we knew he was a local kid got through with it, he'd hand it down to the boy, and it kept the money in town." next kid. In fact, if a suit had a few kids left in it, the family wouldn't throw the suit away; they'd go ahead "I remember a sheriff we once had. He was honest as and have the kids. It got so a woman'd hate to see a the day is long, but of course when it got dark, you good uit come into the family." had to watch him."

"The town wa full of live wires-trouble was, they weren't hooked up to anything." ABOUT HIS MYTHICAL HOMETOWN

"Living in a small town is peaceful. Yo u don't do "Saturday night, 'twasn't nothin' fo r us to do in my much. Yo u're afraid to. Yo u're sure to get caught." hometown but go down to the barbershop and watch a few haircut ."

TRALCS IVI I

· Throughout his career Shriner returned to n a a to search for material

for his act. He once confided that he occasionally feared he was

exaggerating the u ks 0 small towns, but after his return visits he invariably concluded, "It's not exaggerating."

visited Fort Wayne, Monroeville, and Zulu in a quest for introduced a pair of contestants wh o received fivedollars new material. He described his style of crafting a mono­ for every correct answer given within fifteen seconds to chal­ logue as follows: 'Tell you the way my stuff works out. While lenges such as, "Can you name fictional detectives?" [audience members are] laughing a little bit at one joke, Tw o fo r the Moneyaired on BC until August 1953; then I'm standing behind a tree with a hammer in my hand, the show moved to CBS, wh ere Shriner remained as host waiting to hit 'em over the head with the next one-one until 19 56. In the middle of the sh ow's first season on CBS, that I know is going to get a bigger laugh . Like the other night on TV. I was talking about a woman who was having an awful lot of children. 'She fi nally stopped,' I said, 'because sh e was running out of names-to call her hus­ band.' Now, if they laughed too loud and long right after names, I'd never get the stronger part of the joke across." Herb Shriner Time was broadcast on Thursday evenings until April 1952, wh en ABC canceled it. Sh riner had made too much of an impact to be sidelined, though . NBC television snatched him up and put him in the series for which he prob­ Pixie gave birth to the twins. Kin was named after Hoosier ably is best remembered: cartoonist Frank McKinney "Kin" Hubbard, creator of the a quiz sh ow with minimal popular Abe Martin character. Wil, although named in honor razzle-dazzle called Two of Will Rogers, was given a spelling with one l because, as the fo r the Money. Inspired adult Wil puts it, "my dad just wanted to be distinctive." by th e career come­ Similarly, meticulous planning went into Sh riner's mono­ back Groucho Marx was logues on Two jo T the Money, even though his meandering enjoying with a game style often gave the imp res ion of spontaneity and the notion sh ow called Yo u Bet Yo ur that , as Life observed, he "often seems to be as unaware as his Life-actually more a audiences where the tales will lead him." Sponsored by Old LEFT: Shriner takes a sh owcase for the host's wisecracks than a Gold cigarettes and Ex-Lax laxatives, Two fo r the Moneyfirmly breather with some quiz program-Two fo r the Money was established Shriner as a national celebrity. In addition to help from television created for Fred Allen, a radio superstar hosting his own program, he served as guest emcee for personality Art known for his acerbic wit. Allen filmed several episodes of the wildly popular Yo ur Show of Shows Linkletter. RIGHT: the pilot episode but then had to back and appeared as the mystery guest on What's My Line? One of Shriner's out because of heart problem that even­ In 19 53 Sh riner starred with a number of stage and screen prized automobiles tually led to his death three years later. stars in the movie Main Street to Broadway. That June he again was his Phantom So Two fo r the Money was reshaped as a visited Fort Wayne and received a key to the city amid so Corsair, an vehicle for Sh riner and premiered on much public affection that he announced, "My heart's as • experimental six­ September 30, 1952. Each sh ow began heavy as a bucket of hog's liver from nostalgia." He imme- passenger coupe with a monologue by the host. After a diately made plans to return to his hometown in October designed in 1938. "small-town Indiana" story or two, he for a sh ow in Fort Wayne's Memorial Coliseum. That visit

24 TRACES Wtt�lrr 2oo; 1/ J.RH SI/U/\IU unfolded much diffe rently, however. Only two thousand Director's Playhouse role as he rubbed off makeup in his Las peopl showed up, a much smaller crowd than expected. Ve gas dressing room. "TV comics, as Herb Shriner's fe llow The Fort Way ne New -Sentinel later attempted to explain why: Indianans might say, seem busier than a hog on ice," the " ot everyone was happy about Herb's picture ofl ndiana magazine noted. "Now, Herb ...is pacing them." and Fort Way ne going out over the television shows." Shriner n the fall of 1956 Shriner left Two fo r the Money to launch conceded that some Hoosiers were beginning to have "m ild a new show on CBS. The new program, titled The Herb objections," as the Fort Way ne journal-Gazette put it, to his I Shriner Show, was a musical variety how with impressive "Shrinerisms." Most Hoo iers, though, apparently were not guests uch as actor-director Or on Welles. It was the pro­ offe nded; Shriner continued to return fo r successful appear­ gram of Shriner' dreams but apparently not of the network's. ance before business group , and the Sons of Indiana According to some ources, CBS executives wanted Shriner named him Hoosier of the Ye ar in 1956. to stick with a impler, proven fo rmat-perhaps a glorified By then Shriner had made his debut as a television actor. quiz show uch as Two fo r the iYloney. TheHerb Shriner Showpr e­ During his vacation from Twofor lhe Moneyin 1955, he squeezed miered on October 2, 1956, to weak ratings. Behind-tl1e-scenes in performances in Las Ve gas, cut an album fo r Columbia struggles over the fo rmat continued, and CBS suddenly Records, and portrayed a character in an episode of the tele­ canceled the show after only two months on the air. vision series Screen Director'sPlay house titied ''Meet the Governor." Following his show's cancellation, Shriner almost dis­ Amid this frenzy of activity, Look magazine observed that appeared from network televi ion. In 19 58, fo r example, he despite Shriner's relaxed persona-the consensus in show appeared a a guest on only a couple of variety programs, The Ed Sullivan Show and The Pat Boone-Chevy Showroom. Instead, he sig­ nificantly tepped up his appearances at state fa irs, business conventions, and awards banquets. Although Shriner did not have to come up with the reams of new material required for weekly or even regular network tele­ vision work, he worked hard to keep hi routines fresh. "Looks like Congress wa right smart about the new taxes," he quipped to thunderous applause at one gig. "They put a big tax on liquor, then they raised all the other taxes so as to dr ive people to drink." Although his booking included dis­ tinguished events-in the fall of 1958 Shriner performed at a football awards banquet attended by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur-the drop-off in hi televi- ion performance was wift and dra­ matic. Some historians attribute the dimming of his stardom to changes in popular culture; bow-tied, straitlaced business was that "any more According to a 1965 report Herb Shriner and his folksy style were not what appealed to relaxed and he'd be dead"-the in the Indianapolis Star, younger viewers as the 19 60s dawned. Others, including Wil entertainer actually was highly Shriner hoped to create hriner, say the situation was more complex. The struggle organized and programmed, a tourist attraction based over the fo rmat of The Herb ShrinerShour-and itsabrupt can­ thanks in many ways to Pixie. on Hometown, Indiana-a cellation- hook and disillusioned the comedian. "My dad Look's fe ature included a photo- "Hoosier Disneyland" to really soured on network TV as a result of that experience," graph of her helping her husband showcase the flavor of Wil said. "He felt that he'd been promised the show would with his lines fo r the Saeen the state. be given time to build an au dience. There were so many

TRACC Wt lll

llt.RB S/JR/SfR offers coming in for concerts, state fairs, and after-dinner speeche that my dad just decided, 'Who needs TV?"' Around 1960 Shriner moved his family to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, so he could explore his fa scination with the sea. In the ummers the Shriners returned to Indiana to vacation at their cottage on Clear Lake near Angola. To accommodate a eries of bookings fo r Herb in the mid-1960s, the fa mily lived fo r a few years in southern California, but eventually they resettled in Fort Lauderdale. Herb amassed a collection of about two dozen vintage auto­ mobiles, including Indiana-made cars such as Studebaker . Shriner's appearance on national televi ion became even that they preferred rock music. Before returning to Fort more infrequent, with the exception of a rare burst of activity Lauderdale, Shriner promised to send harmonicas to tl1e top during the 1966-67 season, when he was a guest on three letter writer fromeach of lndiana's ninety-two counties. episodes of The Andy Williams Show. His bookings fo r personal ack in Florida, Shriner performed at a business meet­ ing in West Palm Beach on the evening of April 23. B Pixie accompanied him in one of tl1e couple's restored sports cars, a Studebaker Avanti. Asthe Shriner were return­ ing home on U.S. 1 in Delray Beach, the car suddenly veered off the highway and slammed into a palm tree. They were killed instantly. Speculation centered on two theorie : either Shriner, a nondrinker, fe ll asleep at the wheel or the Avanti experienced a udden mechanical breakdown. Nineteen-year-old Indy and the sixteen-year-old twins were at the fa mily's Fort Lauderdale home when they learned the tragic news. The Shriner children went to live with Pixie' mother, who moved from the Chicago area to suburban Dallas, where Kin and Wil attended high school. The young Shriners eventually learned tl1ey had inherited tl1ousands of OPPOSITE: Shriner and his family visit the London Wax Museum in St. harmonicas stored in an Indianapoli warehouse. Petersburg Beach, Florida, circa 1963. AsovE: Shriner (center) with When word of Shriner's deatl1 reached Indiana, fans in Fort Hoosier musicians Hoagy Carmichael (left) and Charles "Bud" Dant Wayne and acros tl1e state mourned. GovernorWhitcomb, at a 1962 fund-raiser for the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. ToP who learned of the news dming a trade-mission visit to Tokyo, RIGHT: "I'm the world's worst gadget collector, " Shriner, seen here in expressed the fe elings of many in his official statement. 'Thi one of his classic cars, once told Newsweek magazine. is shocking news to everyone in the state," tl1e governor said. appearances remained steady, however, particularly in Indiana. "Indiana has lo t a true and loyal Hoosier whose great sense Shliner's final visit to his beloved state occurred in April1970, of humor transmitted his respect fo r Indiana traditions and cul­ a little more than a week before his death. Shriner had break­ ture to a world-wide audience." Others found their sentiments fa t with Indiana governor Edgar Whitcomb, agreed to be a best captured by a reporter fo r the Journal-Gazette. "Somehow, " "roving an1bassador" at the Indiana State Fair later that year, and the reporter lamented, "the death of comedian Herb Shriner helped congratulate tudents who had won a letter-writing con­ took part of the fu n out of being a Hoo ier." test telling why they liked the Hoosier State. In a statehouse Nelson Price is fo rmer fe ature writer and columnist fo r the ceremony for the letter writers, Shliner played "(Back Home Indianapolis Star and author of numerous books, including Again in ) Indiana" on the harmonica. Wh n he fini hed he Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers from johnny Appleseed told the children, "I have an idea you didn't want to hear [tl1i ] to David Letterman ( 1997). He teache journalism at Franklin in tl1e first place." The students laughed, and some conceded College and at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis.

. Blue, 1985. I Brooks, Tim, and Earle l\larsh . The ComfJlPteDireciol_l' to Prime

Time Network and Cable TVShows, 1946-Presenl. 8Lh re\'. ed. New Yo rk: Bal lanLine Books, 1977. I Cook, Gene. "Fine Fresh Corn: orne Fond Re miniscences of Indiana's Idiocies i\lake Herb Shriner t.he Funn iest ! ew TV omic." Life, October 15, 1951. I '·Herb Shriner Branches Out.·· Look, 0/m·ember 15, 1955.

I "Hoosier WhaLSis." Ne wswee/1, November 8, 1948. I "Hoosier Whcezer. " Time, December 6, 1948.

TRACES W101ltr 2oo, 27 Ray E. Boomhower

•

ELIZA BLAKER and the FREE KINDERGARTEN MOV EMENT

28 TRACES Wiuttr 2oo' One of the first free kindergartens

Eliza Blaker opened in Indianapolis

served the needs of the community's

African-American children. One

mother noted that the class

developed her child's "soul as well

as the mind" and that it also taught

each student "how to be active and

quick and useful in many ways."

TRA [5 Wo11lrr 200 1 29 Et.fl.\ Bt AKf�U teachers by starting the Kindergarten Normal Training School, later known as the Teachers College oflndianapolis and informally as "Mrs. Blaker's College." Those she helped train took their mentor's ideas and spread them around the United States and the world. A contemporary of Blaker, Mary Ledyard, superintendent of kindergartens in Los Angeles, praised her as "one of the greatest [educational] authorities" in the entire country. So great was Blaker's fo llowing that after her death, When he took over as min­ alumnae and faculty of the Kindergarten Normal Training ister fo r the Plymouth Church School fo rmed the Eliza A. Blaker Club. The woman who in Indianapolis in 1877, inspired such devotion was born in Philadelphia on March Reverend Oscar Carleton 5, 1854, the eldest of three children raised by Jacob and McCulloch noticed that Mary Jane (Core) Cooper. Jacob Cooper was a dedicated churchgoers in the capital city abolitionist, as were many of his fe llow Qu akers in the "had not much hand in reliev­ years leading up to the Civil War, and although he was ing the poor." He soon set out fo rty years old when the war broke out, he volunteered to to change that, rejuvenating the Indianapolis Benevolent fight on behalf of the Union cause. His decision to enlist Society and creating the Charity Organization Society Lo put a strain on the Cooper fa mily's already shaky economic aid those he called the "worthy " distressed. In the summer situation. To help support the family, Mary Cooper, who of l881, after investigating the condition of children whose had operated a home dressmaking business, went to work families were being helped by the Benevolent Society, in a shop turning out uniforms fo r Union soldiers-a job McCulloch called on five influential in which she rose to occupy a fo reman position. women in the community to attempt to Tragedy struck the Coopers in 1864 when they learned help underprivileged children improve that Jacob had been wounded and reported missing in their lives. That summer the Society action. Ten-year-old Eliza and her mother left Philadelphia started on a trial basis a free kinder­ and traveled the countryside looking fo r Jacob; they found garten program to assist underprivileged him in a Washington, D.C., hospital, where they stayed in youngsters in th conidor of School No. order to nurse him back to health. Although the family 12 at West and McCarty streets. Pleased returnedtogeth er to its home,Jacob never recovered from with its success, the women organized his war wounds, dying in 1869 . Relatives urged Mary to the Indianapolis Free Kindergarten and put her daughter to work in Philadelphia's cotton mills Children's Aid Society. so she could help ease the fa mily 's financial burdens, Indianapolis's free kindergarten but Eliza's mother refused and instead supported her While a student at movement, which began in that school daughter's dream of becoming a teacher. the Girls Normal corridor, grew by leaps and bounds Trained at the Girls onnal School of Philadelphia, Eliza School of until, by the mid-1910s, it included as Cooper caught the eye of one teacher at the institution who Philadelphia, Eliza many as sixty schools. These schools remembered her as possessing "indomitable energy, great Cooper Blaker were dedicated to providing "educa­ independence of character, good common sense, and a received positive tion and moral training of the children mind of no ordinary caliber." Shortly before finishing her reports on her of the poor between the ages of three schooling, she was offered a teaching job in the Philadelphia progress, with one and eight years." The accomplishments schools, a position she took in order to help with her fam­ proclaiming: "She of the Indianapolis free kindergartens, ily 's finances. Working during the day and continuing her has the courage of which became a model fo r the rest of studies at night, Cooper graduated in June 1874, serving as her convictions." the country, were achieved through the class valedictorian. After graduation she continued to teach untiring efforts of Eliza A. Blaker, the daughter of a in the city's school system and also instructed adults at night. Philadelphia seamstress and a Civil War veteran. Blaker In 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, Cooper had fi rst come to Indianapolis in 1882 to teach kinder­ became familiarwith a method of education that became her garten at a private academy. Through the years she watched life's work: kindergartens. One of the exposition's most pop­ over the education of Indianapolis youngsters as super­ ular teatures was a demonstration kindergarten taught by intendent fo r the free kindergartens and trained preschool Ruth Burritt of Boston. "There I found what I had been

30 TRACES w .,, ltr 2oo< ABOVE: Members of Indianapolis Kindergarten No. 15 gather with

their teachers for a class picture. RIGHT: Eliza Cooper (Blaker) spoke

at her graduation from the Girls Normal School while garbed in a dress made by her mother and a close fa mily friend.

Indianapolis's free kindergarten movement . . . e

o until, by the mid-1910s, it included as many as sixty

schools. These schools were d a to providing " 0 of the children of the poor between the ages of three and eight years."

TRACES W"''" 200 1 31 f: I I/,A /3 /_ 1\ A. hIt groping fo r, " said Cooper. One of the early proponents of kindergartens was Friedrich Froebel, a German who devised his educational system in the 1830s. Using a child's love of play as its base, Froebel 's ystem attempted to "give the chil­ ' dren employment in agreement with their whole nature, to Using a hil I v as its strengthen their bodies, to exercise their senses, to engage base, Froebel's system attempted to "give the their wakening mind, and through their senses to make children employment in agreement with their them acquainted with nature and their fe llow creatures." Although seen as subversive by the German government, whole a e, to strengthen their bodies, to the kindergarten idea, spread by German immigrants, exercise their senses, to engage their began to attract the attention of American educators in the 1850s . Froebel's th eories were popularized in this wakening mind, and through their senses to country by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and her sister Mary make them ac ainted wi natu e and Mann in the journal Kindergarten Messenger. Those attending Blaker's For it to succeed, Froebel their fellow creatures." Kindergarten Normal believed that his kindergarten idea Training School (later needed to have the support of what known as the Te achers he de cribed as "intellectually active College of Indianapolis) women," a definition that fit the received both classroom young Eliza Cooper. Fascinated by instruction and hands-on what she saw at the exposition, guidance from a trained Cooper enrolled in the new kindergarten teacher. Centennial Training School fo r /:."!_ I I I JJ 1 I J.. 1- U Kindergartners, operated by Burritt through the auspices materials from Washington treet merchants. Even before of the Society of Friends in Philadelphia. She graduated they could start auending the schools, many children had to with honors in May 1880, and a local new paper offered fur­ be given hoe and clothes by the Society. Some kindergartens ther tribute by publishing her essay "Th e Kindergarten and served breakfast to theircharges, and all offered free lunches.

Pubic Education." After graduation, Cooper found a job at "These lunches of hot oatmeal, witl1 sugar and cream or milk, Ph iladelphia's Vine Su-eet Kindergarten. Before a suming her hot soup witl1 crackers or sandwiches and milk according to new responsibilities, however, she married a former child­ tl1e gift," noted Mary Lewis Edwards, a kindergarten teacher, hood playmate, Loui J. Blaker, on September 15, 1880. "often served as the only morning meal the children had, as n 1882 officials from the Hadley Roberts Academy, was evidenced by the ravenous manner in which they ate." a private school in Indianapolis located on Meridian After being clothed and fed, the children could look forward and Ve rmont streets (the present-day site of the I Indianapoli Athletic Club), wrote Burritt for help. They were looking for a teacher who could start a kinder­ garten class for the children of Indianapolis's well-to-do families. Writing the academy on September 11, Bu rritt recommended Eliza Blaker as "a woman of excellent char­ acter and education. I have no hesitancy in saying that as a pupil of the Froebelian System, Mrs. Blaker has grasped the full meaning of this wonderful work." Academy offi­ cials took Burritt's advice and hired Blaker. Shortly after moving to Indianapolis, however, Blaker left the academy and accepted an offer from the Indianapolis Free Kindergarten and Children's Aid Society to direct the group's efforts to aid underprivileged children. Bl aker helped open a new kindergarten adjacent to the Friendly Inn, a charitable home established by Reverend McCulloch on We ·t Market Street. "To her [Blaker] the opportuni- The teacher at Muncie's to inging songs, playing games, ties for good, which work among the poor offered, were Alice Taylor Memorial and learningabout nature. far more att ractive than work with the children of the Kindergarten leads her Blaker outlined her teaching well-to-do, who at tended the private academy, " noted charges in singing the philosophy in n umerou Emma Lou Thornbrough, Blaker's biographer. "Ball for Baby" song, which speeches over the years to local Seeing the "sad and old also included several clubs and organizations and in faces" and "vacant, far away physical activities for the yearly reports from her superin­ expressions" of the counties students to fo llow. tendent's office. She described underprivileged youths wh o the role of the kindergarten as providing a wholesome flocked to the free kinder­ environment in wh ich students were free to form the gartens inspired Blaker to pro­ proper habit needed for their future schooling and life. vide fo r them a "miniature Such an institution, said Blaker, also gave poorer tudent The Te achers College building world in which the little one is the "opportunity to get a fair start in life; in fact, to feed at Alabama and Twenty-third happy, is harmoniou ly devel­ the soul and, where neces ary, to feed and clothe the phys­ streets in Indianapolis, named oped and learns to think and ical body. To sum the divisions of thi aim-it [the kinder­ in honor of local act as a reasonable being garten] is character-forming. " Students spent three hours philanthropist William N. endowed with a high destiny." each morning in the classroom engaged in activities under Jackson, included This high purpose, however, the guidance of trained teachers. The free kindergarten classrooms, laboratories, had to be achieved with few followed the Froebel ystem, wh ich u eel playthings (called offices, a library, and a resources. The benches thechi!- "gifts"), handiwork (call d "occupation "), and experi­ gymnasium. clren sat on at the first free ences with nature to train the young mind. kindergarten on Market Street consisted of bundles of kin­ By 1884 the Society had incorporated, with Blaker as dling chopped by indigent men to earntheir room and board superintendent. At th at time it had just three fac ilities, at the Friendly Inn. When teachers could not find enough located at the Blackford Methodist Episcopal Church, paper for students, Blaker ent tl1em out to seek donations of the Wo man's Christian Temperance Union Chapel, and

TRACES 11/,ulrr >oo< 33 El ll.A BLI\Kf�R the Bethel Mr ican Methodist Episcopal Church. In its early years the organization had to struggle to continue its preschool efforts on behalf of poor children. "The work, of course," recalled Lois G. Hufford, one of the Society's fo unders, "was all financedthr ough donations, and it took miles of walking and of talking as Students and teachers well to keep our heads above water. at Indianapolis's Meyer We had teas, May fe stivals, fa irs and Chapel Kindergarten not show in cleanly body and eager face the care of a mother annual New Ye ar's night kinder- gather in a circle for who gave thought to the bringing up of her child." Perhaps garten balls to raise money, and it games, part of the the highest praise Blaker received fo r her work came through taxed our ingenuity to think up new program for the day as advice given by a number of West Coast educators to Mary and startling fetes." The fr ee kinder- practiced in the Ledyard when she wanted to go east and study kindergarten garten ball became so popular with Froebel system. systems in other cities: "Go to Indianapolis and see Mrs. Blaker's

the public that it was considered a traditional part of Children at Shelbyville's work there." Upon her return, the holiday season. The Society also received donations Hill Building Kindergarten Ledyard said that of all the manner from individuals and businesses and even managed to pry learn social skills by of social work she observed on her $500 fr om the notably stingy city council. playing together inside travels, the activities in Indianapolis isiting a fr ee kindergarten in January 19 04, an their classroom. Group were some of the broadest and most Indianapolis Journalreporter witnessed Blaker's play also enabled rational fo r bettering the condition philosophy firsthand. One of the children the teachers to observe how of poverty-stricken children. V students interacted with reporter could not help but notice was John, Unlike many educational insti­ whom he described as "a tiny Hungarian lad who has been in one another. tutions of the day, the fr ee kinder- the kindergarten only a few weeks." Knowing no English when gartens in Indianapolis did not use corporal punishment he first came to class, the youngster managed to learn while on their young charges. Such chastisement, Blaker claimed, in kindergarten "a sufficient vocabulary fo r a speech and a "brutalizes the child; it breaks the spirit. It brings a rational much more extensive one fo r understanding." During the being to the level of a brute. It is an appeal to the body and day the reporter was there, John and his fe llow classmates not to the higher nature." Instead of being "an absolute played games, told stories, and were "g iven their first impetus monarchy," as classrooms had been viewed in pioneer days, toward a fuller life." Another observer, Anne Everett George, Blaker's kindergarten was "a republic in the best sense of an educator closely associated with the Montess01i method, vis­ the word." Blaker preached the value of patience, advising ited Indianapolis's free kindergartens in 1915 and had noth­ parents to avoid violence and instead attempt to find out ing but praise fo r Blaker's "unfailing belief in just raw the reason why a child misbehaved and then seek a solu­ humanity." George was particularly impressed by the teachers' tion. Blaker did note that it "may be necessary to try many, ability to be involved with the life and problems of their dis­ many plans before the cure can be fo und." .. u·icts. "In many of the schools I saw children whose fat hers The Indianapolis fr ee kindergartens closely fo llowed and mothers had been in the same kindergarten," said George. Froebel's teachings, but Blaker took the German educator's "I did not see one child of this second generation that did ideas a step further by trying to involve the entire family. After

34 TRACES w, ,,, 2oo; E I I/.\ B /. � A I R leading cla ses in the morning, the kindergarten teachers often visited the students' homes to talk with their mothers, fathers, and other family members. They spent many evenings at club meetings and clas e , preading Instead of being "an absolute m arc y," as classrooms the word about the kindergarten movement. In 1884 Blaker organized had been viewed in pioneer days, Blaker's kindergarten was the first mothers club, an idea that "a epu II in the best sense of the word., spread to the rest of the Society 's kindergartens. Along with offeringthe women an opportunity to gather socially, the clubs also offered instruction in child care and development. 'The greate t work in the world is character-making," Blaker told those in the club . ''You are in this work." Blaker's blend of severity and kindness

The Froebel system used proved to be so inspiring to those Students take a milk items called gifts and mother gathered fo r club meetings break at a Shelbyville occupations, such as the that one woman, upon leaving a kindergarten. In blocks shown here, to meeting, called the Philadelphia addition to providing aid students in native a "swell preacher. " food and shelter for unleashing their creative In addition to mothers clubs, children, the potential. Using these Blaker and her colleagues also e tab- kindergartens helped materials helped broaden li bed instructional classes and mothers by offering a child's imagination and organizations fo r other familymem­ classes on such improved motor skills. bers. In 1889 they began offering practical matters as Saturday classes in dome tic training, teaching young girls cooking and cleaning. how to garden and older girls (age ten to even teen) how to manage a household. According to the Society, the primary purpose of the do mestic-training classes was to make each student "a good daughter, a helpful ister, a better woman, and in time a worthy mother. " Boys did not participate in the domestic-training classes but instead enrolled in courses on manual arts. By training the children, the Society also hoped to influence their mothers and fathers to become better par­ ents. ''While in most citie , the kindergarten i introduced as one fe ature of settlement work, " Hufford explained, "here [Indianapo lis] it has been made the nucleus of a social cen­ tre in its neighborhood. The kindergartners are the friends and coun elors and helper in all the homes of the district. "

TRACES W.ntrr >oo< 35 To further the work of the free kindergarten, Blaker real­ established programs in such states as Tennessee, ized fr om the beginning that it was crucial to have available Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. By 1903 the trained kindergarten teachers. Preschool students, she main­ Kindergarten Normal Training School enjoyed the lux­ tained, had to be under the guidance of a well-trained teache1� ury of a permanent home at Alabama and Twenty-third one who combined the talents of "a gardener, a mother, a streets. The building was named in honor of William N. nurse, an elder sister, [and] a wise play-fellow. She must be Jackson, an early Indianapolis resident known for his a psychologist, a woman of good education, [and] of definite philanthropic work on behalf of children. training for her work." In 1882 Blaker opened in her own y March 1907 approximately 5,600 women had home a training school for kindergarten teachers called the enrolled in "Mrs. Blaker's College. " At first some Kindergarten ormal Training School, which became the students were intimidated by Blaker, described Teachers College oflndia.napolis in 1905. "Our theory of teach­ by Mrs. Louis effBrown, class of 1925, as a "big ing," recalled Edwards, one of the school's fr rst students, ''was woman with a deep voice, who terrified you until you got literally learned at Mrs. Blaker's fe et, for her bedroom was our to know her. " Another student noted that Blaker's "bright eyes looked right through you. She expected you to live up to the best that was in you." The Philadelphia matron set stringent standards for her students' behavior. Curfew was set at 10:00 p.m. and chapel attendance was mandatory. When visiting the kinder­ garten districts, students were required to wear black stockings and forbidden to wear jewelry. "Wearing a too sheer blouse to chapel or appearing downtown without gloves might bring a personal rebuke from the president herself," noted Thornbrough. It was Blaker's love of teaching, however, not her Victorian attitudes, that most students remembered in later years. "Mrs. Blaker fr equently repeated Froebel's phrase that every child was 'the peculiar idea of God,' and would add with a twinkle in her eye, 'and some of them are quite peculiar,"' said Brown. "She also Eliza and Louis Blaker. classroom, and the home offered often told us that 'If you don't love children, find another After her husband's death in too few chairs for all to be seated, profession than teaching,' and 'Remember, you're teaching 1913, Eliza dedicated so the late comers sat on the children, not books. "' Blaker also attempted to instill in herself more and more to her floor. " The training school had her students her devotion to God, presiding each morn­ work, telling a friend: "I hate no permanent home for twenty- ing over chapel services. "'Always remember the lessons of vacations. I used to love one years. Instead, classes were the Master Teacher,"' Brown recalled Blaker saying. '"Follow them because then I could held in such places as Blaker's in His footsteps and you can't go wrong. "' have more time with Mr. home, the Second Presbyterian Blaker's powers of persuasion worked wonders not only Blaker, but now I do not like Church, the TabernacleChap el, on aspiring teachers but on state legislators as well. In 19 01, them, for I want to work, and the kindergarten building after an intense lobbying effort by Blaker, the Indiana work, work." on West Pearl Street. General Assembly approved a law allowing cities with pop­ Despite early hardships, Blaker had faith in the school. ulations of more than six thousand to levy a one-cent tax "There have been times when I knew not where the on each $100 of taxable property toward the support of money was to come fr om, but it came, because by the kindergartens (the legislature raised the amount to two middle of the month I began to 'dig in ' and work to get cents per $100 in 19 11). The law allowed the fund to be used it," she said. Through hard work and "the guidance of a by public or private kindergartens that met the approval of Higher Power than I," Blaker soon had students fl ock­ the local school officials-a standard easily met by the Society. ing to her side. From an enrollment of 12 students Hufford credited Blaker with securing the tax funds for the in 1883, the school's population grew over the next kindergartens. "No opposition ever daunted her; no luke­ decade to 344 pupils. Graduates of the program went on warmness on the part of legislators or private citizens � to start kindergarten programs in other Hoosier cities, discouraged her," Hufford remembered. "The welfare of including Evansville, Lafay ette, and Bloomington, and the child and the home was always first in her thought."

36 TRACES Wi,ler200' /: f I I I IJ I I A. I R

At a reception given in Blaker's honor by the Indianapolis Propylaeum Association in

January 1926, Mrs. John Kern as meaning "even more to

Indianapolis than Jane Addams has ...to Chicago."

Such hard work did not go unno- A series of gifts used in at Butler-had the opportunity to do so and receive course ticed. At a reception given in kindergartens under credit. "Mrs. Blaker's College" continued to produce teach­ Blaker's honor by the Indianapolis the Froebel system. ers until 19 30, when control passed to Butler. The free Propylaeum Association in January "The use of Froebel's kindergartens had a longer life, continuing to ease the way 19 26, Mrs. John Kern praised the we ll devised system of for Indianapol is youngsters until 1952, when they were educator as meaning "even more playt hings or gifts ," incorporated into the Indianapolis public chool system. to Indianapolis than Jane Addams said Blaker, "will bring During her forty-four years in the capital city, Blaker ha ... to Chicago." That sum- joy to the child, by supervised the education of thousands of youngsters and mer Blaker was named in an giving him mental and provided training for thousands of kindergarten teach­ JndianafJ olis News contest as one of physical activity. " ers. In appreciation of her devotion to education, Hanover the Len greatest women then living in Indiana. Such praise College awarded her an honorary doctorate in 19 17. Even mattered little to Blaker, who instead fo cused on getting the after her death Blaker continued to be recognized for job clone right. "When I am at work, then I am happiest," her work. The El iza Blaker Club, formed by graduates of she said. That attilllde helped make the free kindergartens her school, established a room in her honor at Butler and the teacher college a ucce s, but it played havoc with University in 1943 (today it is located in the Rare Books Blaker's health. Blaker was already shaken by her husband's and Special Collections room at Butler's Ir win Library). death fr om a heart aLtack in 19 13 when three years later In 1958 the Indianapoli public chool y tern named a she col lapsed from overwork. The incident finally chool for Blaker. The Indiana educator, however, always convinced her to take an occasional vacation. refused to let uch tributes go to her head. "The cause," Shortly before her death on December 4, 19 26, Blaker Blaker said, "is rrreater than the individual." worked out an arrangement between the Teachers College Ray E. Boomhower is managi ng editor of Tr aces. 1l e thanks and Butler niversity whereby students at each institution Sally Childs-Helton and Mega n McKee of the Rm·e Book and who wished training in a particular fi eld-elementary Special Collections, Irwin Library, Btt!ler University, fo r their assis­ education at tl1e Teachers College and secondary education tance in obtaining photograjJhs and other materials fo·r this article.

FoR FURim:R RI�IOI�G Elila Blaker Papers, Rare Books and Special Collections, Irwin Library, BuLler nivcrsi t)•, lndianapolis. I Indianapolis Free Kinderganen and Children's Aid Society Papers, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis. I Ross, El izabeth Dale. The 1\i ndagarlm Cru�ade: Thr l\slabli1hment of Preschool

Education in the United States. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976. I Thornbmugh, Emma Lou. Eliza A. Blailer: t-Ier Ufe and \lvril. Indianapolis: Elin A.

Blaker Club and Indiana Historical ociety, 1956. I Weeks, Genevieve C. Oscar Carleton McCulloch, 1843-1891: Preac/u•r and Pmrlitioner of Applied Ch ristianity.

Jndianapolis: Indiana llistorical Society, 1976.

TRACES W""" 200' 37 FOC US

•

[Barbara Quigley]

..

TRACES Wo 11tcr 200'

/ .\ 0 I·".\'\ P 0 \ r C I H /J .\

rOWN HAL BOURBON INC.

AsovE: Balloon races at the Indianapolis

Motor Speedway, Marion County. RIGHT:

Town hall, Bourbon, Marshall County.

Remember your promise to prove you received this." Did the fo rm of a postcard-through both the picture it the man work fo r the post office in Key West or know displays and the personal message written on it. someone who did? Did he send the woman proof that Although the postcard has its origins in the 1860s, he received her card? Or did he not receive it? not until 1873 did the U.S. Postal Service begin issu­ The Indiana Historical Society's William Henry Smith ing postal cards. These were prestamped and provided Memorial Library has two large postcard collections a convenient way fo r people to send quick messages. fe aturing scenery, people, and events from every county From 1873 until 1898 only the postal service had the in the state. The Indiana Postcard Collection (P 0408) authority to print postcards fo r use in this country. On and the Jay Small Postcard Collection (P 0391) con­ May 19, 1898, Congress passed the Private Mailing Card tain views of twentieth-century Indiana, with emphasis Act, which allowed private publishers to produce post­ on the first half of the century. While some of the cards cards and authorized their reduced postage rate of one were never used, others were mailed and carry per­ penny, instead of the two-cent letter rate. These sonal messages. These are sometimes more intriguing privately printed picture postcards had to carry the than the postcard's visual subject. label "Private Mailing Card" on the back. Deltiology is the collection and study of postcards. Postcards were already popular in Europe, and the An interest in history is one reason to engage in reduced postage rate contributed to their widespread use this pursuit. Picture postcards reveal a social his­ in the United States. In 1902 the Eastman Kodak Company tory, showing not only modifications to buildings took advantage of the postcard's popularityby manufac­ but also changes in businesses, automobiles and turing postcard-size photographic paper on which images other modes of transportation, and clothing. could be printed from negatives. Individuals could put Comparing aerial views from different eras can even their portraits on postcards and mail them, and profe - show changes in an entire community. Postcards sional photographers in smaller towns could make po t­ of natural settings, such as national parks, can cards oflocal scenes and events and sell them. Before this indicate geological or other environ men tal trans­ development, mass-produced postcards tended to fe ature fo rmations over time, as well as alterations made by only scenes of major attractions or those from larger cities humans. All manner of events are documented in that would attract the attention of the buying public.

40 TRACES W111ter 2001 I\o I t \ 1 Po\ r ( \ R >\I

RIGHT: Monument

Circle, Indianapolis,

Marion County. BoTToM

LEFT: Pigeon Creek,

Evansville, Va nderburgh

County. BOTTOM RIGHT:

Lake Galatia, Fairmount,

Grant County.

everal factors led to the postcard's popularity. be written only on the picture side of the card. By the Lime professional photographers were Depending on the picture, there usually existed making postcards of small-town scenes, mail ser­ little space fo r writing a message. Early postcards vice itself had expanded in the United States. had undivided backs fo r the purpose of holding only Rural Free Delivery had been established throughout the address and postage stamp. After March 1, 1907, most of the country, providing mail delivery to a much divided-back postcards were sold, allowing space fo r greater number of people than had previously enjoyed a message on the left half of the card's back. that service. Btief messages now could All manner of events are documented in the form of a be ent quickly to people in neigh­ boring areas. Prior to this, rural postcard-through both the picture it displays and the dwellers might venture into town once personal message written on it. a week to pick up their mail, but with the new ystem in effect, the postal service delivered the Until World War I mo t postcards were printed in mail on a daily ba is. Although local sending of post­ Germany. With the war's outbreak, American post­ cards may have waned once the telephone came into cards were usually printed in the United State . At general use, the increased use of automobiles fo r travel that time they also appeared with white borders around gave postcard a new audience as tourists sought ways the pictures to save ink, and the back sides included to communicate with fa mily and friends back home. more detailed descriptions of the image. From 1930 Postcards went through many design changes over to 1944, po tcards were often printed on paper with the years. Even if a postcard does not have a date high rag content, giving them the look of being printed on it and is not postmarked, its approximate printed on linen. This period wa al o characterized date of printing can still be determined by certain by the use of brightly colored inks. The modernpho ­ design features. For example, in 1901 the postal ser­ tochrome-style postcards, with which we are most vice allowed the words "Post Card" to be printed familiar today, fir t appeared in 1939. Postcard pro­ on the back in tead of "Private Mailing Card." duction decreased during Wo rld War II becau e of Until 1907 the postal service required messages to supply shortages but picked up again after the war.

TRACFS Wr111n 200 r 41 IVD I·I.VA Po�TC ..tR DS

AsovE: Millersburg, Elkhart

County. ToP RIGHT: Va ndalia

Station, Martinsville,

Morgan County. BonoM

RIGHT: Unidentified store ,

possibly Acton, Marion County.

Because the postage rate fo r postcards stayed the same for decades, design changes are more distinct reticulated grain useful fo r dating old cards than are the stamps pattern. Halftones do not provide as fine a detail as that may be affixed to them. During World War I the the others. Both real-photo and printed postcards can postal service increased the postcard rate to two cents, be either black-and-white or color. Early real-photo as a "war tax." Onjuly 1, 1919, it restored the one-cent cards are black-and-white but may be hand-colored. rate, which remained in effect until December 31, 1951. In today's world of cell phones and instant messag­ The postal service then raised the rate to two cents ing, it's interesting to see that matters of some urgency again and kept it at that amount until August 1, 1958. were relayed via postcard in the early 1900s. In the Postage rates have increased steadily ever since. 1910s, Anna in Indianapolis sent a card to a woman in Two basic types of picture postcards are real photo Greensburg regarding a culinary matter. Anna wrote: and printed cards. Real-photo postcards are actual pho­ "I wanted sure to ask you how you fixedyour shredded tographs, printed from a negative onto postcard stock mangoes and fo rgot it. Now I have my mangoes and paper. Many include a caption that was handwritten don't know how to fixth em. Wish you would write and on the negative, which was often glass; the caption tell me right away. " One wonders whether Anna received appears in white letters on the postcard. Real-photo the needed information before her mangoes spoiled. postcards date from the beginning of the twentieth In December 1909, Charley in Fairmount sent a century, but some are still made today. Printed postcards message to his mother in Marion: "Dear Mother I are photomechanically produced. Two common types am ready to come home now. " On July 26, 1910, of printed cards are halftones and collotypes. Mary in Speedway reminded Lillian in Westfield: These diffe rent typesof postcards can usually be dis­ "Don't fo rget my birthday 3rd of Aug." tinguished by looking at them under magnification. A view ofPerr ysville High School postmarked August Real photos have a smooth, continuous-tone quality, 23, 1917, carried the fo llowing typed message: "The whereas the printed cards will show a pattern in the New High School Building at Perrysville will be dedi­ ink. Halftones, which are the easiest to identify, have cated Aug. 23 1917, and you being a fo rmer student of an evenly spaced dot pattern, and collotypes have a 'Old Dist. No. 6' are not only invited, but commanded

42 TRACES w,, ter 2oo• / \ n I\\ I p 0' T (' I Ill).\ the addressee in Portland to "Please exchange cards." A woman in Shelbyville wrote, "A card friend gave me your address. I would like to exchange a fe w cards with you." A woman in Kentucky wrote on a postcard of the University of Notre Dame, "Dear Collector, I would like to exchange card with you. I have South Bend, otre Dame & L.L. card to offer." In 1963 a couple in Greensburg sent a postcard of the court­ house in Ve rsailles with the message: "Another Indiana CT. HO. For your collection." to be present; and don't di appoint us." Was the card Perhaps most interesting fo r history aficionados received before the evelll occurred? Did the recipient are the messages that provide ome news of the day drop everything and attend the event? Did people in or even the mundane details of life at the time. In Perrysville in 1917 not plan very far in advance, or was 1913 Ruth in Danville wrote to her grandmother in the low delivery the fa ult of the po t office? Hartsville that she and her roommate "have the nicest Postcards were u ed as advertisements to sell cloth­ room with electric lights." In 1954 a Chicagoan visit­ ing, insurance, paintings, and even postcards them­ ing Indianapolis wrote to his son, "Haircut here are selves. In 1913 a woman in Danville received a card $1.75, 2.00 crew cut." In 1955 a postcard from the from E. C. Brickert in Montclair with this offer: "Dear Culver Military Academy wa addressed to someone Madam, See Brickert 's Although local sending 0 postea ds may have waned once the Special Brand Coffee on sale next week at 15 cents telephone came into general use, the increased use of automobiles for per pound." The card travel gave postcards a new audience as tourists sought ways to carried a photograph of a man in a Brickert and communicate with family and friends back home. Clements delivery truck pulled by two horses. in Anderson with the fo llowi ng information: "The ometimes bu iness was conducted through son of the Pres. of Cuba is here in camp. There are postcard mes ages. The Boston Standiford several Cubans in Woodcraft Division I." and Bruni firm in Palmyra sent an urgent Several messages lead one to wonder or to imagine the me sage in July 1936 to the eals Candy worst. In 1910 an anonymous correspondent sent a post­ Company in Salem: "We are out of Wonder Fruit card from Indianapolis to a woman in Ohio, with an drinks." A 1917 postcard from Acton arrived in intriguing one-sentence message: "I was in Cincy Thursday London, Indiana, with the directive, "Bring me 2 but the police chased me out Friday. " That same year "M" bushel of pears if you have them." sent a card from Bourbon to a man in Ohio with this eva­ Even a subject a intimate as death became a topic sive message: "Well I suppose you know where I am by of note on postcards. On a 1920 view of Martinsville, this time, but really I could not tell you anythingwhen I po tmarked from Rushville, a woman in Laurel talked to you, so you will have to wait until I see you and learned of a death from her mother: "sorry to tell explain which will be soon as I am going home soon." you our friend Lizzie Myers dropped dead last night A postcard from Millersburg in 1917 read: "Was you about 7 Oclock will be buried Sat morningJoe is up out on halloween night-I and the re t of the kids there now doing all he can fo r poor old Frank." In around here were out we got in the school house and 1913 a woman in Illinois received a postcard of tore up I am not going to school this year. " Was this Crawford vi lle with this response: "Dear Cousin May, writer not allowed to go to chool because of the Received your letter bearing the sad news of Pherns Halloween mischief, or was there some other reason death . Poor children it wa sad fo r them to get home fo r not being enrolled? Clearly, thi person could have and fi nd their mother dead. Does the son still live in benefited from additional grammar-school education. Washington City and Flossy in Kan. Has Nate any rel­ A 1920 card fro m Clear Lake imply tates the ative he can get to keep house for him." quintessential postcard message: "Dear Bud-Having a Several postcards give evidence that people col­ good time. Wish you were here. Art." lected them as a hobby throughout the twentieth Barbara Qy.tigley is visual collections archivist fa r the Indiana century. In 1906 a card from Evansville tersely invited Historical Society 's Wi lliam Henry Smith Memorial Library.

TRACE W""" 200' 43 REM EM BER WHE N

MINT FARMING • zn Lakeville

Larita J. Killian

esidents of Lakeville, him that way. God also gave him nine Indiana, recently beheld a children, a life sentence to heavy toil. strange sight-doctors, One can only hope there were times lawyers, and Indian chiefs he considered it a blessing. For certain, in overalls. Wielding rakes . he entertained thoughts of having his "' and hoes amid mint plants, _; grown children around him in his old age. these bibbed warriors swore death to Standing between the house and barn one weeds and errant corn. No foreign fauna day, in a rare moment when he bothered to could be allowed to invade their pure Hoosier speak, he swept a wide arc with his arm, encom­ spearmint and pollute its oil. passing wood and field,and noted, "Yo u could put Mint farmers never had it so good. The team pro­ a lot of houses back there." But his dreams, so tected a single wagonload of Mentha spicata. Water faintly expressed, did not register with his offspring. bottles and lawn chairs stood ready while snakes, The daily diet of dirt, bugs, and boredom was more flying beetles, and dirt clods were kept at bay. This, persuasive. Endless hours in the mint fields made his after all, was a parade. Lakeville was celebrating its children yearn for an easier life. We all left the farm, centennial, and members of my family had gathered and most of us left Lakeville. Thanks to social and to portray the farmers we used to be. economic progress, we had choices my parents never During the mid-twentieth century, northern knew. My father left school after eighth grade, but Indiana was home to scores of mint farms. It was his children include a surgeon, a lawyer, teachers, old-fashioned labor, the kind that leaves black veins nurses, and a good imitation of a ative American in exposed skin where muck takes up permanent (my youngest brother worships Little Turtle). residence. My fa ther always had dark creases in A sl�w of bad years finally convinced my parents to his face, neck, and hands, even after scrubbing sell the farm in the 1970s. From the safety of today, for Sunday church service. God must have wanted it's fun to dress up in spotless overalls and playact the

44 TRACES Wi•ller 2oo< ABOVE: Clarence E. Rouch is surrounded by his children and local boys who worked on

the Rouch farm during the summer. BELow: Schematic diagram of a distilling unit. The

mint hay is placed in the distilling tub and heated by steam. The oil and water vapor

pass from the tub to a condenser, then to a receiver, where it is separated and the

oil drained into a storage drum.

farmers we used to be. The banner we carried in the our wagon rolled by the spectators, she bantered with centennial parade was legitimate: "The Clarence and them about how it reallywas those long years ago. Mary Jane Rouch Family-100 Ye ars in Lakeville." The farm did have its rewards. The dreary labor Rose Culp, a septuagenarian and popular town of June and July was a prelude to the main event­ figure, rode in the wagon with us-decked out in over­ communal mint distilling in August. Imagine: It' late alls and vintage hoe-because she once worked on my summer and the fireflies have retired fo r the evening. parents' farm. Of course, so did a good portion of the Giant wagonloads of mint await their turn in the cooker. boys from school and a few other young women, but The youngest children camper over and under wag­ many have moved elsewhere. Some have died. A major­ ons in a fe isty rendition of king of the mountain. Inside, ity of the people who turned out fo r the centennial you're working arm to arm and shoulder to shoulder remembered neither my family nor the many with your neighbors, tramping mint into deep mint fa rms that once draped the area in vats in the bowels of a steamy shed. More dirt, verdant fragrance. The more sweat, more community. whole town, however, It took five to six weeks to recognized Ro e. A distill our mint plus

SUPPLY

ORAG£ DRUM

BN-8502

TRACES W11iln 200 1 45 J\.1 !/I.FFA RMI/I..C

It took five to six weeks to distill our mint plus the crop from

neighboring farms. Sometimes m Othe Came down the lane and surprised the gang with ice ere . A few minutes' rest, then back to shoveling more coal and

stoking the boiler.

AsovE: A farmer removes

peppermint oil from a receiver.

LEFT: The mint-distilling unit at

the Rouch farm. The cooked mint

will be loaded onto a wagon and

taken back to the empty fields,

where it will be plowed under in

the spring.

the crop from neighboring fa rms. Sometimes my when she took home her first paycheck of thirteen mother came down the lane and surprised the gang dollars, prompting her mother to whistle and her aunt with ice cream. A few minutes' rest, then back to shov­ to observe that "Irma is not worth that much dough." eling more coal and stoking the boiler. We would force id I mention the suntans? Skin cancer had yet huge fo rks into the brown, steaming pulp and empty to enter the vocabulary. Tans were cool, and the contents of one sunken tub while cooking the con­ deep sunburns were sexy. When we were in tents of another. From Lakeville to Bremen, the D grade school, my mother patted our parched essence of spearmint and peppermint perfumed backs with vinegar. The liquid cooled and soothed the air. We joked that it "smelled like money." That our skin, even if it did make us smell a bit odd. We is, in the good years. Nature kept us humble. appreciated the basic science by which our sun burn Our most adventurous and ambitious friends joined us in the fields. My parents paid them the same wage as they did my sisters and me-fifty cents an hour. The world being what it was back then, my brothers earned more. My friend Irma Konopinski was nine years old

The author's sisters - fl'' Clarence and Mary Sue Delauter (left) Mary Jane Rouch Family � IOO Ye ars and Viola Woods wave to in Lakeville ea,

the crowd during a �::.-.-1 - I , parade celebrating

Lakeville's centennial.

46 TRACES Wi>�tcr 2oo< M I\I F.-\ u \I I\(; ,, ,,,,,, �

JQ fa rm. Because mint farming has all but disappeared ' from the area, however, few in the crowd knew. They seemed to accept u fo r what we were-aging CRIMPED OR5.:� RIVETED SEAM I siblings who dressed to celebrate our hometown, our fa mily, and a fa rm culture that is quickly fa ding. ,I 0 The Lehman's Mints we tossed from the wagon were -Q but fa int reminders of what used to be. LaritaJ Killian lives in Columbus, Ohio, where she teaches at Ohio State University. She has also taught at Purdue Univers ity and BalL Stale Un iversity and has written numer­ CRIMPED OR --R IVETED SEAM ous articles.

II \lOOP,_ 1»�.\ ltll . \ IWI I I. \\I \I 101� ":\ \T

,booo 00000 ooe:eoo � 00000 0000

L 1' 6"- CROSS SECTION OF CONDENSER SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF PIPES

became suntans, taking delight as the dead skin Lm: Details of a tubular peeled away to reveal a rich mahogany that lasted condenser used in through the fall. My poor fa ther-sometimes he'd distilling mint. RIGHT: come home to check on the plowing or to make sure Members of the Rouch we were weeding the correct fi eld only to be met family and Rose Culp by a passel of fi lthy, bikini-clad daughters. He'd (far right) wave from their mumble a few orders and slog away. That was not float as they celebrate how it was done on his fa ther's fa rm. their family's heritage of So the overalls we wore fo r the Lakeville centen- mint farming in northern nial parade were not authentic. The fe males in my Indiana. fa mily, however, no longer look so great in bikinis (some of us never did) . My brothers should have been shirtles and shoeless, and all of us should have been caked in Hoosier muck from head to toe. Without bugs and snakes, fi lthy hair, and clogged nostrils, it was hardly reminiscent of life back on the

TRA CS 1\!iu ltr 200 1 47 IMAGE S OF INDIANA

Wo od Ducks by John James Audubon Bornin Santo Domingo and educated in France, John James Audubon devoted himself to the study of natural history. Publication of his majestic The Birds of America began in 1827. The Indiana Historical Society 's William Henry Smith Memorial Library is privileged to own one of fe wer than two hundred sets of the folio edition of Audubon's colorful and accurate depictions of American birdlife. Image submitted by Susan L. S. Sutton, IHS coordinator, visual reference services A COMPACT DISC PRODUCED BY JACK GILFOY AND PUBLISHED BY THE INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESS

To order your copies, call the History Market at (800) 447-1830. On-line orders can be made at http:j/sho p.indianahistory.org. The CD costs $14.95. Indiana residents should include 6 percent sales tax with all orders.