Let's Go to a Comet!

Home , Ulysses (spacecraft)

Mission Rosetta

Let’s go to a comet!

Elsa Montagnon European Space Agency

1 What is left to explore today?

15th century

Credits: ESA/AOES Medialab

21st century

2 Back to the origins…

3 What has happened since the big bang?

Big bang 13 billion years ago ejects hydrogen and helium From elements to dust

From water to heavy elements

From dust to gas

From solar cloud to the solar system: planets, asteroids, comets

4 How do we see the solar system today?

Galactic Tides Nearby Stars Large Clouds LPidCtLong Period Comets

Short Period Comets Galactic Tides

Inner Outer Oort Oort Pluto Cloud Cloud ? Stable Stable Kuiper Belt 10 Gy 1 Gy

50 100 Alpha I, e 1000 Centauri 10^4 Ejected AU 10^5 3.10^5

5 Where are we going?

Comet 67P / Churyumow-Gerasimenko 3-D reconstruction of nucleus based on 12 March, 2003 Hubble Space Telescope observations

Nucleus diameter: 4km Discovered in 1969 Orbital period: 6.6 years Pole

End Side

Nasa, Esa and Philippe Lamy (Laboratoire d’Astrobomie Spatiale) - STScl-PRC03-26

6 A picture of the comet…

Credits: ESA and European Southern Observatory

7 The Mission

Rendezvous with the comet shortly after aphelion Follow the comet up to perihelion and beyond Deploy a lander on the comet surface

QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.

8 The Journey

Launch: March 2004

Launcher: Ariane 5

Rendezvous with comet: August 2014

Distance: 6.5 billions km

Cruise duration: 10 years

Mission duration: 2 years

9 The Cruise

The comet is very far away. How do we get there?

Interplanetary pool game:

Three deterministic manoeuvres in cruise ((,190, 40 and 75 m /)/s)

QuickTime™ and a Two very short rendezvous YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture. manoeuvres (650 m/s each)

Planetary Swing-bys: Earth / Mars / Earth / Earth

10 The Ship

Rosetta

2m x 2 .5m x 3m

Weight: 3100 kg

includes 1600 kg propellant Lander Philae (100 kg; 1m x 1m x 1m)

64 qm solar panels (length 32 m)

New technologies e.g solar cells, to operate at 4% of Earth's sunlight

11 How does it really look like?

Rosetta Philae Lander

12 Who built the spacecraft?

ESA is responsible for the mission

Industry designs , builds , tests and validates the spacecraft, under contract managed by ESA

RttiRosetta prime con ttAtiGtractor: Astrium, Germany

Leads industrial team of more than 50 contractors from 14 European countries and the United States .

Major subcontractors: Astrium, UK (spacecraft platform), Astrium, France (spacecraft avionics) and Alenia Spazio (assembly, integration and verification).

About 1000 people have been involved in the development of Rosetta

International collaboration

13 The Passengers

Rosetta is unmanned – passengers are electronic devices Built by scientific consortia from institutes across Europe/United States We see the comet: •ALICE Ullltra Violet Spectrometry (0.700 – 205 nm) •OSIRIS Optical Science Imaging (250 – 1000 nm) •MIRO Microwave Spectroscopy (1.3 mm and 0.5 mm) •VIRTIS Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometry (0.25 – 0.5 um) We taste the comet’s composition: •COSIMA Dust Mass Spectrometry •MIDAS Grain Morppgyyhology by Atomic Force Microsco py •ROSINA Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometry

What does it look like inside? •CONSERT Radio Sounding, Nucleus Tomography (operating with Lander)

What does it look like from outside? •GIADA Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator •RPC Rosetta Plasma Consortium •RSI Radio Science Investigation

14 The Lander Philae Built by European consortium led by DLR (German Aerospace Research Institute) Consortium includes ESA and institutes from Austria, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy and the UK.

We see the nucleus: APXS Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer ÇIVA / ROLIS Imaging System

We taste the nucleus: COSAC Comet Nucleus Composition MUPUS Surface and Subsurface Science PTOLEMY Gas Analyser SD2 Sample Device

What does it look like inside? CONSERT Radio Sounding, Nucleus Tomography

What does it look like from outside? ROMAP Magnetometer and Plasma Monitor SESAME Surface and Dust Impact Monitoring

15 The Crew

Mission Control from ESOC, Darmstadt About 10 engineers dedicated to Rosetta Many European nationalities represented

16 What are the tasks of Mission Control?

Mission planning Data distribution to scientists

Spacecraft control (orbit, altitude, On-board software maintenance

platform, payload) Supporting activities Spacecraft monitoring - Ground systems development, Anomaly investigation and validation and maintenance resolution - Training

17 Distant communication

15 000 km

18 Time-out

Any questions?

If not, let’s go on with the actual mission…

19 Launch – 2 March 2004

QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.

20 Mission Event - 1 EthSiEarth Swing-by 1 : 4 M arch 2005

Moon rising above Pacific 3 minutes before closest approach

Credits: European Space Agency, ESA Credits: ESA/AOES Medialab

21 Mission Event - 2 MSiMars Swing-by: 25 F eb ruary 2007

Credits: CIVA / Philae / ESA Rosetta Credits: ESA - C.Carreau

22 Mission Event - 2

23 Mission Event - 3 EthSiEarth Swing-by 2 : 13 N ovemb er 2007

Credits: ESA/AOES Medialab

24 Mission Event - 3

25 In-flight anomaly investigation examples (1)

Detection of a spurious delta-V during pass on 4 August 2005 Question: Has delta-V increase stopped?

26 In-flight anomaly investigation examples (2)

Pass on 8 August 2005 confirms that the delta-V has stopped

27 In-flight anomaly investigation examples (3)

(rad) Euler Angles during anomaly

Nominal Euler Angles

(g)

Daily fuel consumption

Anomalous thrusting behaviour between 1 and 4 August 2005 in Near Sun Hibernation Mode

28 What do we learn from in-flight anomalies?

I may not notice if smoke comes out of a flying spacecraft Lesson 1: generate more data than needed, just in case

ItI cannot use a screwd ditfiblfliftriver to fix a problem on a flying spacecraft Lesson 2: be familiar with every single command – you never know when you may need it

With a flying spacecraft, anything I do occurs with a delay Lesson 3: think twice (or better: seven times) before you do anything

EtEven a very autonomous spacecraft fttblftfllttdd cannot be left fully unattended Lesson 4: schedule one ground contact during/after major operations

I can only plan what I can imagine – corollary: the spacecraft will always surprise me Lesson 5: validate anything before you do it Lesson 6: train on known contingencies, as a way to prepare for unknown ones Lesson 7: always be prepared for the worst!

29 Next mission events

Asteroid Steins: September 2008 – Rosetta first baselined science! Last Earth Swing-by: November 2009 Asteroid Lutetia: July 2010 Rendezvous manoeuvres: January 2011 Deep Space Hibernation start: latest by 14 July 2011

Lutetia

Credits: ESA/AOES Medialab 2007-01-03T00:13:44:967

30 Arrival and Landing

January 2014: Spacecraft Dehibernation June 2014: Rendezvous manoeuvres start July 2014: Comet detection

Far approach phase (30 days)

Close approach phase (6 days)

Transition to global mapping (15days)

Global mapping (28 days)

Close observation (23 days)

Phase completes with landing site selection November 2014: Lander delivery

IldflldIncludes full dress re hearsa l

Lander prime mission: 5 days Nominal mission end: 31 December 2015

Credits: Astrium - Erik Viktor

31 The journey goes on...

32 Want to go somewhere else?

ESA Solar and Planetary Missions

BepiColombo Huygens Venus Express

Ulysses Mars Express Solar Orbiter Giotto Red: Completed Rosetta Blue: On-going Green: In development

33 Join the Journey !

… The road to ESA

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