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Integrated Pest Management of Hellula Undalis Fabricius on Crucifers in Central Luzon, Philippines, with E,E-11,13- Hexadecadienal As Synthetic Sex Pheromone

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Integrated Pest Management of Hellula Undalis Fabricius on Crucifers in Central Luzon, Philippines, with E,E-11,13- Hexadecadienal As Synthetic Sex Pheromone TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Department für Pflanzenwissenschaften Lehrstuhl für Gemüsebau Integrated Pest Management of Hellula undalis Fabricius on Crucifers in Central Luzon, Philippines, with E,E-11,13- Hexadecadienal as Synthetic Sex Pheromone Sebastian Kalbfleisch Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. G. Forkmann Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. W. H. Schnitzler 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. R. Schopf (schriftliche Beurteilung) apl. Prof. Dr. R. Gerstmeier (mündliche Prüfung) Die Dissertation wurde am 13.12.2005 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 23.02.2006 angenommen. Danksagung Bedanken möchte ich mich bei Prof. Dr. W. H. Schnitzler für die Überlassung der Arbeit und das Vertrauen, das er in mich gesetzt hat, indem er mir freie Hand bei vielen Entscheidungen gegeben hat, sowie für die Unterstützung sowohl aus der Ferne als auch bei meinen Deutschland Aufenthalten in seinem Institut. Vielen Mitarbeitern des Lehrstuhls in Freising bin ich zu Dank verpflichtet, sowohl den Wissenschaftlern, als auch den Gärtnern und nicht zu vergessen, den Sekretärinnen Frau Hanna Rebai und Frau Ina Rustler. Besonders hervorheben möchte ich hier Frau Dr. Gerda Nitz. Ihre Hilfe war unersetzlich. Die Arbeit wäre von Anfang an gescheitert, oder zumindest auf einer ganz anderen Ebene abgelaufen, wenn Dr. Frans Griepink nicht den Lockstoff synthetisiert und mir überlassen hätte. Ihm bin ich sehr dankbar und selbstverständlich allen Mitarbeitern der Pherobank der Universität in Wageningen, Niederlande, die mit E,E-11,13-Hexadecadienal zu tun hatten. Das Projekt wurde finanziert vom Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung“, BMZ, und unterstützt von der „Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit“, GTZ, denen ich hiermit meine Dankbarkeit ausdrücken will. Herzlichen Dank an den AVRDC, ohne dessen Initiative das Projekt vielleicht gar nicht weitergeführt worden wäre. Unterstützt haben mich von dieser Organisation so viele, dass ich gar nicht alle aufzählen kann, besonders möchte ich mich jedoch bei Dr. T. S. Talekar und Dr. L. L. Black für ihre Hilfe, ihre Versuchvorschläge, ihre Anregungen und vieles mehr bedanken. Danken möchte ich auch der Central Luzon State University, den dortigen Wissenschaftlern, vor allem denjenigen, die an dem Projekt beteiligt waren, Drs. T. und C. Aganon, Dr. A. Roxas, Dr. E. Marzan and Dr. L. Mateo, sowie dem technischen Personal und den Feldarbeitern. Ohne Lito Gregorio, unserem Sekretär und unersetzlichen Helfer in vielerlei Hinsicht, hätte ich es nicht geschafft, mich alleine auf den Philippinen durchzuschlagen. Ich bin froh, in ihm einen Freund gefunden zu haben. Viel Glück auf seinem weiteren Weg in Kanada. Dank auch meinem persönlichen Assistenten, Marlon Padilla. Seine Bereitschaft, mir zu helfen, hat nur noch Lito übertroffen. Große Hilfe fand ich auch bei Dr. Gerard Bruin, der leider die Philippinen viel zu schnell wieder verlassen musste und Dr. James R. Burleigh, die das Projekt teilweise vor Ort koordiniert haben. Meinen besten Dank, ich hätte wahrscheinlich noch viel mehr lernen können, wenn sie direkt vor Ort geblieben wären. Bei Dr. Burleigh und der Familie Bruin habe ich mich stets sehr wohl gefühlt. Allen Farmern, die mich auf ihren Feldern haben arbeiten lassen und Marlon und mich mit Essen und Trinken versorgt haben, schulde ich großen Dank. Die Gebrüder Puti und die Familie Flores werde ich nie vergessen, ebenso wie einige hilfsbereite Feldarbeiter, die trotz der Schwerstarbeit die sie täglich leisten, immer guter Dinge waren und mein Heimweh mit ihrer Lockerheit erleichtert haben. Meine Frau, Pia Priebe, hat in besonderer Weise meine Arbeit unterstützt, auch vom fernen Deutschland aus. Sie hat mich durch ihre Gespräche immer wieder motiviert, und dafür gesorgt, daß ich mit Elan weitergearbeitet habe. Ihr gilt mein ganz besonderer Dank. Zum Schluß noch Dank an alle, die ich mit dem Durchlesen der Arbeit, vor allem der Anfangsversionen, belastet habe, also Jan, Charly, Aref, Michi und meinen Vater, sowie allen, die ich jetzt namentlich nicht aufgeführt habe, die mir aber trotzdem halfen und an dem Entstehen dieser Arbeit ihren Anteil tragen. Acknowledgement In the first place I want to thank Prof. W. H. Schnitzler for giving me the chance to work on the subject and his trust in me, to give me a free hand on many decisions, as well as for his support from afar and at his institute in Germany. I owe many employees of the Chair in Freising a debt of gratitude, both the scientists and the gardeners and not to forget the secretaries Mrs. Hanna Rebai and Mrs. Ina Rustler. I like particularly emphasizing Mrs. Dr. Gerda Nitz. Her help was irreplaceable. This dissertation would have been failed or proceeded in a totally different way if Dr. Frans Griepink would not have synthesized the attractant and provide it for my research. I am very thankful to him and all employees who worked on E,E-11,13-Hexadecadienal at Pherobank in Wageningen. This study was funded by the „Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung“, BMZ, and supported by the „Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit“, GTZ, and in this respect I wish to express my gratitude to theses institutions. My sincere gratitude to the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, AVRDC, for initiate the ’Peri-Urban-Project’ and for continuing it from 2001-2003, despite obvious difficulties. I was supported by so many of this organisation, that it is impossible to name all of them. Special thanks to Dr. T. S. Talekar and Dr. L. L. Black for their support and encouragement. Many thanks to the Central Luzon State University, the scientists there, particularly the ones who took part of the project, Drs. Aganon, Dr. Roxas, Dr. Marzan and Dr. Mateo, as well as the technical staff and the field workers. Without Lito Gregorio, our secretary and irreplaceable helper in many respects, I would not have been able to fend for myself in the Philippines. I am glad to find a friend in him. Good luck for his further way in Canada. Many thanks to my personnel assistant Marlon Padilla for his support. His readiness to help me was only excelled by Lito. I found great help by Dr. Gerard Bruin, who unfortunately had to leave the Philippines far too fast and Dr. James R. Burleigh, both coordinated the project partially on-site. My sincere gratitude, I would have been able to learn many more things, if they would have been stayed longer on-site. I felt very comfortable with Dr. Burleigh and the Bruin family. All the farmers, who allowed to let me work on their fields, giving Marlon and me food and drinks, I owe a lot of thank. I will never forget the Puti brothers and the Flores family, as well as some field workers, who despite the heavy work they daily do, were cheerful and eased my homesickness with their cheerfulness. My wife, Pia Priebe, supported me in a very special way, even from the far away Germany. Through almost daily calls she motivated my work and ensured not to despair. Her is meant my exceptional thank. A big help was the proofreading of Jan, Charly, Aref, Michi and more than one time, my father. Thank you very, very much! Finally I devote this paragraph to all those I may have left out but who had helped me. Table of Contents _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 REGISTER OF TABLES---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 REGISTER OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 1 INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 1.1 General Objectives ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 1.2 Background of the Study: Malnutrition, Pesticide Use and Vegetable Production Needs in the Philippines -------------------------------------------------------------- 23 1.2.1 Malnutrition in the Philippines -------------------------------------------------------- 23 1.2.2 Vegetables as Source of Micronutrients---------------------------------------------- 24 1.2.3 Manila-Peri-Urban-Vegetable-Project ------------------------------------------------ 24 1.2.4 Pesticide Use in the Philippines ------------------------------------------------------- 25 1.3 Background of the Study: Chemical Ecology, Sexual Pheromones of Moth and Integrated Pest Management with Pheromones ------------------------------------------------ 27 1.3.1 Semiochemicals ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 1.3.2 Sex pheromones and moth: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Ecology of Sex Pheromone Behaviour of Moth-------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 1.3.3 Monitoring and
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