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Oral Presentations ORAL PRESENTATIONS 1 Page CLIMATE CHANGE 2 Page SEAWATER WARMING AT THE NORTHERN REACH FOR SOUTHERN SPECIES: APPRAISAL, MONITORING AND NEW RECORDS IN THE GULF OF GENOA Carlo Nike Bianchi, Francesco Caroli, Carla Morri DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy One of the predicted effects of global warming is the poleward range expansion of plant and animal species, both on land and in the sea. In the world ocean, evidence of this phenomenon is accumulating especially for warm-temperate areas: major examples are known from California, Australia, the NE Atlantic, and the Mediterranean. In the Mediterranean Sea, in particular, seawater warming has even more dramatic effects, as it offers further scope to the spread of tropical species coming from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal (a man-made seaway) or from the Atlantic through the Straits of Gibraltar (a natural seaway). The concurrent temperature increase and abundance of tropical species is leading to the so-called ‘tropicalisation’ of the Mediterranean Sea, which is particularly obvious in the south-eastern sectors of the basin. At the same time, the colder north- western sectors of the basin have been said to undergo a process of ‘meridionalisation’, that is the arrival of native warm-water species previously restricted to the southern sectors. The Gulf of Genoa (Ligurian Sea) is the north-western reach for southern species of whatever origin in the Mediterranean. The relative occurrences of both tropical aliens and warm-water natives has been monitored between 2009 and 2015 in shallow (0 to a few metres depth) rocky reefs at Genoa, and compared with the trend in air and sea surface temperatures. A total of 19 southern species (10 natives and 9 aliens) was found. While temperature has kept on increasing for the whole period, with 2014 and 2015 being the warmest years since at least 1950, the number of native warm-water species increased linearly, that of tropical alien species increased exponentially. Among the alien species, the SW Atlantic sponge Paraleucilla magna, the Red Sea polychaete Branchiomma luctuosum, and the amphi-American and amphi-Atlantic crab Percnon gibbesi are new records for the Ligurian Sea, whereas a juvenile of the Indo-Pacific fish Fistularia commersonii has been found for the first time, suggesting the establishment of the species in the area. 3 Page REGIONAL CLIMATE AND PATTERNS OF PHYTOPLANKTON SUCCESSION IN THE OPEN BLACK SEA Alexander S. Mikaelyan P.P. Shirshov’s Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia According to reanalysis model (NOAA) the winter sea air temperature (SAT) in the central areas of the western and eastern cyclonic gyres in the Black Sea showed an increase during the last 60 years. Simultaneously, the frequency of cold winters with the February SAT less than the multi-annual mean decreased. The same tendency was observed in the sea surface temperature during the last 35 years. Observations of satellite derived chlorophyll a (Chl) over the last 18 years showed a different pattern of the winter-spring phytoplankton dynamics. The classical spring bloom was observed only after the cold winters, whereas after the regular winters the maximum Chl occurred in December with the following gradual decrease to summer. Field measurements of nutrient concentration during several years showed that due to disproportion in nutritional elements in the upward flow to eupotic zone during winter, the inorganic nitrogen (N) exhausted primarily during the winter-spring proliferation of phytoplankton. As a result of that, after winters the relatively high concentration of inorganic phosphorus (P) exists in the photic zone. The highest P remained after the coldest winters. At the same time, after coldest winters the N:P ratio was as low as 2, whereas after regular winters it varied from 5 to 36. This nutritional disproportion and low N occurred after cold winters are favorable for coccolithophores which regular annual maximum observed in May-June. Dynamics of concentration of particular inorganic carbon, which is good tracer of coccolithophores, derived from satellite images showed that in cold and regular winters the pattern of the bloom dynamics is different. Intensive bloom of coccolithophores followed only cold winters. Thus, the intense winter convection defines the certain pattern of seasonal succession with the pronounced spring bloom in March, subsequent low Chl in April and bloom of coccolithophores in May- June. With the warming of regional climate and decrease in frequency of the cold winters such case occurred more and more rarely. Further warming might lead to total disappearance of the cold winters and consequently the spring blooms, which can affect the other trophic levels of the ecosystem. 4 Page SEA TEMPERATURE RISE AND PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION (1987-2013) IN THE SYLT-RøMø BIGHT, NORTH SEA; GERMANY Johannes Rick1, Malte Elbrächter1, Bryan Manly2, Karen Wiltshire1 1Alfred-Wegener Institute for Marine and Polar Research, List/Sylt, Germany 2Manly-Biostatistics, New Zealand Sea surface temperature in the Sylt Rømø Bight (SRB) shows an exceptional high annual rise of 0,03oC over the last half century. Since 1987 microplankton composition (>700 species) in the SRB was monitored on a weekly basis (ca. 1300 samples) within the semi-quantitative SYLT ROADS time series. The plankton data set is accompanied by a full set of hydrochemical parameters. Based on this enormous amount of data the paper aims at the description of the overall behavior of important diatom, dinoflagellate as well as prymnesiophyte members of the planktonic community during this time of environmental change. 5 Page THE EVOLUTIONARY CHALLENGE OF RED CORAL FACING CLIMATE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC DATA Marine Pratlong1, Kelly Brener2, Anne Haguenauer1, Pierre Pontarotti1, Eve Toulza2, Guillaume Mitta2, Didier Aurelle1 1Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France 2Perpignan Université, France Mediterranean octocorals have been impacted by mortality events linked with thermal anomalies. This raises the question of the adaptation of these organisms in a context of global warming. The observation of differential responses to thermal stress between species and populations raises the question of the evolution of thermotolerance. We choose to study this in the red coral Corallium rubrum with a comparative approach between populations experiencing different thermal regimes in the NW Mediterranean (different depths and regions). This species has been impacted by mortality events and previous studies had demonstrated contrasted thermotolerance levels between populations living at different depths on the basis of necrosis levels, polyp activities or expression of candidate genes. Here we used an integrative approach to better understand the origin of these differences in adaptive abilities. Using a population genomic approach (RAD-sequencing) we tested the occurrence of genetic x environment associations which would correspond to adaptation to these thermal habitats. The results confirm the strong genetic structure of this species and populations. We identified several loci potentially linked to local adaptation. This should have important consequences on its evolution at the metapopulation level. We also analyze the transcriptomic response of red coral to thermal stress in experimental conditions with a comparison between colonies from different depths. The obtained results will be useful to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the stress response of this species. The integration of genomic and transcriptomic data will be useful to understand the evolutionary drivers of the response to thermal stress and the adaptive potential of this species in a climate change context. 6 Page IT’S GETTING HOT IN HERE! ARE HEATWAVES A DRIVER OF CHANGE IN INTERTIDAL MUDFLAT COMMUNITIES? Shannon White1, Gordon Watson1, Roger Herbert2 1Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK 2Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, UK The frequency and intensity of extreme climate events are increasing as a result of global climate change, however marine climate change experimental studies have largely assessed gradual sea warming and ocean acidification impacts on marine organisms and not impacts of extreme events. This study aims to fill the gap in knowledge on the impacts of heatwaves on marine communities, using intertidal mudflats as a study system. Intertidal mudflats are protected in Europe and the associated macroinvertebrate communities are a vital component of the coastal system. Mudflat habitats are already characterized by vast fluctuations in temperature associated with tides, time of day, and season. While temperature refuge may be found by some macroinvertebrates via burrowing into the sediment, locally collected field temperature data indicate that temperature variation is quite pronounced even in the upper few centimeters of the sediment. This has implications for the vulnerability of mudflat macroinvertebrates, particularly of surface dwelling and shallow burrowers, to extreme heat events during periods of low tide emersion. Summer heatwave events were simulated in an outdoor mesocosm system to investigate the effects on the survival and physiology of two ecologically and commercially valuable species, Alitta virens (king ragworm) and Cerastoderma edule (the common cockle). Measures of physiological condition
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