E: VEGETABLE CROPS VOL. 15, INSECTICIDE & ACARICIDE TESTS 89

CABBAGE: Brassicae oleracea var. capitata L. 'Rio Verde' R. K. Jansson, S. H. Lecrone, and J. Hernandez (9E) Diamondback ; Plutella xylostella (L.) University of Florida Beet armyworm; Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) I.F.A.S., Tropical Research and Education Center budworm; phidilealis (Walker) Homestead, FL 33031

MANAGEMENT OF LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS ON CABBAGE, 1989: 'Rio Verde' cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro- Mix) and direct seeded at the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center on 1 Feb '89. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72 inch center beds. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft long section of nontreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 6 ft alleyway. Applications were made on 3, 10, 16, 23, and 31 Mar and 11, 20, and 28 Apr using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disc type cone nozzles at 3 mph. All treatments were applied in water. The numbers of small, medium, and large larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DBM), parasitized DBM pupae, small, medium, and large larvae of beet armyworm Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/amt/article/15/1/89/4572489 by guest on 24 September 2021 (BAW), and small and large larvae of cabbage budworm (CBW) were recorded on 8 plants/replicate, on 7 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 24 plants/replicate using a scale from 1—6 (1 = no apparent feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined for each of 2 quality levels, ratings s 2 and £ 3. Population pressure of most lepidopterous pests was moderate to high. Treatments differed significantly in their effectiveness at managing DBM populations. Cutlass® OF (2.0) was most effective at suppressing DBM larvae and pupae, followed by Cutlass® WP (2.0). The lowest rates of both the WP and OF formulations of Cutlass® were considerably less effective. In general, most rates of both formulations of Cutlass® were consistently more effective than Lannate at suppressing DBM populations; however, only the 2 highest rates of the OF formulation and the highest rate of the WP formulation were consistently more effective than Dipel 2 X at suppressing DBM populations. In general, abundance of parasitized DBM did not differ among most treatments on most dates. Abundance of CBW did not differ among most treatments. Biological and chemical insecticide treatments were equally effective at suppressing CBW populations. Few BAW larvae were recorded on plants during the experiment. Damage ratings at harvest were lowest for plants treated with Cutlass® OF (2.0) followed by Cutlass* OF (1.0), Cutlass® WP (2.0) Cutlass® WP (1.0), Cutlass® OF (0.5), Dipel 2 X, Cutlass® WP (0.5), nontreated plants, and Lannate-treated plants. Based on damage ratings £ 3, Cutlass® OF (2.0) provided the best control (86.4% marketable) followed by Cutlass® OF (1.0), Cutlass® WP (1.0), Cutlass® WP (2.0), Cutlass® OF (0.5), Dipel 2 X, Cutlass® WP (0.5), nontreated plants and Lannate. Percentages of marketable heads dropped significantly when quality standards increased for assessing marketability based on damage ratings £ 2.

Rate Sample date Sum ()f Treatment (AI)/acre 8 Mar 13 Mar 20 Mar 27 Mar 3 Apr 18 Apr 27 Apr means x small DBM larvae/plant Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 1.4cd 4.4ab 1.8bc 0.9cd 0.2b 0.1 0.0 8.8 Cutlass OF 1.0 qt 1.7cd 4.3b 0.9cd 0.6d 0.2b 0.0 0.0 7.7 Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 0.4d 2.8b 0.5d 0.5d 0.0b 0.0 0.0 4.2 Cutlass WP 0.5 2.7abe 5.7ab 2.0bc 1.5be 0.1b 0.0 0.0 12.0 Cutlass WP 1.0 2.2bc 6.4ab 2.0be 0.6d 0.3b 0.0 0.0 11.5 Cutlass WP 2.0 0.8cd 3.3b 1.3bcd 0.8cd 0.2b 0.1 0.0 6.5 Dipel 2 X 0.5 2.6abc 8.9a 2.3bc 1.3bc 0.3b 0.0 0.0 15.4 Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 4.0ab 10.6a 3. lab 2.4ab 1.7a 0.1 0.0 21.9 Nontreated 5.1a 10.8a 4.7a 3.2a 1.3a 0.1 0.0 25.2

Bate x medium DBM larvae/phrnt Treatment (AI)/acre 8 Mar 13 Mar 20 Mar 27 Mar 3 Apr 18 Apr 27 Apr means Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 0.3b 0.4cd 0.9de 0.6cd 0.2c 0.0b 0.0b 2.3 Cutlass OF 1.0 qt O.lbc 0.3d 0.7ef 0.2e 0.6c 0.0b 0.0b 1.9 Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 0.0c 0.2d 0.3f 0.2de 0.1c 0.1b 0.0b 0.9 Cutlass WP 0.5 0.3b 0.6cd 1.6bc 1.2b 0.6bc 0.2ab 0.0b 4.5 Cutlass WP 1.0 0.2bc 0.3d 1.2cd 0.4cde 0.2c 0.0b 0.0b 2.3 Cutlass WP 2.0 0.0c 0.2d 0.5f 0.7bc 0.2c 0.0b 0.0b 1.6 Dipel 2 X 0.5 0.3b 1.2bc 1.8bc 0.8bc 0.4c 0.1b 0.0b 4.5 Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 0.9a 1.5ab 2.6b 2.8a 1.6a 0.4a 0.1a 9.9 Nontreated 0.9a 2.4a 3.4a 3.1a 1.5ab 0.1b 0.0b 11.4 90 INSECTICIDE & ACARICIDE TESTS, VOL. 15 E: VEGETABLE CROPS

Rate x large DBM larvae/plan Treatment (AI)/acre 8 Mar 13 Mar 20 Mar 27 Mar 3 Apr 18 Apr 27 Apr Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 0.1c 0.1b 0.7cd 0.6bc 0.7b 0.1 0.0 Cutlass OF 1.0 qt 0.1c 0.1b 0.3d 0.3cd 0.4b 0.1 0.0 Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 0.0c 0.1b 0.3ed O.ld 0.1b 0.2 0.0 Cutlass WP 0.5 0.1c 0.0b 1.4cd 1.1b 0.4b 0.4 0.0 Cutlass WP 1.0 0.0c 0.1b 0.7cd 0.5cd 0.2b 0.0 0.0 Cutlass WP 2.0 0.0c 0.1b 0.3cd 0.4cd 0.4b 0.0 0.0 Dipel 2 X 0.5 0.1c 0.3ab 2. lab 0.5cd 0.4b 0.1 0.1 Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 0.5b 0.3ab 2.4ab 2.1a 2.3a 0.3 0.1 Non treated 1.0a 0.5a 3.1a 2.6a 2.8a 0.0 0.0 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/amt/article/15/1/89/4572489 by guest on 24 September 2021

Rate x total DBM larvae/plant Treatment (AI)/acre 8 Mar 13 Mar 20 Mar 27 Mar 3 Apr 18 Apr 27 Apr means Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 1.8cd 4.9bcd 3.3de 2. led Lib 0.1 0.0 13.3 Cutlass OF 1.0 qt 1.9cd 4.7cd 2.0ef Lie 1.2b 0.1 0.0 11.2 Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 0.4e 3. Id l.lf 0.8e 0.2b 0.2 0.0 5.8 Cutlass WP 0.5 3.2bc 6.3bcd 4.9cd 3.8b Lib 0.6 0.0 19.9 Cutlass WP 1.0 2.4cd 6.8abc 3.9cd 1.5de 0.7b 0.1 0.0 15.4 Cutlass WP 2.0 0.9de 3.5cd 2. If 1.8cd 0.7b 0.1 0.0 9.1 Dipel 2 X 0.5 3.0bc 10.4ab 6.2bc 2.6bc Lib 0.2 0.1 23.6 Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 5.5ab 12.4ab 8.8ab 7.2a 5.6a 0.8 0.2 40.5 Nontreated 7.0a 13.7a 11.3a 8.9a 5.6a 0.2 0.0 46.7

Rate x DBM pupae/plant Treatment (AI)/acre 8 Mar 13 Mar 20 Mar 27 Mar 3 Apr 18 Apr 27 Apr means

Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 0.1b 0.2 0.2cd 0.4bc 0.6b 0.1 0.1 1.7 Cutlass OF 1.0 qt 0.0b 0.0 0.3bcd 0.2c 0.4b 0.1 0.0 1.0 Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 0.0b 0.0 0.2cd 0.1c 0.2b 0.0 0.0 0.5 Cutlass WP 0.5 0.1b 0.0 0.3bcd 0.5bc 0.5b 0.0 0.0 1.4 Cutlass WP 1.0 0.0b 0.1 0.4bcd 0.3c 0.4b 0.0 0.0 1.2 Cutlass WP 2.0 0.0b 0.1 0.2d 0.3cb 0.4b 0.0 0.0 1.0 Dipel 2 X 0.5 0.1b 0.0 0.8ab 0.3bc 0.5b 0.0 0.0 1.7 Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 0.5a 0.2 0.7bc 0.7b 2.6a 0.2 0.1 5.0 Nontreated 0.4a 0.2 1.7a 2.1a 2.7a 0.1 0.2 7.4

Rate i DBM parasitized pupae/pl ant Treatment (AI)/acre 8 Mar 13 Mar 20 Mar 27 Mar 3 Apr 18 Apr 27 Apr means Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4b 0.2 0.0c O.lbc 1.0 Cutlass OF 1.0 qt 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1b 0.0 0.1c 0.0c 0.6 Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0b 0.1 0.0c 0.0c 0.3 Cutlass WP 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2b 0.4 0.1c 0.3abc 1.1 Cutlass WP 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6ab 0.2 0.1c 0.1c 1.1 Cutlass WP 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0b 0.2 0.2c 0.2abe 0.6 Dipel 2 X 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4ab 0.6 0.2e O.lbc 1.6 Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9ab 1.2 1.0a 0.6ab 4.3 Nontreated 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.9a 2.9 0.5b 0.6a 6.8 E: VEGETABLE CROPS VOL. 15, INSECTICIDE & ACARICIDE TESTS 91

Rate x toi:a i (JBW larvae/prain t Treatment (AI)/acre 8 Mar 13 Mar 20 Mar 27 Mar 3 Apr 18 Apr 27 Apr means x total CBW larvae/plant Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0b 0.1b 0.3b 0.2b 0.8 Cutlass OF 1.0 qt 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1b 0.1b 0.2b 0.1b 0.6 Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0b 0.0b 0.1b 0.0b 0.2 Cutlass WP 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0b 0.1b 0.2b 0.1b 0.5 Cutlass WP 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0b 0.1b 0.3b 0.1b 0.5 Cutlass WP 2.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0b 0.1b 0.1b 0.1b 0.4 Dipel 2 X 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0b 0.2b 0.6

0.2b 0.2b Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/amt/article/15/1/89/4572489 by guest on 24 September 2021 Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0b 0.0b 0.2b 0.2b 0.4 Nontreated 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2a 0.8a 0.7a 1.0a 3.0

Damage % marketable heads rating 8 May <3 £ 2 Cutlass OF 0.5 qt 3.2(01.)bcd 70.8(4.7)bcd 14.6(3.6)abc Cutlass OF 1.0 qt 2.9(0. l)ef 80.2(4. l)ab 30.2(4.7)ab Cutlass OF 2.0 qt 2.8(0. l)f 86.4(3.5)a 33.3(4.8)a Cutlass WP 0.5 3.4(0. l)b 59.4(d) 22.9(1.5)c Cutlass WP 1.0 3.1(0. l)cde 78.1(4.2)bc 11.4(3.3)abc Cutlass WP 2.0 3.0(0. l)def 75.0(4.4)ab 29.2(4.7)ab Dipel 2 X 0.5 3.3(0. l)bc 62.5(5.0)cd 8.3(2.8)bc Lannate 1.8 L 0.9 4.1(0.1)a 19.8(4. l)e 0.0(0.0)c Nontreated 4.0(0. l)a 23.9(4.4)e 0.0(0.0)c Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05; Waller-Duncan K — ratio t — test). Insect counts were transformed to In (x + 1) and percentages of marketable heads were transformed to the arcsine to stabilize error variance. Nontransformed means are presented.

CABBAGE: Brassicae oleracea var. capitata L. 'Rio Verde' R. K. Jansson, S. H. Lecrone, and J. Hernandez (10E) Diamondback moth; Plutella xylostella (L.) University of Florida Beet armyworm; Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) I.F.A.S., Tropical Research and Education Center Cabbage budworm; Hellula phidilealis (Walker) Homestead, FL 33031

MANAGEMENT OF LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS ON CABBAGE, 1989: 'Rio Verde' cabbage seeds were direct seeded at the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center on 22 Dec '88. Plants were spaced 1 ft within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72 inch-center beds. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft long section of nontreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 6 ft alleyway. Efficacy and residual activity of CME 13406 (0.03 lbs [AI]/acre) were evaluated using 3 treatment strategies; applications made weekly for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter; applications made at 2 wk intervals until heading and then judiciously thereafter; and applications made once before and at heading and at 3 wk intervals thereafter. These were compared to applications of CME 13406 + Dipel 2 X (0.5 lbs/acre) made at 2 wk intervals before heading and weekly thereafter, Lannate (0.9 lbs [AI]/acre) + Dipel 2 X (0.5 lbs/acre) applied weekly, and nontreated plants. Weekly applications of Lannate + Dipel were made on 9 dates (2, 9, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied weekly for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter were made on six dates (2, 9, and 17 Feb, and 2, 16, and 30 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied at 2 wk intervals until heading and then applied judiciously thereafter with and without Dipel 2 X were made on 6 dates (2, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 16, and 23 Mar). Treatments of CME 13406 applied once before and at heading and at 3 wk intervals thereafter were made on 3 dates (2 and 24 Feb, and 16 Mar). Applications were made using a tractor-mounted single- bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disc disc type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The numbers of small, medium, and large larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DBM), parasitized DBM pupae, beet armyworm (BAW) larvae, and cabbage budworm (CBW) larvae were recorded on 8 plants/replicate on 10 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 8 plants/replicate on 27 Mar and 2 Apr, and on 24 plants/replicate at harvest (4 Apr), using a scale from 1—6 (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined for ratings s 3. Population pressure of DBM was high. Treatments differed significantly in their effectiveness at managing DBM populations. Applications of CME 13406 made at weekly intervals for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter provided the best control followed by applications of CME 13406 + Dipel 2 X made at 2 wk intervals until heading and then judiciously thereafter. Applications of CME 13406 made once before and at heading, and once after heading resulted in poor control of DBM populations. Few parasitized DBM were recorded on plants. Similarly, few CBW and BAW larvae were found on treated and nontreated plants. Damage ratings were lowest on plants treated with CME 13406 at weekly intervals for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter. Plants treated with 3 applications of CME 13406 had higher damage ratings than plants treated with other control strategies. Percentages of marketable heads were low due to unseasonably high DBM population pressure. Plants treated with CME 13406 at weekly intervals for 3 wk and then at 2 wk intervals thereafter, CME 13406 + Dipel 2 X at 2 wk intervals until heading and then judiciously thereafter, and Lannate + Dipel 2 X applied weekly produced the highest percentages of marketable heads.