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Isolation of Human Intestinal Bacteria Capable of Producing the Bioactive Metabolite Isourolithin a from Ellagic Acid

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Isolation of Human Intestinal Bacteria Capable of Producing the Bioactive Metabolite Isourolithin a from Ellagic Acid fmicb-08-01521 August 3, 2017 Time: 15:13 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 07 August 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01521 Isolation of Human Intestinal Bacteria Capable of Producing the Bioactive Metabolite Isourolithin A from Ellagic Acid María V. Selma1*, David Beltrán1, María C. Luna1, María Romo-Vaquero1, Rocío García-Villalba1, Alex Mira2, Juan C. Espín1 and Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán1* 1 Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centre for Applied Soil Science and Biology of the Segura – Spanish National Research Council, Murcia, Spain, 2 Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain Urolithins are intestinal microbial metabolites produced from ellagitannin- and ellagic Edited by: acid-containing foods such as walnuts, strawberries, and pomegranates. These Rebeca Martín, metabolites, better absorbed than their precursors, can contribute significantly to the INRA Centre Jouy-en-Josas, France beneficial properties attributed to the polyphenols ellagitannins and ellagic acid (EA). Reviewed by: Filomena Nazzaro, However, both the ability of producing the final metabolites in this catabolism (urolithins Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche A, B and isourolithin A) and the health benefits associated with ellagitannin consumption (CNR), Italy Francisco José Pérez-Cano, differ considerably among individuals depending on their gut microbiota composition. University of Barcelona, Spain Three human urolithin metabotypes have been previously described, i.e., metabotype *Correspondence: 0 (urolithin non-producers), metabotype A (production of urolithin A as unique final María V. Selma urolithin) and metabotype B (urolithin B and/or isourolithin A are produced besides [email protected] Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán urolithin A). Although production of some intermediary urolithins has been recently [email protected] attributed to intestinal species from Eggerthellaceae family named Gordonibacter Specialty section: urolithinfaciens and Gordonibacter pamelaeae, the identification of the microorganisms This article was submitted to responsible for the complete transformation of EA into the final urolithins, especially Food Microbiology, those related to metabotype B, are still unknown. In the present research we illustrate a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology the isolation of urolithin-producing strains from human feces of a healthy adult and their Received: 30 June 2017 ability to transform EA into different urolithin metabolites, including isourolithin A. The Accepted: 28 July 2017 isolates belong to a new genus from Eggerthellaceae family. EA transformation and Published: 07 August 2017 urolithin production arisen during the stationary phase of the growth of the bacteria Citation: Selma MV, Beltrán D, Luna MC, under anaerobic conditions. The HPLC-DAD-MS analyses demonstrated the sequential Romo-Vaquero M, García-Villalba R, appearance of 3,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-urolithin (urolithin M6), 3,8,9-trihydroxy-urolithin Mira A, Espín JC and (urolithin C) and 3,9-dihydroxy-urolithin (isourolithin A) while 3,8-dihydroxy-urolithin Tomás-Barberán FA (2017) Isolation of Human Intestinal Bacteria Capable (urolithin A) and 3-hydroxy-urolithin (urolithin B) were not detected. For the first of Producing the Bioactive Metabolite time isourolithin A production capacity of pure strains has been described. Isourolithin A from Ellagic Acid. Front. Microbiol. 8:1521. The biological activity attributed to urolithins A and B and isourolithin A doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01521 (anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties) Frontiers in Microbiology| www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2017| Volume 8| Article 1521 fmicb-08-01521 August 3, 2017 Time: 15:13 # 2 Selma et al. Isourolithin A-Producing Bacteria explains the relevance of identifying these urolithin-producing bacteria as potential novel probiotics with applications in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Their human administration could improve the health benefits upon ellagitannin consumption, especially in metabotype 0 individuals. However, further research is necessary to probe well-established beneficial effects on the host and safety requirements before being considered among the next-generation probiotics. Keywords: urolithin, ellagitannin, bioconversion, metabotype, novel probiotic, gut bacteria, polyphenols INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Ellagitannins and EA produce some health benefits through Isolation of Urolithin-Producing Bacteria the consumption of walnuts, strawberries, and pomegranates A healthy male donor (aged 41), who previously demonstrated among other fruits (Tomás-Barberán et al., 2016a). Their to produce urolithins in vivo, provided the stool samples. bioavailability is low but it is now well-established that they The study was conformed to ethical guidelines outlined in are transformed by the intestinal bacteria to urolithins that the Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments. The protocol are better absorbed (Cerdá et al., 2004). Identification of the (included in the project AGL2015-64124-R) was approved by urolithins released from dietary ellagitannins by intestinal the Spanish National Research Council’s Bioethics Committee microbiota is a present tendency in phenolic investigation (Spain). Donor gave written informed consent in accordance because of the health implication of these microbial metabolites with the Declaration of Helsinki. Urolithins were identified in as potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, feces and urine after walnut consumption as explained elsewhere neuroprotective, and cancer preventive compounds (Larrosa (Selma et al., 2016). The feces were prepared for isolation et al., 2010; Espín et al., 2013). However, both the health benefits of microorganisms following the isolation protocol previously associated with ellagitannin consumption and the ability of described with some modifications (Selma et al., 2014a,b). producing urolithins in this catabolism differ considerably Briefly, after 1/10 (w/v) fecal dilution in nutrient broth (Oxoid, among individuals. Population has been categorized into Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom) supplemented with three ellagitannin-metabolizing phenotypes, i.e., ‘urolithin 0.05% L-cysteine hydrochloride (PanReac Química, Barcelona, metabotypes,’ depending on the quantitative percentage Spain), the filtrated was homogenized and further diluted in ABB and type of the urolithins formed. Thus, metabotype A is (Oxoid). In order to first evaluate the metabolic activity, 15 mM distinguished by the production of urolithin A, metabotype urolithin C (Dalton Pharma Services, Toronto, ON, Canada) was B individuals produce isourolithin A and urolithin B besides dissolved in propylene glycol (PanReac Quiìmica SLU, Barcelona, urolithin A, and those with metabotype 0 do not produce Spain) and added to the broth. After anaerobic incubation, a the final metabolites urolithin A, isourolithin A, or urolithin portion of the culture, having metabolic activity, was seeded on B. This interindividual variability has been related with ABB agar. Approximately 200 colonies were collected, inoculated dissimilarities in the intestinal microbiota (Tomás-Barberán into 5 ml of ABB containing EA (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, et al., 2014; Romo-Vaquero et al., 2015; Selma et al., 2015). United States) at 15 mM and after incubation; their capacity Therefore, the identification of the microbial species able to convert EA into urolithins was assayed. Urolithin-producing to transform the ellagitannins, EA and other polyphenols is colonies were sub-cultured until urolithin-producing strains also an important goal because of the possible development were isolated. The isolation procedure and plate incubation of functional foods with health benefits on low producers of was achieved under anoxic environment with an atmosphere urolithins (Tomás-Barberán et al., 2016b; Espín et al., 2017). consisting of N2/H2/CO2 (85/5/10) in an anaerobic chamber The bacterial species responsible for urolithin production (Concept 400, Baker Ruskin Technologies, Ltd, Bridgend, South are scarcely known. Only two urolithin-producing species Wales, United Kingdom) at 37◦C. Samples (5 ml) were prepared T Gordonibacter pamelaeae (DSM 19378 ) and Gordonibacter for HPLC-DAD-MS analyses of urolithins as explained below. urolithinfaciens (DSM 27213T) have been identified as producers of intermediary urolithins (Selma et al., 2014a,b). Therefore, other still unknown bacteria are necessary for the complete Phylogenetic Classification of the transformation of EA into the final metabolites (urolithin Urolithin-Producing Bacteria A, isourolithin A, or urolithin B). In the present research The almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolated we illustrate for the first time the isolation of an urolithin- strains was obtained by PCR amplification on a AG 22331 producing bacteria from human feces from a healthy adult, thermocycler (Eppendorf), followed by direct sequencing using its phylogenetic analysis and its ability to transform EA into primers 616V (forward) and 699R (reverse), as described before different urolithin metabolites including the final metabolite (Arahal et al., 2008) to target about 1000 nt close to the isourolithin-A. 50 end and primers P609D and P1525R to target positions 785–802 and 1525–1541, respectively, as previously described Abbreviations:
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