How Maoists “Restore Capitalism” in the Soviet Union, Part 2
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Computers and Economic Democracy
Rev.econ.inst. vol.1 no.se Bogotá 2008 COMPUTERS AND ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY Computadores y democracia económica Allin Cottrell; Paul Cockshott Ph.D. in Economics, professor of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, USA, [[email protected]]. Ph.D. in Computer Science, researcher of the Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom, [[email protected]].. The collapse of previously existing socialism was due to causes embedded in its economic mechanism, which are not inherent in all possible socialisms. The article argues that Marxist economic theory, in conjunction with information technology, provides the basis on which a viable socialist economic program can be advanced, and that the development of computer technology and the Internet makes economic planning possible. In addition, it argues that the socialist movement has never developed a correct constitutional program, and that modern technology opens up opportunities for democracy. Finally, it reviews the Austrian arguments against the possibility of socialist calculation in the light of modern computational capacity and the constraints of the Kyoto Protocol. [Keywords: socialist planning, economic calculation, environmental constraints; JEL: P21, P27, P28] El colapso del socialismo anteriormente existente obedeció a causas integradas en su mecanismo económico, que no son inherentes a todos los socialismos posibles. El artículo muestra que la teoría económica marxista, junto con la informática, proporciona el fundamento para adelantar un programa económico socialista viable y que el desarrollo de la informática y de Internet hace posible la planificación económica. Además, argumenta que el movimiento socialista nunca desarrolló un programa constitucional correcto y que la tecnología moderna abre nuevas oportunidades para la democracia. -
Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise
SOVIET STUDIES, Vol. 44, NO. 3, 1992, 37 1-402 Between Perestroika and Privatisation: Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise MICHAEL BURAWOY & KATHRYN HENDLEY INTHE CLASSIC STUDIES of the Soviet enterprise, the failures of central planning are attributed not to some traditional or 'non-economic' logic but to the enterprise's rational pursuit of its own interests.' Thus, enterprises bargain for loose plan targets by hiding resources, by not overfulfilling plans and by exaggerated underfulfilment of difficult targets. Enterprise performance is evaluated according to plan indicators which, if followed, lead to wasteful use of resources and the production of goods no one wants-heavy machinery, thin glass or large nak2So, the classic studies conclude, within a planned economy it is impossible to create an incentive system that stimulates the production of what is needed. The more recent literature on enterprises in the reformed economies of Eastern Europe, particularly the Hungarian economy, argues that pathologies persist when physical planning gives way to fiscal planning. Janos Kornai argues that soft budget constraints inevitably follow from state ownership of the means of production, and therefore enterprises seek to increase their bargaining power with the state by expanding as rapidly as p~ssible.~This results in a distribution of investment resources which is unrelated to enterprise efficiency or profitability. In a more elaborate bargaining model, Tamas Bauer shows how enterprises entice government sponsorship of new investment schemes by underestimating the costs of new project^.^ Once hooked, the government can be subjected to considerable pressure to continue financing the new project even as costs escalate. -
A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy by CHOI, Jae
A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2015 A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2015 Professor Chang-Yong Choi A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY Committee in charge: Professor Chang Yong CHOI, Supervisor Professor Jung Ho YOO Professor June Soo LEE Approval as of April, 2015 Abstract This research aims to demonstrate, through a stakeholder analysis, that the institutionalization of the second economy in the Soviet Union was a natural byproduct of the interaction among three major stakeholders of Soviet society: the state, the bureaucracy, and the people. The three stakeholders responded to the incentive structure of the socialist economic system, interacting with each other in order to enhance their own interests. This research argues that their interaction was the internal necessity or dynamics that formed this informal market mechanism and elevated it to a characteristic feature of Soviet society. i Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... -
The Monetary Legacy of the Soviet Union / Patrick Conway
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE are published by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics of Princeton University. The Section sponsors this series of publications, but the opinions expressed are those of the authors. The Section welcomes the submission of manuscripts for publication in this and its other series. Please see the Notice to Contributors at the back of this Essay. The author of this Essay, Patrick Conway, is Professor of Economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has written extensively on the subject of structural adjustment in developing and transitional economies, beginning with Economic Shocks and Structural Adjustment: Turkey after 1973 (1987) and continuing, most recently, with “An Atheoretic Evaluation of Success in Structural Adjustment” (1994a). Professor Conway has considerable experience with the economies of the former Soviet Union and has made research visits to each of the republics discussed in this Essay. PETER B. KENEN, Director International Finance Section INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION EDITORIAL STAFF Peter B. Kenen, Director Margaret B. Riccardi, Editor Lillian Spais, Editorial Aide Lalitha H. Chandra, Subscriptions and Orders Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Conway, Patrick J. Currency proliferation: the monetary legacy of the Soviet Union / Patrick Conway. p. cm. — (Essays in international finance, ISSN 0071-142X ; no. 197) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88165-104-4 (pbk.) : $8.00 1. Currency question—Former Soviet republics. 2. Monetary policy—Former Soviet republics. 3. Finance—Former Soviet republics. I. Title. II. Series. HG136.P7 no. 197 [HG1075] 332′.042 s—dc20 [332.4′947] 95-18713 CIP Copyright © 1995 by International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University. -
Reform and Human Rights the Gorbachev Record
100TH-CONGRESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [ 1023 REFORM AND HUMAN RIGHTS THE GORBACHEV RECORD REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE MAY 1988 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 84-979 = For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE STENY H. HOYER, Maryland, Chairman DENNIS DeCONCINI, Arizona, Cochairman DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TIMOTHY WIRTH, Colorado BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico WYCHE FOWLER, Georgia EDWARD FEIGHAN, Ohio HARRY REED, Nevada DON RITTER, Pennslyvania ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JACK F. KEMP, New York JAMES McCLURE, Idaho JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming EXECUTIvR BRANCH HON. RICHARD SCHIFIER, Department of State Vacancy, Department of Defense Vacancy, Department of Commerce Samuel G. Wise, Staff Director Mary Sue Hafner, Deputy Staff Director and General Counsel Jane S. Fisher, Senior Staff Consultant Michael Amitay, Staff Assistant Catherine Cosman, Staff Assistant Orest Deychakiwsky, Staff Assistant Josh Dorosin, Staff Assistant John Finerty, Staff Assistant Robert Hand, Staff Assistant Gina M. Harner, Administrative Assistant Judy Ingram, Staff Assistant Jesse L. Jacobs, Staff Assistant Judi Kerns, Ofrice Manager Ronald McNamara, Staff Assistant Michael Ochs, Staff Assistant Spencer Oliver, Consultant Erika B. Schlager, Staff Assistant Thomas Warner, Pinting Clerk (11) CONTENTS Page Summary Letter of Transmittal .................... V........................................V Reform and Human Rights: The Gorbachev Record ................................................ -
Understanding the Institutional Hurdles in the Russian Forest Sector
: LICENTIATE T H E SI S MTAS-OLOV OLSSON B MTAS-OLOV Barriers to Change? arriers to Change? Understanding the Institutional Hurdles in the Russian Forest Sector – Understanding the Institutional Hurdles in the Russian Forest Mats-Olov Olsson Sector Luleå University of Technology Department of Business Administration and Social Sciences, Division of Political Science : Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå :|: -|: - -- ⁄ -- To the memory of Jan Åke Dellenbrant Preface The main part of the research reported in this thesis was performed in the period April 1997 through December 2001, when I was working in the Forestry Program of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Austria. In a study labeled Institutions and the Emergence of Markets – Transition in the Russian Forest Sector a series of case studies of the institutional embedding of the forest sector in eight Russian regions was performed by a small core team of IIASA researchers in collaboration with a number of Russian colleagues and PhD students enrolled in the institute’s Young Scientists Summer Program. The intense intellectual exchange in this research group has meant a lot for me and my work with this thesis and I would like to express my gratitude to everyone involved in the project. It is not possible to name all of these people here, but they can all be found in the study’s List of Publications (see Appendix). Several people should, however, be named for all the help and support they offered me during the work with this thesis. First of all I would like to thank my friend and thesis supervisor, Prof. -
Soviet Union (Economic Initiatives) (5) Box: RAC Box 12
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections. Collection: Danzansky, Stephen I.: Files Folder Title: Soviet Union (Economic Initiatives) (5) Box: RAC Box 12 To see more digitized collections visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected] Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/ CHAPTER 1 A THEORETICAL MODEL OF SOVIET ECONOMIC PLANNING 1.1 General This chapter exaaines the Soviet econoaic planninc ■atrix, the theoretical foundation of centralized econo■ ic ■anace■ent in the USSR. Althou1h the Western economist ■ i1ht find so■e of the concepts self evident, the author believes their inclusion at this point in the ■onoeraph will aid the reader in understandinc the Soviet approach towards lar1e-scale econo■ ic ■anace ■ent. 1.2 The Econo■ ic Planning Matrix The first step in econo■ ic planninc is co ■pilinc a list of production require■ents for a civen population and econoaic base. This list is constantly refined and supple■ented, but the nu■ ber of such chan1es by co■parison with the overall size ot the list is insignifi cant. Within a sincle planninc period (a year or even a five year plan) it can be assu■ed to be constant and civen. Co■plex production-de■and relations, includinc the necessity of continued capital invest■ent in production facilities require the for ■ation, directly or indirectly, of an econo■ ic planninc ■atrix as shown in Pieure 1.1. -
Liaiblity for Defective Products in the Soviet Union: Socialist Law Versus Soviet Reality Bruce L
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business Volume 8 Issue 3 Winter Winter 1988 Liaiblity for Defective Products in the Soviet Union: Socialist Law Versus Soviet Reality Bruce L. Ottley Younghee Jin Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb Part of the Products Liability Commons Recommended Citation Bruce L. Ottley, Younghee Jin, Liaiblity for Defective Products in the Soviet Union: Socialist Law Versus Soviet Reality, 8 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 640 (1987-1988) This Perspective is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business by an authorized administrator of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. PERSPECTIVE Liability for Defective Products in the Soviet Union: Socialist Law Versus Soviet Reality Bruce L. Ottley* Younghee Jin** CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 641 II. PRODUCT LIABILITY WITHIN THE SOVIET UNION ......... 643 A. Contractual Liability ................................. 644 1. Liability of Trade Enterprises to Consumers ........ 644 2. Liability Between State Enterprises ................. 647 B. Tort Liability ........................................ 649 III. LEGAL REFORM AND SOVIET PRODUCT LIABILITY ........ 653 A. The Structure of the Soviet Economy ................. 654 B. W orker Attitudes ..................................... 657 C. Bureaucratic Resistance ............................. -
Putin and Shoigu: Reversing Russia's Decline
Putin and Shoigu: Reversing Russia 's Decline THEODORE KARASIK ith his March 2000 presidential victory, Vladimir Puti.n is ready to put his mark on Russian politics after Boris Yeltsin's chaotic regime.1 Earli- er, 60 percent turnout in the 19 December 1999 elections voted for a Duma that, with Communist Party support, will likely agree to continue the war in the northern Caucasus indefinitely. Putin's political party, Yedinstvo, also known as "Unity" or "The Bear," won votes based on the idea of subverting Chechnya, erasing crime and terrorism from the Russian Federation, and reversing any notion that Russia is "a failing state." The new Duma may likely support an anticriminal, antiterrorist platform following the March 2000 presidential elec- tion. Clearly, discipline and order are the new tenets of Russian society as the country enters the twenty-first century. An emerging Russian ideal of statehood carries broad implications for stability, security, and emergente of democracy in the Russian Federation. The Rise of Putin and Shoigu In March 1999, Putin was appointed secretary of the Russian Security Council while he also headed the domestic intelligence service, or FSB. In the Security Council, Putin coordinated policy between the Ministries of Defense and the Inte- rior, the FSB, foreign intelligence, and others. Putin headed the FSB through the Kosovo conflict and in the period before the Chechen incursion into Dagestan. Then Russian president Boris Yeltsin gave Putin and the FSB the task of "safe- guarding" the Duma and presidential elections--a mission interpreted by analysts to mean ensuring the election of Yeltsin allies. -
SOVIET DECISIONMAKING for CHERNOBYL : an ANALYSIS of SYSTEM PERFORMANCE and POLICY CHANG E By
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : SOVIET DECISION_MAKING FOR CHERNOBYL : An Analysis of System Performance an d Policy Chang e AUTHOR : William C. Potte r CONTRACTOR : University of California, Los Angele s PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : William C . Potte r COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 802-1 2 DATE : March, 199 0 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SOVIET DECISIONMAKING FOR CHERNOBYL : AN ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND POLICY CHANG E by William C . Potte r This report analyzes the systemic (as opposed to technical ) factors which contributed to the April 26, 1986 Chernobyl nuclea r accident, assesses the performance of the major organizationa l actors at Chernobyl, analyzes the impact of the accident on polic y change with respect to nuclear safety, and discerns lessons fro m the performance of Soviet organizations at Chernobyl that may b e applicable to other crisis situations . Its major conclusions may be summarized as follows : * Chernobyl was only the latest and most catastrophic in a lon g series of sometimes fatal accidents at Soviet nuclear powe r facilities ; * The Chernobyl accident should not have been totall y unanticipated, especially when viewed against the prior record o f accidents at Soviet nuclear facilities ; * Gorbachev may have been the patron of one of the few pre - Chernobyl nuclear safety critics -
Organization for Forecasting and Planning: Experience in the Soviet Union and the United States Wiley IIASA International Series on Applied Systems Analysis
Organization for Forecasting and Planning: Experience in the Soviet Union and the United States Wiley IIASA International Series on Applied Systems Analysis CONFLICTING OBJECTNES IN DECISIONS Edited by David E. Bell, University ofCambridge, Ralph L. Keeney, Woodward.clyde Consultants, San Francisco, and Howard Raiffa, Harvard University. 2 MATERIAL ACCOUNTABILITY Rudolf Avenhaus, Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe, and University ofMannheim. 3 ADAPTNE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT Edited by C. S. Holling, University ofBritish Columbia. 4 ORGANIZATION FOR FORECASTING AND PLANNING: EXPERIENCE IN THE SOVIET UNION AND THE UNITED STATES Edited by W. R. Dill,New York University, and G. Kh. Popov, Moscow State University. International Series on 4 Applied Systems Analysis Organization for Forecasting and Planning: Experience in the Soviet Union and the United States Edited by William R. Dill Dean ofthe Faculty ofBusiness Administration, New York University G. Kh. Popov Dean ofthe Faculty ofEconomics, Moscow State University A Wiley-Interscience Publication International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto Copyright © 1979 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, nor transmitted, nor translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Main entry under title: Organization for forecasting and planning. (Wiley IIASA international series on applied systems analysis; 4) 'A Wiley-Interscience publication.' 'The foundation of the book was laid in two seminars, one held [1974] in Sochi (USSR) and organized by the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University, and the other held [1975] in Mohonk, New York, and organized by the Faculty of Business Administration at New York University.' 1. -
From Lenin and Marx to Toilet Paper and Egg Carton, Or the Siberian
EA-17 • RUSSIA • NOVEMBER 2009 ICWA Letters INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS From Lenin and Marx to Toilet Paper and Egg Cartons, or the Elena Agarkova is studying management Siberian King of Makulatura of natural resources and the relationship between By Elena Agarkova Siberia’s natural riches and its people. Previously, Elena was a Legal Fellow at the he white van came to a stop at the corner to talk to him, he is an incredibly charismatic University of Washington’s of Karl Marx Street right after passing me. character who has lots of great ideas,” said one School of Law, at the IT closed my cell phone and walked up to slide “semi-legal” plastics processor. Berman Environmental the door open. It was 14 minutes after 7:00, on Law Clinic. She has clerked a frigid morning in Irkutsk. Light snow was for Honorable Cynthia M. I thought it fitting that our first encounter Rufe of the federal district falling, and I hoped I would not have to wait happened in the van that does daily pickups of court in Philadelphia, and too long. Mikhail Prokopievich told me the day Vtorma workers around Irkutsk. The same van has practiced commercial before that they pass down this street between returns workers from the first shift back to the litigation at the New York 7:12 and 7:24. That had to be him. city in the afternoon. The factory has a problem office of Milbank, Tweed, finding reliable employees and holds on to those Hadley & McCloy LLP. Elena There were three or four people inside al- it already has.