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Chapter 3: Atmosphere

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Chapter 3: Atmosphere UO2-MSS05_G6_IN 8/17/04 4:13 PM Page 74 HowHow AreAre BatsBats && TornadoesTornadoes Connected?Connected? 74 (background)A.T. Willett/Image Bank/Getty Images, (b)Stephen Dalton/Animals Animals UO2-MSS05_G6_IN 8/17/04 4:13 PM Page 75 ats are able to find food and avoid obstacles without using their vision.They do this Bby producing high-frequency sound waves which bounce off objects and return to the bat.From these echoes,the bat is able to locate obstacles and prey.This process is called echolocation.If the reflected waves have a higher frequency than the emitted waves,the bat senses the object is getting closer.If the reflected waves have a lower frequency,the object is moving away.This change in frequency is called the Doppler effect.Like echolocation,sonar technology uses sound waves and the Doppler effect to determine the position and motion of objects.Doppler radar also uses the Doppler effect,but with radar waves instead of sound waves.Higher frequency waves indicate if an object,such as a storm,is coming closer,while lower frequencies indicate if it is moving away.Meteorologists use frequency shifts indicated by Doppler radar to detect the formation of tornadoes and to predict where they will strike. The assessed Indiana objective appears in blue. To find project ideas and resources,visit in6.msscience.com/unit_project. Projects include: • Technology Predict and track the weather of a city in a different part of the world, and compare it to your local weather pattern. 6.3.5, 6.3.9, 6.3.11, 6.3.12 • Career Explore weather-related careers while investigating different types of storms. Compare and contrast career characteristics and history. 6.1.2, 6.1.4, 6.1.5, 6.1.6, 6.1.7, 6.2.5, 6.2.7, 6.3.9 • Model Research animal behavior to discover if animals are able to predict the weather.Present your samples of weather-predicting proverbs as a collection,or use them in a folklore tale. 6.2.7 Hurricanes! investigates a variety of tropical storms,their source of energy, classifications,and destructive forces. 6.1.2, 6.2.6, 6.2.7, 6.3.9, 6.3.11 A.T. Willett/Image Bank/Getty Images 514-S1-MSS05_G6_IN 8/17/04 2:58 PM Page 76 Academic Standard—3: Students collect and organize data to identify relationships between physical objects, events, and processes. They use logical reasoning to question their own ideas as new information challenges their conceptions of the natural world. Also covers: Academic Standards 2, 7 (Detailed standards begin on page IN8.) Atmosphere Fresh mountain air? sections On top of Mt. Everest the air is a bit thin. 1 Earth’s Atmosphere Lab Evaluating Sunscreens Without breathing equipment, an average person quickly would become dizzy, then 2 Energy Transfer in the unconscious, and eventually would die. In Atmosphere this chapter you’ll learn what makes the 3 Air Movement atmosphere at high altitudes different from Lab The Heat is On the atmosphere we are used to. Virtual Lab What is the Science Journal Write a short article describing how structure of Earth’s atmosphere? you might prepare to climb Mt. Everest. S.P. Gillette/CORBIS 514-S1-MSS05_G6_IN 8/17/04 2:58 PM Page 77 Start-Up Activities Earth’s Atmospheric Layers Make the following Foldable to help you visualize the five layers Observe Air Pressure of Earth’s atmosphere. The air around you is made of billions of mol- ecules. These molecules are constantly mov- STEP 1 Collect 3 sheets of ing in all directions and bouncing into every paper and layer them about 1.25 cm object in the room, including you. Air pres- apart vertically. Keep sure is the result of the billions of collisions of the edges level. molecules into these objects. Because you usually do not feel molecules in air hitting STEP 2 Fold up the bottom you, do the lab below to see the effect of air edges of the paper pressure. to form 6 equal tabs. 1. Cut out a square of cardboard about STEP 3 Fold the paper and Exosphere Thermosphere 10 cm from the side of a cereal box. crease well to hold Mesosphere the tabs in place. Stratosphere 2. Fill a glass to the brim with water. Troposphere Staple along the Earth’s Atmosphere 3. Hold the cardboard firmly over the fold. Label each tab. top of the glass, covering the water, and invert the glass. Find Main Ideas Label the tabs Earth’s 4. Slowly remove your hand holding the Atmosphere, Troposphere, Stratosphere, cardboard in place and observe. Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere from bottom to top as shown. As you read the chap- 5. Think Critically Write a paragraph in ter, write information about each layer of Earth’s your Science Journal describing what hap- atmosphere under the appropriate tab. pened to the cardboard when you inverted the glass and removed your hand. How does air pressure explain what Preview this chapter’s content happened? and activities at in6.msscience.com 77 S.P. Gillette/CORBIS 514-S1-MSS05_G6_IN 8/17/04 2:58 PM Page 78 Standard—6.3.13: Identify, explain, and discuss some effects human activities, such as the creation of pollu- tion, have on weather and the atmosphere. Earth’sAlso covers: 6.2.5, 6.2.6, 6.3.7 Atmosphere (Detailed standards begin on page IN8.) Importance of the Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere, shown in Figure 1, is a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet. If Earth had ■ Identify the gases in Earth’s no atmosphere, days would be extremely hot and nights would atmosphere. be extremely cold. Earth’s atmosphere maintains a balance ■ Describe the structure of Earth’s between the amount of heat absorbed from the Sun and the atmosphere. amount of heat that escapes back into space. It also protects life- ■ Explain what causes air pressure. forms from some of the Sun’s harmful rays. The atmosphere makes life on Earth Makeup of the Atmosphere possible. Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases, solids, and liquids Review Vocabulary that surrounds the planet. It extends from Earth’s surface to pressure: force exerted on an area outer space. The atmosphere is much different today from what it was when Earth was young. New Vocabulary Earth’s early atmosphere, produced by erupting volcanoes, • atmosphere • troposphere contained nitrogen and carbon dioxide, but little oxygen. • ionosphere Then, more than 2 billon years ago, Earth’s early organisms • ozone layer released oxygen into the atmosphere as they made food with ultraviolet radiation the aid of sunlight. These early organisms, however, were • chlorofluorocarbon • limited to layers of ocean water deep enough to be shielded from the Sun’s harmful rays, yet close enough to the surface to receive sunlight. Eventually, a layer rich in ozone (O3) that pro- tects Earth from the Sun’s harmful rays formed in the upper atmosphere. This pro- tective layer eventually allowed green plants to flourish all over Earth, releasing even more Figure 1 Earth’s atmosphere, oxygen.Today,a vari- as viewed from space, is a thin ety of life forms, layer of gases.The atmosphere including you, depends keeps Earth’s temperature in a on a certain amount range that can support life. of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. 78 CHAPTER 3 Atmosphere NASA 514-S1-MSS05_G6_IN 8/17/04 2:58 PM Page 79 Gases in the Atmosphere Today’s atmosphere is a mixture of the gases Argon Figure 2. (0.93%)– shown in Nitrogen is the most Carbon abundant gas, making up 78 percent of the dioxide– atmosphere. Oxygen actually makes up (0.03%) 21% 78% only 21 percent of Earth’s atmosphere. As Oxygen Nitrogen Neon– much as four percent of the atmosphere is Helium– water vapor. Other gases that make up Methane– Earth’s atmosphere include argon and car- Krypton– –Trace 1% bon dioxide. Xenon– Hydrogen– The composition of the atmosphere is Ozone– changing in small but important ways. For example, car exhaust emits gases into the Figure 2 This circle graph shows air. These pollutants mix with oxygen and other chemicals in the the percentages of the gases, presence of sunlight and form a brown haze called smog. excluding water vapor, that make Humans burn fuel for energy. As fuel is burned, carbon dioxide up Earth’s atmosphere. is released as a by-product into Earth’s atmosphere. Increasing Determine Approximately what energy use may increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the fraction of Earth’s atmosphere is atmosphere. oxygen? Solids and Liquids in Earth’s Atmosphere In addition to gases, Earth’s atmosphere contains small, solid particles such as dust, salt, and pollen. Dust particles get into the atmosphere when wind picks them up off the ground and carries them along. Salt is picked up from ocean spray. Plants give off pollen that becomes mixed throughout part of the atmosphere. The atmosphere also contains small liquid droplets other than water droplets in clouds. The atmosphere constantly moves these liquid droplets and solids from one region to another. For Figure 3 Solids and liquids can example, the atmosphere above you may contain liquid droplets travel large distances in Earth’s and solids from an erupting volcano thousands of kilometers atmosphere, affecting regions far from your home, as illustrated in Figure 3. from their source. On June 12, 1991, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted, causing liquid droplets to form in Earth’s atmosphere. Droplets of sulfuric acid from volcanoes can produce spectacular sunrises.
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