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Mikhail Gorbachev and the NATO Enlargement Debate: Then and Now 443
Mikhail Gorbachev and the NATO Enlargement Debate: Then and Now 443 Chapter 19 Mikhail Gorbachev and the NATO Enlargement Debate: Then and Now Pavel Palazhchenko The purpose of this chapter is to bring to the attention of research- ers materials relating to the antecedents of NATO enlargement that have not been widely cited in ongoing discussions. In the debate on NATO enlargement, both in Russia and in the West, the issue of the “assurances on non-enlargement of NATO” giv- en to Soviet leaders and specifically Mikhail Gorbachev in 1989-1990 has taken center stage since the mid-1990s. The matter is discussed not just by scholars, journalists and other non-policy-makers but also by major political figures, particularly in Russia, including President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov. In the West, there has recently been renewed interest in the subject following the publi- cation of some declassified material by the National Security Archive, a Washington, D.C., non-profit organization with a somewhat mislead- ing name. While some of the aspects of the discussion of the “assurances” are similar in Russia and the West (conflation of fact and opinion, of bind- ing obligations and remarks relating to expectation or intent) the sub- text is different. In Russia most commentators accuse Gorbachev of being gullible and naïve and blithely accepting the assurances instead of demanding a binding legal guarantee of non-enlargement. In the West, the subtext is more often of the West’s bad faith in breaking what is supposed to be an informal “pledge of non-enlargement” given to Gor- bachev. -
Tact in Translation Negotiating Trust by the Russian Interpreter, at Home
Tact in Translation Negotiating trust by the Russian interpreter, at home and abroad Eline Helmer University College London Anthropology of Russia and Interpreting Prof Anne White Dr Seth Graham Declaration I, Eline Helmer, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Eline Helmer 2 Abstract Being the only conversational participant with the ability to follow both sides of a cross- linguistic dialogue gives the interpreter the power to obscure or clarify. Because of heightened mutual dependency, all interpreters need trust to perform their roles. They actively build trust, both between self and client and between clients. In academic linguistic contexts, trust is often regarded as based on impartiality: the more objective and invisible the interpreter, the better and more professional he or she will be. In practice, this approach is not always possible, or desirable. The trust relationship between client and interpreter can also be based on closeness and personal interdependence. Interpreting po-chelovecheski (lit. ‘approaching someone in a humane way’) is a colloquial way for Russian interpreters to describe this approach. This thesis explores the negotiation of trust by Russian interpreters. The Russian translation market’s unregulated character, and historical framing of ‘the foreigner’ as someone to be protected and mistrusted, make for an interesting case to study face-to-face interpreting at all levels of the international dialogue. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with interpreters from St Petersburg, Moscow and Pskov, I argue that becoming ‘someone’s voice’ presents a specific caring relationship. -
Mikhail Gorbachev's Speech in Murmansk at the Ceremonial Meeting on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star to the City of Murmansk
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV'S SPEECH IN MURMANSK AT THE CEREMONIAL MEETING ON THE OCCASION OF THE PRESENTATION OF THE ORDER OF LENIN AND THE GOLD STAR TO THE CITY OF MURMANSK Murmansk, 1 Oct. 1987 Indeed, the international situation is still complicated. The dangers to which we have no right to turn a blind eye remain. There has been some change, however, or, at least, change is starting. Certainly, judging the situation only from the speeches made by top Western leaders, including their "programme" statements, everything would seem to be as it was before: the same anti-Soviet attacks, the same demands that we show our commitment to peace by renouncing our order and principles, the same confrontational language: "totalitarianism", "communist expansion", and so on. Within a few days, however, these speeches are often forgotten, and, at any rate, the theses contained in them do not figure during businesslike political negotiations and contacts. This is a very interesting point, an interesting phenomenon. It confirms that we are dealing with yesterday's rhetoric, while real- life processes have been set into motion. This means that something is indeed changing. One of the elements of the change is that it is now difficult to convince people that our foreign policy, our initiatives, our nuclear-free world programme are mere "propaganda". A new, democratic philosophy of international relations, of world politics is breaking through. The new mode of thinking with its humane, universal criteria and values is penetrating diverse strata. Its strength lies in the fact that it accords with people's common sense. -
Embargoed Until
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: Ashley Berke Senior Public Relations Manager 215.409.6693 [email protected] MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO RECEIVE 2008 LIBERTY MEDAL AT THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION CENTER Award to be presented by President George H.W. Bush Philadelphia, PA – The National Constitution Center’s 2008 Liberty Medal will be awarded to former Soviet leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev for his courageous role in ending the dangerous, decades-long Cold War and in giving hope and freedom to millions who lived behind the Iron Curtain. The public Liberty Medal ceremony will take place on Thursday, September 18, 2008, at the National Constitution Center on Independence Mall in Historic Philadelphia, and will set the stage for international commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 2009. “This year’s ceremony will be a memorable tribute to a revolutionary thinker with courage and conviction who believed in the power of liberty and openness,” said National Constitution Center President and CEO Joseph M. Torsella. “Mikhail Gorbachev is someone who truly changed the course of history, and we are honored to recognize him.” “During the Cold War, Gorbachev helped replace confrontation with negotiation and established a new climate between East and West,” said Torsella. “He bravely opened the doors of Soviet society to the winds of freedom and change, and he continues to be a voice for an open society today. His vision and strength were central to bringing about a peaceful end to the Cold War, and his remarkable leadership has led to profound and lasting consequences for our nations and for all people who treasure liberty.” This took both vision and courage. -
Timeline of the Cold War
Timeline of the Cold War 1945 Defeat of Germany and Japan February 4-11: Yalta Conference meeting of FDR, Churchill, Stalin - the 'Big Three' Soviet Union has control of Eastern Europe. The Cold War Begins May 8: VE Day - Victory in Europe. Germany surrenders to the Red Army in Berlin July: Potsdam Conference - Germany was officially partitioned into four zones of occupation. August 6: The United States drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (20 kiloton bomb 'Little Boy' kills 80,000) August 8: Russia declares war on Japan August 9: The United States drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (22 kiloton 'Fat Man' kills 70,000) August 14 : Japanese surrender End of World War II August 15: Emperor surrender broadcast - VJ Day 1946 February 9: Stalin hostile speech - communism & capitalism were incompatible March 5 : "Sinews of Peace" Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchill - "an "iron curtain" has descended on Europe" March 10: Truman demands Russia leave Iran July 1: Operation Crossroads with Test Able was the first public demonstration of America's atomic arsenal July 25: America's Test Baker - underwater explosion 1947 Containment March 12 : Truman Doctrine - Truman declares active role in Greek Civil War June : Marshall Plan is announced setting a precedent for helping countries combat poverty, disease and malnutrition September 2: Rio Pact - U.S. meet 19 Latin American countries and created a security zone around the hemisphere 1948 Containment February 25 : Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia March 2: Truman's Loyalty Program created to catch Cold War -
PERESTROIKA PROPAGANDA in the SOVIET FOREIGN PRESS by Matthew Brown
CONTRIBUTOR BIO MATTHEW BROWN graduated from Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo in June of 2013 with a Bachelor of Arts in History and a minor in Geography & Anthropology. His academic in- terests include the Cold War, the Soviet Union, and revolutionary political theory. Matthew is currently working as a substitute teacher while pursuing a Social Science teaching credential at CSU Long Beach, and is exploring his op- tions for teaching English abroad next school year. He plans on pursuing a Master’s degree in Russian and/or Eastern European history, and would like to eventually teach at the uni- versity level. ECHOES OF A DYING STATE: PERESTROIKA PROPAGANDA IN THE SOVIET FOREIGN PRESS By Matthew Brown “Perestroika means mass initiative. It is the comprehensive devel- opment of democracy, socialist self-government, encouragement of initiative and creative endeavor, improved order and discipline, more glasnost, criticism and self-criticism in all spheres of our society. It is utmost respect for the individual and consideration for personal dignity.”230 The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of one of the most tumultuous and volatile periods in modern history. The Soviet Union was not destroyed by a foreign military invasion, nor was it torn apart by civil war. The events that resulted in one of the most powerful countries the world has ever seen literally signing itself out of existence were official government policy, heavily promoted by the Communist Party as the pinnacle of Soviet ideology, and praised by the Soviet intelligentsia as a clear path to a prosperous society. The perestroika and glasnost reforms, instituted under Mikhail Gorbachev, represent the final 230 Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 34. -
Mikhail Gorbachev and His Role in the Peaceful Solution of the Cold War
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2011 Mikhail Gorbachev and His Role in the Peaceful Solution of the Cold War Natalia Zemtsova CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/49 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Mikhail Gorbachev and His Role in the Peaceful Solution of the Cold War Natalia Zemtsova May 2011 Master’s Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of International Affairs at the City College of New York Advisor: Jean Krasno ABSTRACT The role of a political leader has always been important for understanding both domestic and world politics. The most significant historical events are usually associated in our minds with the images of the people who were directly involved and who were in charge of the most crucial decisions at that particular moment in time. Thus, analyzing the American Civil War, we always mention the great role and the achievements of Abraham Lincoln as the president of the United States. We cannot forget about the actions of such charismatic leaders as Adolf Hitler, Josef Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin D. Roosevelt when we think about the brutal events and the outcome of the World War II. Or, for example, the Cuban Missile Crisis and its peaceful solution went down in history highlighting roles of John F. -
The Kgb's Image-Building Under
SPREADING THE WORD: THE KGB’S IMAGE-BUILDING UNDER GORBACHEV by Jeff Trimble The Joan Shorenstein Center PRESS ■ POLI TICS Discussion Paper D-24 February 1997 ■ PUBLIC POLICY ■ Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government INTRODUCTION The KGB, under many different sets of graduate student at the Pushkin Russian Lan- initials, evokes frightening memories of the guage Institute in Moscow during the 1979-80 Soviet period of Russian history. A garrison academic year, later as Moscow correspondent state within a state, it provided the terror that for U.S. News & World Report from 1986 to glued the Soviet Union into a unitary force for 1991, Trimble observed the changes not just in evil. Few bucked the system, and dissent was the old KGB but in the old Soviet Union and, in limited, for the most part, to whispers over this paper, based on his own research, he ex- dinner or under the sheets. Millions were herded plains their significance. At a time in American into the communist version of concentration life when we seem to be largely indifferent to the camps, or transported to Siberia, or simply rest of the world, we are indebted to Trimble for executed for crimes no more serious than having his reminder that the past is not too far removed the wrong economic or ideological pedigree. from the present. The KGB, by its brutal behavior, came to be The question lurking between the lines is identified throughout the world with the Soviet whether the changes in image are in fact system of government. When the system, with changes in substance as well. -
The Importance of Osthandel: West German-Soviet Trade and the End of the Cold War, 1969-1991
The Importance of Osthandel: West German-Soviet Trade and the End of the Cold War, 1969-1991 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Charles William Carter, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Professor Carole Fink, Advisor Professor Mansel Blackford Professor Peter Hahn Copyright by Charles William Carter 2012 Abstract Although the 1970s was the era of U.S.-Soviet détente, the decade also saw West Germany implement its own form of détente: Ostpolitik. Trade with the Soviet Union (Osthandel) was a major feature of Ostpolitik. Osthandel, whose main feature was the development of the Soviet energy-export infrastructure, was part of a broader West German effort aimed at promoting intimate interaction with the Soviets in order to reduce tension and resolve outstanding Cold War issues. Thanks to Osthandel, West Germany became the USSR’s most important capitalist trading partner, and several oil and natural gas pipelines came into existence because of the work of such firms as Mannesmann and Thyssen. At the same time, Moscow’s growing emphasis on developing energy for exports was not a prudent move. A lack of economic diversification resulted, a development that helped devastate the USSR’s economy after the oil price collapse of 1986 and, in the process, destabilize the communist bloc. Against this backdrop, the goals of some West German Ostpolitik advocates—especially German reunification and a peaceful resolution to the Cold War—occurred. ii Dedication Dedicated to my father, Charles William Carter iii Acknowledgements This project has been several years in the making, and many individuals have contributed to its completion. -
Waterways of Russia St
Waterways of Russia St. Petersburg ◆ Moscow Cruising aboard the Deluxe Volga Dream Featuring Guest Speaker Pavel Palazhchenko Interpreter and Advisor for former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev July 18 to 29, 2020 E Y DEC MBER E B 1 V 3, R 2 E 0 S EARLY 1 E 9 R BOOKING N N N S SAVINGS ! A E V L E P $ 2 U 0 0 0 P E R C O Dear VMFA Members: Experience the legendary pageantry and traditional folklore of Russia, revealed along the picturesque rivers, serene lakes and romantic canals that link St. Petersburg with Moscow. Between these grand cultural capitals lies a countryside seemingly untouched by the modern age where daily life unfolds according to generations‑old rituals. Golden‑domed churches rise up from the early morning mist, quaint wooden villages and old‑world farms cover the meadowed landscape and the hypnotic light of lingering summer evenings reflects the breathtaking contrasts of Russia’s inland waterways. Cruise aboard the exclusively chartered, deluxe Volga Dream, the premier small ship on Russia’s waterways, accommodating only 90 guests in elegant, river‑view Suites and Staterooms. The expert, English‑speaking staff ensure you will enjoy an intimate atmosphere, personalized service and fine cuisine throughout your cruise. Explore the preeminent artistic, historical and architectural treasures of classic Russian culture and several “Golden Ring” cities, including UNESCO World Heritage‑designated Yaroslavl and enchanting Uglich, whose peaceful aura belies its stature as the backdrop for defining moments in Russian history. Stay in splendid St. Petersburg—Russia’s “window on the West” and its cultural capital—the legacy of the most visionary of tsars, Peter the Great. -
Mikhail Gorbachev
Published by Izdatelstvo VES MIR (IVM) for the Gorbachev Foundation © The Gorbachev Foundation, 2006 The Gorbachev Foundation: 39 Leningradsky Prospect, bdg. 14 Moscow125167, Russian Federation Phone/Fax: +7 495 945 74 01 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.gorby.ru Izdatelstvo VES MIR: 9a Kolpachnyi pereulok, Moscow, 101831 Russian Federation Phone: +7 495 623 85 68 Fax: +7 495 625 42 69 E-mail: [email protected] http//www.vesmirbooks.ru ISBN: 5-7777-0343-7 Printed in the Russian Federation Contents Contents SPEECHES 7 The Nobel Lecture 9 From the Address to the 43rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly 26 Final Televized Address as President of the USSR 46 Twenty Years Since the Start of Perestroika 50 ARTICLES 59 9/11: Letter to the New York Times 61 A Coalition for a Better World Order (The New York Times) 62 Transforming Trust Into Trade (The New York Times) 64 Take a Page from Kennedy (TIME) 66 A President Who Listened (The New York Times) 69 What Made Me a Crusader 71 Nature Will Not Wait 74 Why the Poor Are Still With Us (Global Agenda) 77 Mikhail Gorbachev INTERVIEWS 81 Transcript of Gorbachev’s Interview with Brian Lamb (PBS Booknotes) 83 The American and Russian People Don’t Want a New Confrontation (Newsweek) 104 Democracy Will Fit the Needs of Every Nation (Christian Science Monitor) 110 We All Lost Cold War (Washington Post) 115 No Turning Back for Russia (Los Angeles Times) 119 The Greening of Mikhail Gorbachev (International Herald Tribune) 122 Perestroika 20 Years Later: Gorbachev Reflects (Global Viewpoint) 125 Gorbachev’s Message Is Still Worth Listening To (The Times) 133 ABOUT GORBACHEV 135 Man of the Decade: The Unlikely Patron of Change By Lance Morrow (TIME) 137 Mikhail Gorbachev By Tatiana Tolstaya 142 Raisa, We Loved You By Anatole Kaletsky (The Times) 147 Speeches The Nobel Lecture Mr. -
Reykjavik Summit: Lessons for the Future of Us-Russian Relations
INTERNATIONAL LUXEMBOURG FORUM ON PREVENTING NUCLEAR CATASTROPHE REYKJAVIK SUMMIT: LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE OF US-RUSSIAN RELATIONS MOSCOW 2016 1 INTERNATIONAL LUXEMBOURG FORUM ON PREVENTING NUCLEAR CATASTROPHE REYKJAVIK SUMMIT: LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE OF US-RUSSIAN RELATIONS MOSCOW 2016 ISBN 978-5-906532-09-1 CONTENT PREFACE. REYKJAVIK – AND ITS MEANING TODAY William Perry ......................................................................................4 1. THIRTY YEARS SINCE REYKJAVIK Anatoly Adamishin .............................................................................7 2. REYKJAVIK: LESSONS FROM THE PAST, CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FUTURE Yury Nazarkin ...................................................................................26 3. REYKJAVIK: A PERSONAL VIEW Pavel Palazhchenko ..........................................................................41 4. BETTER WAIT THAN NEVER: TRANSITIONING Reykjavik summit: lessons for the future of US-Russian relations / National Institute of Corporate Reform. – 2016. – 64 pages. Cover photo – Yury Lizunov, FROM BILATERAL TO MULTILATERAL Alexandr Chumichev/TASS. STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTIONS The idea of this book was prompted by the Conference “30th anniversary of the Reykjavik Michael Krepon ............................................................................... 50 Summit – Lessons of the Past and the Tasks for the Future” held by the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe in Amsterdam on June 7-8, 2016. The texts were contributed by the participants in