Building a Nazi Europe Martin R. Gutmann Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15543-5 — Building a Nazi Europe Martin R. Gutmann Index More Information

Index

Action Suisse contre le Communisme , 34 conscription of ethnic Germans, 147 Adolf Hitler, SS-Division, 155 , 209 Corrodi and, 155 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für den germanischen Denmark, 140 Raum , 128 , 129n38 on desertion, 150 Arendt, Hannah, 12 Dutch fascists, 114 Auschwitz, 120 early life, 32 Austria, 48 , 78 , 127 Foreign Ministry and, 126 Anschluss , 98 on Germanic mistreatment, 101 , 154 Germanics on homefront, 159 Baecklund, Sigurd, 67n59 , 211 Heydrich and, 125 , 129 languages spoken, 68 Himmler and, 32 , 146 travels, 67 idea of Germanic corps, 146 Bakke, Jørgen, 114 idea of Swiss legion, 115 Balkans increasing Leitstelle’s budget, 122 Waffen-SS soldiers, 31 integrating volunteers, 100 Basel, 80 Jüttner and, 153 Belgium, 2n4 , 70 Kanstein and, 139 Flemish volunteers, 101 Kryssing’s resignation, 186 legions, 112 , 114 legions, 113 – 14, 144 , 147 Berger, Gottlob, 29 , 32n25, 32n26 , 32n29, Martinsen and, 141 , 143 , 191 32 – 34 , 38 – 41 , 44n73, 45n77 , 45n78, mistreatment of ofi cers, 156 44 – 46 , 47n82 , 50 , 50n93, 64n40 , 67, on NSDAP, 125 67n58, 90 , 101n42 , 104n55 , 115n107, on Scandinavian recruits, 101 115n108, 115n109, 119 , 121n6, on SS ini ghting, 121 123n12 , 123n13 , 123n14 , 124n18 , on Swedish ofi cers, 109 124n19 , 125n20 , 125n24 , 126n26 , Rauter and, 124 126n27 , 126n28 , 126n29 , 127n34 , recruitment, 32 , 39 , 51 , 147 128n38 , 140n90 , 140n93 , 141n95 , recruitment 1942, 156 142n102 , 143n104, 143n105, report on Wiking, 145 146n112, 146n113, 146n114 , Ribbentrop and, 127 147n116, 147n119, 149n1 , 151 , Riedweg and, 33 , 121 , 127 155n15 , 155n17 , 154 – 56 , 156n21 , Riedweg’s i ring, 178 156n22 , 158n29 , 177n5, 178n10 , Scandinavian visit, 126 189n45 , 191n52 , 207 Schalburgkorps , 143

225

226 Index

Berger, Gottlob (cont.) in Swedish Army, 65 – 66 Schwarz and, 122 – 23 at Tölz, 165 Sennheim and, 100 war reporting, 136 Steiner and, 102 Warsaw Uprising, 137 Vrang and, 155 worldview, 166 Waffen-SS expansion (1943), 178 Bormann, Martin, 127 , 127n32 , Waffen-SS reorganization 127n37 , 178 (1942), 146 Heydrich and, 35 Western Europe and, 122 – 23 Himmler and, 125 – 26 worldview, 32 Riedweg’s i ring, 177 Bergmann, Konrad, 80n126 , 159 Boysen, Bruno, 140n90 , 140 – 42 Berlin, 33 – 35, 48 – 49 , 50n95 , 67n58, Brandenburg, 193 68n69, 78 , 102 , 111n83 , 114n105 , Brandt, Dr. Rudolf, 124 125 , 127n33 , 136 , 136n75 , 139n87 , British India, 68 145n110, 154 , 183 , 185 , 189n45 , Brøndum, Henning, 188 191n52 , 209 – 10 Brüderlin, Kurt, 80n126 , 195 battle of, 2 , 25 , 167 , 193 dissertation, 80 Danish embassy, 111 worldview, 80 Document Center, 172 , 209 Büeler, Heinrich, 19n46 , 42 , 42n62, Humboldt University, 105 42n63, 48 , 48n87 , 48n87, 65n46 , military hospital, 182 67n61, 68n63 , 70n76, 77n108 , SS court, 57 , 191 77n110 , 79n121 , 79n122 , 80n123 , SS ofi ces, 18 , 131 81n128 , 134n63 , 153n10 , 163n47 , Swedish embassy, 171 , 182 194 , 197 , 197n69 , 210 visiting Swiss fascists, 98 early life, 65 Bern, 33 , 62, 93n10, 114n105, postwar, 200 115n106 , 210 socialist beliefs, 79 German embassy, 114 travels, 68 University of, 62 worldview, 70 , 77 , 80 Best, Dr. Werner, 13n34 , 138 , 140n93 , Bulgaria, 67 191 Burri, Franz, 127 Kryssing and, 185 Martinsen and, 191 Cernay. See Sennheim as Reich Plenipotentiary Chaco War, 69 Denmark, 140 Charlemagne, SS-Division, 194 Bircher, Eugen, 109 Chicago, 62 Birkedal- Hansen, Svend, 188 Clausen, Fritz, 84n136 , 114 Blomberg, Sibylle von, 34 Foreign Ministry and, 126 , 142 Blomberg, Werner von, 30 , 34n35 , 36, Freikorps Danmark , 112 36n46 Himmler and, 142 Riedweg and, 34 on Waffen-SS veterans, 142 Bolivia, 69 Clemmensen, Carl Henrik, 57, 190n46 Borg, Gösta, 65n50, 65n52 , 66n53, Concentration camp, 38n50 , 57 , 106n65 , 136n73 , 136n75 , 166n59 , 197n72 166n60 , 172n81 , 211 Buchenwald, 183 author, 170 Dachau, 38 , 38n50, 167 , 171 early life, 65 – 66 experiments on inmates, 130 on Greater Germanic Reich, 137 Germanics working at, 124 knowledge of Holocaust, 171 –72 historiography, 12 in Kurt Eggers, 135 Oranienburg, 69 reports on Sweden, 136 praise abroad, 61

Index 227

Copenhagen, 16 , 52, 103 , 151 , 178n9 , 182 , intelligence service, 17 185 , 187 – 88 , 188n40 , 190 , 208 , 211 interwar, 61 , 65 , 67 Freikorps in, 141 , 174 , 181 invasion of, 32 , 39 , 90, 93 – 94 , 97 Germanische Leitstelle , 124 military academy, 65 Germanische Leitstelle branch, 140 number of volunteers, 2 , 20 in invasion of Denmark, 93 policy on Waffen-SS enlistment, 89 SS recruitment center, 41 postwar, 8 , 54 – 55 , 196 – 99 Corrodi, Johann, 93n9 , 155 , 155n15 , recruitment, 115 155n16 , 155n17 , 155n18 , 155n19 , response to Freikorps , 113 197 , 197n69 returning SS veterans, 142 joining SS, 155 Riedweg visit, 126 in Swiss Army, 93 , 155 royal family, 8 , 65 Courland peninsula, 72 , 192 Schalburg and, 168 Criminal Orders, 108 SS and, 139 Czechoslovakia, 67 SS plans for, 141 unrest 1943, 176 D’Alquen, Gunther, 135 volunteers, 53 Damson, William, 123 war- time government, 22, 110 , 122 Danish Legion. See Freikorps Danmark Winter War, 71 Danish National Socialist Party (DNSAP), Der Führer, SS- Division, 155 52 – 53 , 81 , 84, 84n136 , 84n137 , Deutschland, SS- Division, 37 113n92 , 126 , 140, 167 – 68 , 187 – 88 Dolezalek, Dr. Alexander, 130, 130n45 anti- Semitism, 81 Dörfl er- Schuband, Werner, 102 , 102n46 election results, 84 Dutch Legion, 114, 114n101 ethnic Germans, 86 Freikorps and, 113 , 144 E.{…}, P.R., 81n129 , 84 , 94n15, 95n17 , Freikorps members, 113 , 145 95n18, 104n53 , 111n84 , 143n107, Germanische Leitstelle and, 142 143 – 44 , 165n54 , 170n75 , 173n86 , NSU youth organization, 57 , 141 181 , 201n87 , 211 postwar, 198 contact with Danish War Ministry, 111 SS and, 112 , 139 in Danish Army, 94 SA paramilitary organization, 142 DNSAP and, 81 SS plans to restructure, 141 during invasion of Denmark, 94 Waffen-SS and, 84 – 85 joining SS, 95 Darmstadt, 199n78 Kryssing and, 145 Darmstadt, University of, 62 mistreatment by German ofi cers, 154 Das Reich, SS-Division, 183 , 209 at Tölz, 103 , 165 Den Haag, Germanische Leitstelle , 124 worldview, 95 Denmark, 3 , 3n5 , 14 , 20n50 , 20 – 22 , 22n55 , Einsatzgruppen , 31 , 108 , 172 , 207 25 , 38 , 41 , 52 , 55 , 57 , 70n77 , 85 , Germanics knowledge of , 171 85n139 , 87n152 , 91 , 110n80 , 139 – 40 , Eklöf, Gunnar, 211 176n4 , 177n5 , 178n9 , 185 – 87 , 189n42 , atrocities, 172 189 – 92 , 197 , 201 , 208 at Germanische Leitstelle , 150 afi nity for German culture, 59 worldview, 55 Best and, 185 Eldh-Albiez, Wolfgang, 164 , 164n52 deportation of Jews, 57 , 177 England, 59 , 96 disillusionment among ofi cer corps, 95 interwar, 67 fascist movements, 81 , 85 –87 Eriksson, Stig, 135 German propaganda in, 132 Estonia, 2n4 , 67 , 123n11 in Germanic Europe, 169 i ghting in, 192 Germanische Leitstelle and, 119 volunteers, 147

228 Index

Federal Republic of Germany, 57 , 201 120 , 121n6, 133n61 , 144 , 150 , Finland, 60 , 64 , 70 – 72 , 97 , 154 , 195 163 , 169, 180 , 190 , 194 , 200n82 , interwar, 67 205 , 207 – 08 Swedish volunteers and, 90 area of responsibility , 118 , 153 volunteers, 147 Best and , 140 Winter War, 57 , 102 control of Ahnenerbe , 131 1st SS Brigade cooperation with Kurt Eggers , 135 Danish volunteers, 104 Copenhagen branch , 124 First World War, 70 creating all-Germanic courses , 160 Flanders, 41 creating Germanic political leadership legion, 112 corps, 159 – 61 Foreign Ministry, 98 , 105 , 118 , Denmark , 119 , 140 , 187 – 91 128 , 175 – 77 on desertion , 149 Clausen and, 142 DNSAP and , 142 Denmark and, 139 – 40 expansion , 118 , 121 – 22 Germanische Leitstelle and, 43 – 50 , 125 Foreign Ministry and , 43 , 125 legions, 146 Freikorps propaganda tour , 141 Norway, 122 funding , 23 publications, 134 Germanic conference , 138 tension with Germanische Leitstelle , on Germanic mistreatment , 102 , 154 126 – 27 , 139 Germanic National Socialism , 153 tension with SS-HA, 134 on Germanic populations , 128 work in West, 122 Germanische Gemeinschaft , 134 France, 59 , 70 , 73n91 on Greater Germanic Reich, 137 interwar, 67 , 73 guidelines for ideological training , 156 invasion of, 89 historiography , 42 Swiss volunteers crossing into, 155 increased budget, 122 – 23 war- time government, 110 Kryssing and , 184 Frank, Hans, 122 legions , 112 , 115 – 16 Freikorps Danmark, 8, 96, 111 – 12 , 144 , letters from troops , 133 155 , 210 in Luzern trial , 200 atrocities , 171 mandate for Germanic work , 127 combat effectiveness, 146 NSU and , 141 leave, 181 origins , 35 , 42 – 51 postwar , 201 placement in SS-HA , 45 successor ”Danmark” regiment , plans for Sweden , 187 173 , 188 on political soldierdom , 150 – 51 Freikorps Norge , 114 publications , 131 – 32 , 134 successor regiment “Norge,” 174 purging of ofi ce staff (1943) , 178 restructuring Germanic training , 152 Generalplan Ost , 44 , 120 , 120n3 , 205 RSHA and , 125 historiography , 19 RuSHA and , 130 German Swedish-language Schalburgkorps , 143 broadcast, 105 – 06 Sennheim and , 100 Germania, SS regiment, 102 sources , 18 – 19 , 119 origins, 39 staff nationalities , 21 Germanische Leithefte , 132 – 34 , 132n54 , on Swedish and Swiss legions , 114 133n55 , 133n56 , 133n57 Swiss academics , 116 Germanische Leitstelle , 13 , 18 , 19n46, Tölz and , 24 , 104 21n54 , 22n55, 22 – 24 , 28 – 29 , 33, training , 151 43n68 , 44n69, 44n72 , 44 – 46, 100n37 , volunteers , 5

Index 229

Western Europe and , 139 136n74 , 174n90 , 179n11 , 179n12 , Wiking magazine , 134 193 , 195 , 211 Germanischen Freiwilligen Leitstelle . See on Holocaust, 174 Germanische Leitstelle in Kurt Eggers, 135 Gestapo, 30n15, 34 , 36n46, 49 , 155 , 182, studies, 105 190 – 92 , 206 on Swedish-German cultural ties, 106 Goebbels, Joseph, 34, 34n37 travels, 69 Goop, Dr. Alfons, 136n73 , 212 war reporting, 136 Gothenburg, 63 worldview, 105 Great Depression, 62 Himmler, Heinrich, 1 , 5 , 11 , 28n10 , Greater Germanic Reich, 3 , 11 , 18, 31n22, 32n25 , 33n30, 33n33 , 31 – 34 , 138n81 , 150 34n35, 34n37 , 36n46, 38n50 , 39n55, Gröbl, Wilhelm, 48 40n56, 42n61 , 44n73, 45n78, 46n80, Gürtler, Dr. Josef, 129 , 129n40 , 129n43 47n82 , 38 – 48 , 48n87, 50n96 , 50 – 52 , 52n1 , 60 – 63 , 64n40, 64 – 65 , 68 – 70 , Hallas, Erling 72 – 73 , 73n92 , 74n94, 74 – 75 , 79n121 , anti- Semitic writing, 82 80n126 , 86 , 90 – 91, 93 – 94 , 98n28, worldview, 81 96 – 101 , 102n43 , 102n44 , 103n51 , Hamburg, 68 104n55 , 103 – 06, 106n63 , 110n80 , Hamsun, Arhild, 60 110 – 13 , 114n102, 115n107, Hamsun, Knut, 60 115 – 16, 121n6 , 123n12 , 123n14 , Hasushofer, Karl, 28 125n24 , 126n26 , 126n27 , 126n28 , Hausser, Paul, 6 127n36 , 127n37 , 119 – 30 , 133 – 34 , postwar, 201 140n93 , 141n95 , 136 – 43 , 143n105, Hedin, Sven, 61 145n111, 145 – 46, 146n112, 146n113, Helsingborg, 182 146n114, 147n119, 149 , 149n1, Helweg-Larsen, Flemming, 52n1, 52n3, 151– 52 , 154 – 56 , 158n29 , 161, 52 – 53 , 64 , 69n73, 151n4 , 190n46 , 169 – 70 , 176n4 , 177n5, 176 – 78 , 196n68 , 198 178n10 , 180 , 183 – 84, 184n27 , author, 65 , 69 , 135 186 – 87 , 191 , 194 – 95 , 195n64 , as head of propaganda Denmark, 190 196n68 , 203 – 06 , 208 in Kurt Eggers, 135 , 151 and academics, 27 joining SS, 52 asserting SS predominance, 126 postwar recollections, 196 – 97 Berger and, 32 prewar, 52 Best and, 140 travels, 67 , 69 Bormann and, 125 – 26 Hemingway, Ernest, 52 build-up of SS, 26 Heydrich, Reinhard, 27 , 34 – 35, 125n24 Clausen and, 142 assassination, 125 complaints about Germanic work, 123 Berger and, 125 , 129 creation of Ahnenerbe , 130 Bormann and, 35 Denmark, 188 as Deputy Protector of Bohemia and on desertion, 149 Moravia, 34 Dutch fascists, 114 Germanische Leitstelle and, 45 –46 expansion of Waffen-SS, 116 germanization of Czech territories, on Germanic conference, 139 125 Germanic preparatory courses, 158 plans for East, 121 Germanische Leitstelle, 45 – 47 , 118 Riedweg and, 34 – 35 guidelines for ideological training, 157 HIAG, 201 Hitler and, 127 Hillblad, Thorolf, 21n52 , 21n52, 105n59 , idea of Germanic corps, 146 105 – 06, 106n62 , 106n63 , 106n65 , ideological training, 152

230 Index

Himmler, Heinrich (cont.) Holland, 41 King Heinrich I as, 135 in Germanic Europe, 169 Klingenberg and, 161 NSB , 114 Kryssing and, 185 NSDAP and, 127 , 140 Kryssing’s resignation, 186 Waffen-SS volunteers, 21 leadership of Ahnenerbe , 131 war-time occupation, 22 legion ofi cers’ preparatory Holocaust, 1 , 34 , 37n49, 125 , 150 courses, 158 foreign complicity, 24 legions, 147 Germanics participating in, 174 , 207 Martinsen and, 191 – 92 historiography, 4 , 12 multiple appointments, 27 volunteer knowledge of, 174 on Wiking magazine, 134 Holocaust RSHA and, 18 plans for East, 120 recruitment, 51 , 104 III. Germanic Panzer Corps, 22 , 119 , 144 , restructuring SS, 40 169 , 180 , 183 – 84 , 187 , 192 Riedweg and, 34 – 36 , 40 – 41 , 45 , 178 Italy, 14n39 , 25 Riedweg’s i ring, 177 interwar, 62 , 67 on Scandinavians recruits, 101 Schalburg and, 142 Jacobsen, Dr. Rudolf, 44n73, 44 – 45 , Schwarz and, 123 130 , 132 – 33, 133n60 , 145n110, sources, 18 173n86 , 207 on SS ofi cer cadet schools, 103 Jäger, Dr. Erwin, 97n26 SS ini ghting, 50 , 124 , 126 , 153 , 158 in Swiss Army, 97 on Swedish ofi cers, 109 Jensen, Johannes, 60 Switzerland, 47 , 99 Juhlin-Dannfelt, Curt, 172, 172n80 Waffen-SS and, 1 Jürgenssen, Olaf, 33n31, 68n66 , 74 , Waffen-SS origins, 29 – 33 74n93, 183n23 Wehrmacht , 30 , 39 Buchenwald, 183 worldview, 26 – 29 , 32, 35 – 36 , 39 – 40 dismissal from SS, 183 Hitler, Adolf, 2 , 10 , 27n3, 30 , 56 , 103n51, early life, 68 115, 177 , 203 Jüttner, Hans, 40 – 41 , 51, 145n110, ascension to power, 26 146n114, 149n1 , 155n15 , 155n17 , Criminal Orders, 108 156n21 , 156n22 , 158n29 , 158 – 59 death, 195 Berger and, 100 , 153 Führer Decree A 54/42, 126 dismissing Swedish ofi cer, 155 Himmler and, 27 , 118 , 127 ideological training, 153 idea of Germanic corps, 147 legions, 114 as leader of Germanics, 157 Vrang and, 155 legions, 111 , 115 Norway, 122 K., Søren, xiii , 56 – 58 , 58n20 plans for East, 120 Clemmensen murder, 57 praise abroad, 60 – 61 postwar, 58 Ribbentrop and, 127 Kanstein, Paul, 139 Schalburg and, 167 Karlberg, Swedish Military Academy, 166 Switzerland, 99 Keitel, Wilhelm, 34 Waffen-SS and, 41 Keller, Dr. Max Leo, 50, 62n31, 62n34, Western Europe and, 14 64, 78n112 , 81n127 , 86n144 , 98n27, worldview, 28 , 108 , 120 100n35 , 197n69 , 210 Höheren SS – und Polizeiführer (HPuSSF), early life, 62 124 , 206 fear of Bolshevism, 98 Höhn, Reinhard, 138 joining SS, 62 , 100

Index 231

libel suit, 80 Lithuania, 67 travels, 62 , 67 Lorenzen, Lorenz, 145n109 , 159 , 159n32 , work at Reimahg , 62 171n79 , 178n9, 181, 186 , 197 , worldview, 62 , 78 , 80 197n70 , 211 Kiev pocket, 107 Riedweg and, 178 King Christian X, 65 , 94 , 110 Lundin, Kurt, 1n2 , 1 – 2 , 5 , 17n45, contact with volunteers, 111 174n87 , 187 King Heinrich I, 135 atrocities, 173 Kjellen, Rudolf, 28 Luther, Martin, 126n29 , 140 , 141n94 , Klagenfurt 142n103 SS ofi cer cadet school, 103 Luzern Trial (1947), 19 , 42 , 70 staging area Nordland, 101 Klaus, Karl, 49 – 50 Maag, Othmar, 48 , 48n87 , 81n128 Klingemann, Gottfried, 160 –61 worldview, 81 Knapp, Dr. Wilhelm, 73, 73n92 Magdeburg, 134 Königsberg, 182 , 184 , 211 Martinsen, K.B., 24 , 65n47 , 73n91, 74n94 , radio transmitter, 106 110n82 , 111n83 , 141n95 , 142n99 , Konservative Ungdom , 86 143n107, 142 – 44, 181 , 186 – 87 , Krabbe, Oluf, 170 187n36 , 189n44 , 190n47 , 190 – 91, Kretz, Åke, 63 – 64, 63n35, 63n39, 64n40, 191n49 , 191n51 , 192n53 , 192n54 , 64n41, 64n42 , 64n43 , 211 197n69 , 197 – 98 , 211 travels, 67 atrocities, 172 Kreuger, Hans-Caspar, xiii , 92n7, author, 135 137n76 contact with Danish War Ministry, 110 on Greater Germanic Reich, 137 in Danish Army, 96 joining SS, 92 disillusionment, 192 in Kurt Eggers, 135 early life, 65 – 66 languages spoken, 67 joining SS, 110 war reporting, 136 Kryssing and, 145 Kristallnacht , 37 languages spoken, 67 Kryssing, Christian, 70n75 , 95n19 , 96n21, as leader of Schalburgkorps , 187 – 91 113 , 113n93 , 113n94 , 113n97 , resignation, 191 145n109, 145n110, 145n111, return to Denmark, 143 159n32 , 171n79 , 183n26 , 184n27 , Schalburgkorps , 143 184n28 , 186n30 , 186n32 , 197 , Spanish Civil War, 73 197n69 , 201n87, 211 at Tölz, 103 appointed to Freikorps, 96 , 113 work in Denmark, 141 , 187 – 91 contact with Danish War worldview, 111 Ministry, 113 Mein Kampf , 108 death of sons, 184 Meyer, Heino, 92n8 , 104n56 , 105n57 , disillusionment with SS, 183 – 86 105n58 , 211 dismissed from Freikorps , 145 joining SS, 92 , 104 leadership of Freikorps , 144 – 45 Swedish-language broadcast, postwar, 201 105 – 06 trial, 95 Munich, 37 , 38n50 , 210 worldview, 70 , 96 meeting of Swiss exiles, 47 Kryssing, Karen, 184 Wiking staging ground, 102 Munk, Kaj, 61, 189n43 Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler , 29 murder of, 189 Liechtenstein, 20 Mussert, Anton, 114 , 157 Lindholmare , 85 , 86n146 , 86 – 87 , 105 Mussolini, Benito, 79n120 , 180

232 Index

Najocks, Alfred, 188 Paraguay, 69 Narva, 192 Paris, 68 Narvik, 93 Pehrsson, Gösta, 2n3 , 68n67, 183 , 183n25 , Nationale Front , 48 , 62 , 81 , 114 195 , 195n64 , 195n65 , 211 academic foundings , 87 Petergruppen , 188 , 190 – 91 election results , 84 Petersen, Olaf, 135 referendum (1935) , 87 , 97 Philadelphia, 62 Waffen-SS volunteers , 85 Poland NATO, 7 invasion of, 37 Nazi Party (NSDAP), 46 , 58, 76 , 128 Prague, 125 Germanische Leitstelle and, 125 SS ofi cer cadet school, 103 Nationale Front and, 98 Propaganda Ministry, 105 work in West, 122 Neergard-Jacobsen, Poul, 173 , 188 Quisling, Vidkun, 122 , 126 , 157 New Order, 8 – 9 , 54 – 55 , 180 , 202 , 205 , 207 Racial “sciences,” 27 foreign involvement, 22 Raeder, Erich, 93 historiography, 4 , 13 – 14 Rauter, Hans Albin, 124 , 124n17 , 124n18 , Night of the Long Knives, 29 124n19 Nikles, Alfred, 49 Red Army, 2 , 72 , 116 , 144 , 179 , 192 , Norberg, Kurt, 161n41 195 desertion, 181 – 83 atrocities against, 171 on political soldierdom, 161 in Battle of Berlin, 193 post desertion interrogation, 154 desertion to, 149 Nord, SS-Division, 195 executing surrendering Waffen-SS, 193 Nordland, SS- Division, 2n3, 13, 41 , 72 , in Finland, 64 101 – 02, 112 , 147 , 153 , 161 , 161n38 , Germanics view of, 170 175 , 183 , 187 , 192 , 194 , 195n65 , invasion of Soviet Union, 107 208 , 210 legions, 146 origins, 39 prisoners, 107 , 173 Tölz and, 104 Swedish interest in, 17 , 172 – 73 Nordwest, SS- Division, 116 Reichsministerium für die besetzten Norway, 38 , 41 , 64 , 64n40, 105 , 114 , Ostgebiete , 123 122 , 182 Reichssicherheithauptamt (RSHA), 13n34 , German occupation, 60 34 , 43, 45 – 46 , 121 , 125, 129n40 , interwar, 62 , 67 135n72 , 139 , 139n86 , 206 invasion of, 32 , 39 , 93 cooperation with Germanische legion, 112 Leitstelle , 125 NSDAP and, 127 , 140 Denmark, 188 Riedweg visit, 126 on Germanic conference, 138 Swedish volunteers and, 90 origins, 27 war- time government, 122 publications, 135 Nuremberg trials, 6 Riedweg and, 129 Nystrand, Folke, 65 role in Holocaust, 125 sources, 18 Operation Barbarossa. See Soviet Union: SS- HA and, 125 invasion of surveillance, 129 Oslo, SS recruitment center, 41 Reimahg , 62 Renthe-Fink, Cécil von, 109 –10 , 112 , Pan- Europeanism, 34 , 78 134n66 , 139 – 40, 141n94 Panoramaheim . See Stuttgart Reval, 184

Index 233

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 34 , 127 idea of Swedish and Swiss Berger and, 127 legions, 115 creation of Swedish-language incorporating volunteers, 90 broadcast, 106 increasing Leitstelle’s budget, 122 Hillblad and, 105 interwar, 34 Riedweg and, 34 Jacobsen, Rudolf and, 130 Riedweg, Dr. Franz, 19n46, 24 , 28 , 33n30, joining SS, 33 , 35 – 38 , 41 , 99 33n32, 33n33 , 33n34, 33 – 34 , 34n36, Kryssing, Karen and, 184 35n40, 35n41 , 35n42, 36n43 , 36n45, knowledge of Holocaust, 174 37n47, 37n48 , 37n49, 38n50 , 35 – 41, Kristallnacht , 37 41n58, 42n61 , 42 – 43, 43n68 , 44n72, Kryssing and, 184 45n74, 45n79 , 49n92, 44 – 50 , 73n90, legions, 114 , 144 , 147 78n114 , 78n117 , 90 , 104n55 , 109n77 , letters to, 133 115n107, 119 , 121n7, 122n10 , 126 , Martinsen and, 141 , 143 127n35 , 128n38 , 127 – 29 , 129n38 , mistreatment of Danish ofi cers, 181 129n41 , 129n42 , 131n50 , 131n52 , mistreatment of ofi cers, 156 133n59 , 134n62 , 134n63 , 134n64 , in 1940 campaign, 37 134 – 35 , 135n68 , 140n92 , 142n101, pan- Europeanism, 34 145n110 , 145 – 46 , 146n112, 147n119, plans for West, 108 150n2, 150 – 51, 153n10 , 155n19 , on political soldiers, 160 153 – 56 , 159 , 160n37 , 160 – 61 , postwar, 35 , 42 , 200 – 01 161n38 , 161n39 , 161n40 , 163 , as publisher, 134 174n89 , 175n1, 175n2 , 176n3, 177n5, Rauter and, 124 177n6, 176 – 78 , 178n10 , 178n7 , recruitment, 39 , 147 178n8, 181n16 , 186 , 195n65 , 199 , recruitment 1942, 156 199n77 , 201n85 , 210 report on Wiking, 145 Blomberg and, 34 , 36 Ribbentrop and, 34 Burri and, 127 Scandinavian visit, 126 conceptualizing Germanic Schalburgkorps , 142 corps, 145 Six and, 129 condemnation in Switzerland, 37 on SS racial standards, 101 Corrodi and, 155 SS rotation, 45 D’Alquen and, 135 on Swedish ofi cers to East, 109 Denmark and, 141 on Swiss incorporation into deportation of Danish Jews, 177 Reich, 99 on desertion, 150 Steiner and, 102 , 168 disillusionment with Germanic subordinates, 23 , 45 populations, 122 Swiss Anschluss , 98 early Germanic ideas, 128 Vrang and, 155 early life, 33 – 34 Wiking i eld visit, 145 as editor, 134 Wiking magazine, 134 employing injured Germanics, 161 working group on Germanic engaging authors, 118 area, 128 i ring of, 175 – 77 worldview, 78 frontline experience, 73 Riga, 192 Germanics on homefront, 159 Romania, 147 Germanische Leitstelle and, 22 – 23 , 42 , Rommel, Erwin, 180 44, 121 , 127 Rosen, Nils, 211 Heydrich and, 35 Rosenberg, Alfred, 122 Himmler and, 35 , 178 Russia. See Soviet Union idea of Germanic corps, 146 Ryden, Sven, 156 , 156n20

234 Index

SA (Schutzstaffel ), 26 Six, Dr. Franz, 129 SÄPO, 17 , 17n45, 19n49 , 21n52, 63n35 , Riedweg and, 135 63n38, 63n39 , 64n40, 64n41, 64n43, 6e roteln 65n50, 65n52 , 68n67, 69n71 , 72n86, intelligence service , 63n38 72n87, 85n138 , 92n8, 105n57 , Skorzeny, Otto, 188 105n58 , 105n59 , 106n62 , 106n63 , Sørensen, Per, 53n5 , 73n92 , 91n2 , 91n3 , 136n74 , 197n70 , 199n76 , 211 91n4 , 165n55 , 165n56 , 166n61 , Schaffner, Jacob, 135 166n63 , 166n64 , 167n65 , 171n78 , Schalburg, Christian, 8 , 24 , 65n48 , 173 , 173n84 , 173n85 , 181n20 , 189 , 68n65, 74n94 , 74n94, 84 , 102n45 , 194n62 , 194 – 95 102n46 , 102n47 , 102 – 03 , 103n49 , atrocities, 171 , 173 103n50 , 142n100, 142n99 , Dachau, 167 143n107 , 142 – 44 death, 167 , 194 as commander Freikorps , 167 joining SS, 53 , 91 in Danish Army, 65 at Tölz, 166 death, 141 , 187 worldview, 91 early life, 68 South America, 69 , 130 inl uence on Waffen-SS doctrines, 103 Soviet Union, 50 , 70 , 118 , 170 , 201 joining SS, 102 interwar, 67 leadership of Freikorps , 145 invasion of, 1 , 24 , 60 , 75 , 89, 91, 101 , mistreatment of, 103 107 – 09 NSU, 141 SS expeditions, 130 propaganda tour in Denmark, 141 in SS propaganda, 133 as role model, 141 Winter War, 60 , 71 Royal Family, 65 Spain, 63 on Steiner’s divisional staff, 102 interwar, 67 Winter War, 71 , 96 – 97 Spanish Civil War, 63 , 67n62 , 71n82 , 73 worldview, 77 , 168 Spanish Legion, 114 Schalburgkorps , 56, 143 , 191 – 92 SS, 2n3 , 2n4 , 2 – 3 , 6n13 , 6n14 , 13n34, build up and terror, 187 – 91 20n50 , 22 , 24, 26n1 , 29n13, 30n15, origins , 142 , 187 33n30 , 33n31, 33 – 35 , 35n41, 35n42 , postwar , 198 36n45 , 37n47, 37n49 , 37 – 38 , 39n54 , Schäppi, Benno, 42n61, 49n92, 72n84 , 41 , 41n58, 42n61, 43n68, 44n72, 92n5, 98n28 , 99n34, 135n69 , 44n73, 45n74, 45n77 , 46n80, 46n81 , 199 , 210 47n82, 47 – 48 , 48n87, 49n91, 49n92 , author, 135 49 – 51 , 52n3 , 57n17 , 57n18, 57n19 , joining SS, 91 , 99 58n20, 64n40, 64n42 , 66n55, 66n56 , in Kurt Eggers, 135 68n69, 68n70, 71n82 , 72n84, 73n90, postwar, 200 – 01 73n92 , 74n95, 79n122 , 92n8 , 93n9 , worldview, 71 – 73 100 , 100n36 , 100n37 , 101n38 , Schulze-Kossens, Richard, 178 102n46 , 102 – 03, 103n49 , 103n51 , Schwarz, Franz, 122 – 23 104n52 , 104n53 , 104n55 , 106 , Sennheim, 100 , 100n36 , 100n37 , 105 , 119 , 106n65 , 109n78 , 111 , 115n109, 160n33 , 194 121n5 , 123n11 , 123n13 , 124n16 , mistreatment of Germanics, 154 124n17 , 127n32 , 127n33 , 127n34 , Seyss-Inquardt, Arthur, 122 , 127 128n38 , 129n39 , 130n44 , 131n50 , Sicherheitsdienst (SD) , 34, 45 , 45n74 , 133n58 , 134n62 , 134n65 , 136n75 , 98n28, 98 – 99 , 130n44 , 139 , 188 , 137n76 , 141 , 141n95 , 142n100, 191 , 206 142n101, 142n102, 142n103, assessment of Switzerland, 99 143n104, 144n108, 146n114 , contact with Swiss fascists, 98 147n116, 151n5, 153n12 , 154n13 , Denmark, 188 155n19 , 157n26 , 158n27 , 158n30 ,

Index 235

159n31 , 160n36 , 160 – 61 , 161n38 , 119 , 132 – 33 , 145 , 147 , 153 , 157n26 , 163n46 , 163n47 , 163 – 64 , 164n52 , 159 , 160n37 , 160 – 61, 161n38 , 165n54 , 166n62 , 167n67 , 167n68 , 161n39 , 161n40 , 163n46 , 166n62 , 168n70 , 173 , 175n2, 178 , 178n8 , 169 , 175n2, 178n8 , 178 – 79 , 210 181n16 , 184n28 , 186n29 , 186n30 , curriculum, 162 – 65 186n31 , 187n34 , 187n35 , 188n40 , on Germanic mistreatment, 154 189n42 , 189n44 , 189n45 , 191n49 , Germanic political leadership 191n51 , 191n52 , 195n65 , 197n72 , corps, 159 – 61 204 – 05 , 211 Germanische Leitstelle and, 104 admission standards, 26 graduates in i eld, 167 – 69 Ahnenerbe , 128n38, 130n47 , 130 – 31 , about in letters, 165 131n50 , 138 , 209 on political soldierdom, 150 clampdown in Denmark, 176 Riedweg speech at, 175 and communism, 79 school spirit, 160 Crusade against Bolshevism, 75 SS-Ergänzungsamt , 32 Denmark and, 119 , 140 SS-Führungshauptamt (SS- FHA), 40 – 41 , disillusionment with, 5 45 – 46, 64n40 , 66n55, 101n38 , expansion in Western Europe, 122, 103n49 , 118 , 144 – 45 , 150 , 155 – 56, 127 , 139 177 , 206 – 07 funding, 23 area of responsibility, 100 , 104 , 153 funding from Reich Treasury, 123 on desertion, 149 in Germanic countries, 47 , 122 , 124 dismissal of Jürgenssen, 183 historiography, 4 , 12 – 13 dismissal of Swedish ofi cer, 154 ideological impulses from abroad, 91 i eld manuals, 153 ini ghting, 28 , 41 – 43 , 118 , 121 , 123 , Freikorps and, 145 126 , 129 , 153 Freikorps Danmark, 187 legions, 111 , 145 idea of Germanic corps, 146 –47 main ofi ces, 40 , 130 ideological training, 152 , 167 medical service, 68 Kryssing and, 183 – 84 as modern organization, 165 legions, 114 , 116 Norway, 114 mistreatment of Germanics, 101, 103 , occupation plans, 3 150 , 180 origins, 26 policy on concentration camp duty, 124 plans for East, 108 , 120 – 21 purpose of ideological training, 153 political soldiers, 24 recognition of Germanic ofi cers’ postwar, 25 ranks, 158 publications, 132 – 35 SS- HA and, 51 , 158 Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt , 34 , tension with SS-HA, 101 , 132 , 152 183n23 training, 151 Reichskommissar für die Festigung SS- Hauptamt (SS-HA), 18 , 29 , 32 , 40 – 41 , deutschen Volkstums , 121 45n77, 45 – 46 , 46n81, 48 – 49 , 101n38 , restructuring, 40 128n38 , 129n39 , 130n44 , 131n50 , RuSHA, 130 139 , 145 , 167n68 , 186n31 , 209 Schulungsamt , 153 complaints about Germanische sources, 16 , 18 , 133 Leitstelle , 123 Switzerland, 47 departments, 122 volunteers, 20, 37, 53 , 56 , 60 , 62 , 70 on Germanics’ ranks, 103 Western Europe and, 32 , 36 , 39 , 46 idea of Germanic corps, 146 – 47 SS Ofi cer Cadet School Braunschweig, ideological training, 152 , 167 74 , 103 integrating volunteers, 100 SS Ofi cer Cadet School Tölz, 13, 24, 66 , Kryssing and, 183 66n56, 67n59 , 68n70, 102 – 03 , 117 , legions, 144

236 Index

SS- Hauptamt (SS-HA) (cont.) fascist movements, 84 – 87 mandate for Germanic work, 127 German catalogue of political 1941 expansion, 45 enemies, 151 policy on concentration camp German hostile attitude toward, 154 duty, 124 German propaganda in, 106 , 136 posting Germanic ofi cers, 156 Germans invasion plans for, 182 purpose of ideological training), 153 intelligence service, 17 , 63 recruitment, 100 interwar, 61 , 63 reorganization 1941, 46 iron ore, 93 restructuring Germanic training, 152 knowledge of Holocaust, 171 Schulungsamt , 153 legion, 114 sources, 133 number of volunteers, 2 , 20 SS- FHA and, 51 , 158 offer of sending Swedish ofi cers to Switzerland, 50 East, 109 tension with SS-FHA, 101 , 132 perception of volunteers, 180 SS- Standarte Kurt Eggers , 118 – 19 , 133 , postwar, 54 , 56 , 198 137 , 151 , 164n52 , 179 troop trains, 105 staff nationalities , 21 Winter War, 71 SS- Verfügungstruppe . See SS, Waffen-SS Swedish Communist Party, 105 Stalingrad, 107 , 180 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Stauning, Thorvald, 94 (ETH), xv , 62 , 210 Stavåsen, Gösta, 179 – 80 Switzerland, 2n4 , 2 – 3 , 3n5 , 9 , 14, 21 – 22 , Steiner, Felix, 6 , 102n43 , 102n44 , 102n47 , 22n55 , 25, 41, 55 , 58 , 62 , 65 , 70 , 167n66 , 168n71 , 194 , 207 , 209 104n55 , 155 , 187 , 195 , 197 , 199, appointed to Wiking, 102 199n78 , 208 , 210 early career, 102 afi nity for German culture, 59 on Germanic Europe, 168 Anschluss with Germany, 47 – 48 , 98 Kryssing and, 184 ban on foreign service, 37 , 71 postwar, 169 , 201 clampdown on Frontists , 97 Riedweg and, 102 ease of illegal border crossing, 90 Schalburg and, 102 fascist movements, 48 , 62 , 81 , 84 , 87 Stenberg, Curt, 211 Germanische Leitstelle , 47 Stockholm, 63 , 65, 65n50 , 109 , 172n80 , intelligence service, 17 182 , 211 interwar, 34, 61, 67 – 68 , 86 German embassy, 104 , 182 legion, 114 Stuckart, Dr. Wilhelm, 138 medical personnel to East, 110 Stuttgart, 20n50, 49, 49n91 , 49n92, mercenaries, 71 50n94, 98n28 , 199n78 number of volunteers, 2 , 20 Panoramaheim , 49 – 50 perception of volunteers, 180 Sudetenland, 98 postwar, 42 , 54, 56 , 199 – 200 Supreme Command of the Armed Forces referendum (1935), 87 , 97 (OKW), 43 sources, 19 Svenska Frivilligakåren (Swedish volunteer volunteers, 49 , 53 force) , 70 Winter War, 71 Sweden, 3 , 3n5 , 14 , 22 , 22n55, 25 , 41 , 55 , 60, 64 – 65 , 69 , 70n77, 73, 85 , 87n152 , Terboven, Josef, 122 , 127 92n8 , 105 , 155 , 164n52 , 164 – 65 , 172 , Tibet, 130 177n5, 182 , 187 , 194 , 208 Tillman, Torken, 164 afi nity for German culture, 59 , 61 Tito, 183 deportation of Danish Jews, 177 Totenkopf, SS-Division, 145 , 183 difi cult geography, 90 Treaty of Versailles, 59 , 76 fascism at universities, 79 Tunis, 180

Index 237

Ulrich, Fritz, 135 Criminal Orders , 108 United States, 164 in Denmark, 140 interwar, 62 , 67 emphasis on discipline , 151 in SS propaganda, 133 historiography , 7 ideological training , 151 – 52 , 162 Vienna, 136 ideology , 31 Volksgemeinschaft , 82 internment of Danish ofi cers , 143 volunteers’ belief in , 79 – 80 , 83 in 1940 Western campaign , 89 von Westphalen, Graf Hermenengild, 187 Red Army prisoners , 107 Voss, Johann, 207 SS and , 26 Vrang, Carl- Olof, 154 Swiss medical personnel , 109 Waffen-SS and , 30 – 31 , 40 Waffen-SS, 1 , 4 , 23 , 25 , 53 , 97 Wiking and , 146 admissions standards, 31 , 66 Weichlin, Heinrich, 67n61 , 77n108 Battle of Berlin, 2 travels, 67 , 77 DNSAP and, 81 , 84 worldview, 77 early development, 29 – 30 , 37 , 39 Weilenmann, Friedrich, 68 , 98n28 expansion (1940), 39 work with SD, 98 on foreign ofi cers, 109 West Germany. See Federal Republic of historiography, 4 , 7 Germany ideological training, 81 , 151 Westland, SS regiment, 41 , 74 , 102 , integrating volunteers, 100 175 , 210 legions, 111 origins, 39 link to SS, 31 Wiking, SS- Division, 1 , 13 , 45 , 102 , number volunteers (1940), 99 134n62 , 147 , 153 , 153n12 , 161, 168 , Nuremberg trials, 6 168n70 , 180 , 183 , 192 , 194 , 197n72, ofi cer corps, 15, 19 , 62 , 70 208 – 09 , 211 origins, 1 , 29 atrocities, 1 , 173 postwar, 23 , 56 combat effectiveness, 146 recruitment, 32 , 104 desertion, 149 recruitment in Denmark, 110 early staging, 102 – 03 recruitment quota, 32 origins, 39 reorganization (1942), 146 as part of III. Germanic Panzer Corps, role in Germanic project, 3 , 118 144 , 146 , 169 Sweden and Switzerland forbid publications, 133 , 135 enlistment, 110 Riedweg visit, 145 Tölz and, 66 , 68 role in Barbarossa, 107 unit groupings, 31 Tölz and, 104 volunteers, 64 , 74 Winter War, 57 , 60 , 70 , 71n82, 93 , 156 Western Europe and, 55 Winterthur, 62 Wallin, Erik, 72n86, 72n87 , 72n88, Wipf, Eugen, 56 – 57 195 , 211 postwar, 58 joining SS, 72 Wohlwend, Viktor, 212 Winter War, 72 Wolff, Karl, 34n37 , 47 worldview, 72 Riedweg and, 34 Wannsee Conference, 35 , 125 Worsøe-Larsen, Bent, 144 Warsaw Uprising (1944), 137 at Tölz, 103 Wehrmacht , 2n4 , 29 , 29n13 , 38 – 39, 66 , 67n57 , 120 , 151n5 , 183 Zander, Dr. Alfred, 81 – 83 , 160 branch quotas , 30 Zurich, 16 , 48 , 62 , 65 , 210 command of Waffen-SS units , 146 University of, 87