DOCSLIB.ORG

From Lenin and Marx to Toilet Paper and Egg Carton, Or the Siberian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Lenin and Marx to Toilet Paper and Egg Carton, Or the Siberian EA-17 • RUSSIA • NOVEMBER 2009 ICWA Letters INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS From Lenin and Marx to Toilet Paper and Egg Cartons, or the Elena Agarkova is studying management Siberian King of Makulatura of natural resources and the relationship between By Elena Agarkova Siberia’s natural riches and its people. Previously, Elena was a Legal Fellow at the he white van came to a stop at the corner to talk to him, he is an incredibly charismatic University of Washington’s of Karl Marx Street right after passing me. character who has lots of great ideas,” said one School of Law, at the IT closed my cell phone and walked up to slide “semi-legal” plastics processor. Berman Environmental the door open. It was 14 minutes after 7:00, on Law Clinic. She has clerked a frigid morning in Irkutsk. Light snow was for Honorable Cynthia M. I thought it fitting that our first encounter Rufe of the federal district falling, and I hoped I would not have to wait happened in the van that does daily pickups of court in Philadelphia, and too long. Mikhail Prokopievich told me the day Vtorma workers around Irkutsk. The same van has practiced commercial before that they pass down this street between returns workers from the first shift back to the litigation at the New York 7:12 and 7:24. That had to be him. city in the afternoon. The factory has a problem office of Milbank, Tweed, finding reliable employees and holds on to those Hadley & McCloy LLP. Elena There were three or four people inside al- it already has. “Almost everyone around this was born in Moscow, Rus- ready. I said hello and one of the two men in the neighborhood drinks too much,” said Mikhail sia, and has volunteered for front, the one wearing a big fur hat, introduced Prokopievich as he opened the heavy front door environmental non-profits himself. “I am Mikhail Prokopievich.” The van in the Lake Baikal region of Vtorma’s three-story office building for me. of Siberia. She graduated sped off into the still-dark city, picking up more “We have to get workers from as far as the vil- from Georgetown Universi- people along the way. Forty-five minutes later we lages around Irkutsk now.” Other problems be- ty Law Center in 2001, and arrived at Vtorma Baikal’s factory on the outskirts came apparent as we walked to Chernorubash- has received a bachelor’s of Irkutsk, in the semi-industrial Novo-Lenino kin’s office. He has been forced to rent two of the degree in political science neighborhood. I came here to find out how one three floors to another company, to pay ever-in- from Barnard College. runs a business making recycled toilet paper. creasing heating, electricity, and transportation bills. All of these services used to be subsidized Vtorma Baikal shares the street with other by the government in Soviet times. Not any Institute of Current waste processors, handling everything from more — in the new economy former state agen- World Affairs metals to ash, but it is the largest and the oldest cies became ruthless moneymaking machines The Crane-Rogers Foundation paper recycling business in the region. “Vtor- that use monopoly power to extract profits from 4545 42nd St. NW, Ste 311 ma” stands for an abbreviation of two words, their customers. “It used to be that the railroad Washington, D.C. 20016 vtorichnaya, or “secondary” (a word that came tariff constituted 0.001 percent of our production Tel: 202-364-4068 to mean recyclable resources in Russian), and cost. Now transport and electricity cost up to 10 Fax: 202-364-0498 makulatura, or discarded paper and carton. percent. We pay 350 thousand rubles a month E-mail: [email protected] Mikhail Prokopievich Chernorubashkin, now for electricity. The railroad tariff used to be 1,000 Web: www.icwa.org in his 70s, has been its director for more than 40 rubles per ton; now it’s 150 thousand rubles.” years. He led Vtorma through several incarna- Mikhail Prokopievich gestured to the industrial The Information tions, from a Soviet state-controlled paper-col- landscape outside his window. “Before Yesi- contained in this lecting agency, to its current status as a private povsky [the previous governor of Irkutsk, who publication may not recycling processor and manufacturer. Mikhail governed for less than a year until dying in a be reprinted or re- Prokopievich is a legend around here. When I helicopter crash last May, during what many published without the started talking to people in recycling business in suspected to be an illegal hunting trip] a square express written con- Irkutsk, almost everyone, from other business- meter cost 68 rubles here. Now it costs 628 ru- sent of the Institute of men to government officials, asked me wheth- bles.” He explained that regional bureaucrats Current World Affairs. er I haD met Chernorubashkin yet. “You have are personally interested in raising the land tax. ©2010 Institute of Current World Affairs, The Crane-Rogers Foundation waste: remnants of sail cloth, sacks, used boat sails, sailors’ bedding, and parchment leftovers. But Peter the Great merely fol- lowed a 2,000-plus-year-old tradition. Paper as most of us know it — paper made out of virgin trees, or wood cel- lulose — has existed for a very brief time in human history, only since the second half of the 19th century. What came as a surprise to me was the fact that until then most paper came from materials that today we would call re- cycled. A historical detour: some scholars believe that the word paper derives from the Greek term for papyrus, writ- ing material that ancient Egyptians began making from a grass-like aquat- ic plant called Cyperus papyrus more than 4,000 years ago.1 However, nei- One of the old news articles about Mikhail Prokopievich, titled ther papyrus nor rice paper classify as “The Toilet King of Near-Angariye,” from his personal collection. true paper, or thin sheets made from macerated, intertwined fiber.2 “It stays in the local budget.” Mikhail Prokopievich kept running through the numbers, which meant one thing to Papyrus, on the other hand, comes from woody stems him: “The state is incapable of governing.” of Cyperus papyrus, cut or sliced end to end, and pasted to- gether in a manner similar to laminated wood. Rice paper is He remained an enthusiast of the extensive system for not true paper either because it’s made out of strips cut from collecting and utilizing “secondary resources” (the Rus- the inner pith of the rice paper tree, a small shrub widely sian term for recyclable waste) that existed in the Soviet cultivated in China and Japan. And until the 15th century Union and even prior to that. “Peter the Great issued a Europeans preferred an entirely different writing material decree ordering traveling salesmen to collect old rags, to to paper: animal skins. When Gutenberg printed his first be recycled into paper products. After WWII men drove Bible in 1456, most manuscripts were still made from parch- around the country on horses, collecting rags and paper.” ment (specially prepared, or scraped, skin of a sheep or Mikhail Prokopievich knows his history. As early as 1715 goat) or vellum (scraped calfskin). Apparently, you needed Peter the Great issued a decree mandating use of waste skins of 300 calves to print one copy of Gutenberg’s Bible. from fabric and rope manufacturing for paper production. No wonder reading remained an activity for the elite few.3 Five years later he issued two more decrees, ordering col- lection of old paper, to be transferred for recycling to paper The immediate predecessor to modern paper dates mills in Russia and Holland, and collection of rags from back almost 2,000 years (even though there is some evi- inhabitants of St. Petersburg and Moscow, “for the paper dence for paper being used even before this date). We do business.” The tsar, who set out to “westernize” backward know for sure that in AD 105 a Han court official, eunich Russia, worked tirelessly to create industrial manufactur- Ts’ai Lun, officially presented paper, made from macer- ing almost from scratch in a heavily agrarian country, im- ated vegetable fiber, to the Chinese Royal Court. Ts’ai Lun porting foreign specialists, subsidizing talented Russian used discarded cloth, tree bark, “well prepared” hemp and businessmen, and lending a hand himself occasionally. perhaps even old fishing nets, becoming the first official He studied ship carpentry and had a passion for building producer of recycled paper. The invention made its way ships. His paper mills in St. Petersburg even utilized fleet to Japan via Korea, then part of China, 500 years later. His- 1 The Egyptian word papyrus, meaning “that of the king,” may indicate that the Pharaoh had a monopoly on writing materials. 2 “Once fiber has been macerated until each individual filament is a separate unit, the fiberse ar intermixed with water. Using a sieve-like screen, the fibers are lifted from the water, leaving a sheet of matted fiber on the screen. This thin layer of intertwined fiber is paper.” Hunter, Dard. 1978. Papermaking: the history and technique of an ancient craft (New York: Dover. Original edition, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1947). 3 No one knows exactly how many copies of the Bible were printed, but scholars believe the total to be around 180, with about 135- 145 on paper and the rest on the more luxurious and expensive vellum. A single complete copy of the Gutenberg Bible has 1,272 pages; with 4 pages per folio-sheet, 318 sheets of paper are required per copy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Computers and Economic Democracy
    Rev.econ.inst. vol.1 no.se Bogotá 2008 COMPUTERS AND ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY Computadores y democracia económica Allin Cottrell; Paul Cockshott Ph.D. in Economics, professor of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, USA, [[email protected]]. Ph.D. in Computer Science, researcher of the Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom, [[email protected]].. The collapse of previously existing socialism was due to causes embedded in its economic mechanism, which are not inherent in all possible socialisms. The article argues that Marxist economic theory, in conjunction with information technology, provides the basis on which a viable socialist economic program can be advanced, and that the development of computer technology and the Internet makes economic planning possible. In addition, it argues that the socialist movement has never developed a correct constitutional program, and that modern technology opens up opportunities for democracy. Finally, it reviews the Austrian arguments against the possibility of socialist calculation in the light of modern computational capacity and the constraints of the Kyoto Protocol. [Keywords: socialist planning, economic calculation, environmental constraints; JEL: P21, P27, P28] El colapso del socialismo anteriormente existente obedeció a causas integradas en su mecanismo económico, que no son inherentes a todos los socialismos posibles. El artículo muestra que la teoría económica marxista, junto con la informática, proporciona el fundamento para adelantar un programa económico socialista viable y que el desarrollo de la informática y de Internet hace posible la planificación económica. Además, argumenta que el movimiento socialista nunca desarrolló un programa constitucional correcto y que la tecnología moderna abre nuevas oportunidades para la democracia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Revolutions: the Impact and Limitations of Western Influence
    Dickinson College Dickinson Scholar Faculty and Staff Publications By Year Faculty and Staff Publications 2003 The Russian Revolutions: The Impact and Limitations of Western Influence Karl D. Qualls Dickinson College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Qualls, Karl D., "The Russian Revolutions: The Impact and Limitations of Western Influence" (2003). Dickinson College Faculty Publications. Paper 8. https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications/8 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Dickinson Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Karl D. Qualls The Russian Revolutions: The Impact and Limitations of Western Influence After the collapse of the Soviet Union, historians have again turned their attention to the birth of the first Communist state in hopes of understanding the place of the Soviet period in the longer sweep of Russian history. Was the USSR an aberration from or a consequence of Russian culture? Did the Soviet Union represent a retreat from westernizing trends in Russian history, or was the Bolshevik revolution a product of westernization? These are vexing questions that generate a great deal of debate. Some have argued that in the late nineteenth century Russia was developing a middle class, representative institutions, and an industrial economy that, while although not as advanced as those in Western Europe, were indications of potential movement in the direction of more open government, rule of law, free market capitalism. Only the Bolsheviks, influenced by an ideology imported, paradoxically, from the West, interrupted this path of Russian political and economic westernization.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 32 the Second Currency in the Soviet Union: on the Use of Checks in "Valuta-Rubles" by Soviet Citizens
    NUMBER 32 THE SECOND CURRENCY IN THE SOVIET UNION: ON THE USE OF CHECKS IN "VALUTA-RUBLES" BY SOVIET CITIZENS by Dietrich Andre Loeber Fellow, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies COLLOQUIUM April 18, 1978 ,. Preliminary draft. Not to be quoted or cited without the author's permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # I. The Question Posed 1 II. How the Second Currency System Works 2 1. Rubles and Valuta-Rubles 2 2. Valuta-Checks 2 3. Administration of the Valuta-Check System 3 4. Persons Entitled to Use the Valuta-Check System 4 5. Where do Valuta-Checks Circulate 6 6. What Can be Bought for Valuta-Checks 7 7. And at What Prices 8 8. How Long a Second Currency Has Been Used 8 III. Enjoying the Advantages: The Economic Side 10 IV. Facing up to Reality in the Statutes: Legal Aspects 11 V. Uneasy Compromise: Ideological Implications 12 VI. Control of the Consequences: The Socio-Political Dimension 14 Appendix 1-3 Terms Used Explained on Page Val uta-Check 3 Valuta-Ruble 2 Val uta-Store 3 © D.~A~ Loeber 1978 THE SECOND CURRENCY IN THE SOVIET UNION: ON THE USE OF CHECKS IN "VALUTA-RUBLES" BY SOVIET CITIZENS by Dietrich Andre Loeber Fellow, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies I. THE QUESTION POSED The title of this paper may seem provocative. We are used to thinking that there is just one currency in the Soviet Union - the ruble. I thought so myself until I spent my sabbatical in ~1oscow last year. There I saw that a second currency in fact circulates in the USSR.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolution in Real Time: the Russian Provisional Government, 1917
    ODUMUNC 2020 Crisis Brief Revolution in Real Time: The Russian Provisional Government, 1917 ODU Model United Nations Society Introduction seventy-four years later. The legacy of the Russian Revolution continues to be keenly felt The Russian Revolution began on 8 March 1917 to this day. with a series of public protests in Petrograd, then the Winter Capital of Russia. These protests But could it have gone differently? Historians lasted for eight days and eventually resulted in emphasize the contingency of events. Although the collapse of the Russian monarchy, the rule of history often seems inventible afterwards, it Tsar Nicholas II. The number of killed and always was anything but certain. Changes in injured in clashes with the police and policy choices, in the outcome of events, government troops in the initial uprising in different players and different accidents, lead to Petrograd is estimated around 1,300 people. surprising outcomes. Something like the Russian Revolution was extremely likely in 1917—the The collapse of the Romanov dynasty ushered a Romanov Dynasty was unable to cope with the tumultuous and violent series of events, enormous stresses facing the country—but the culminating in the Bolshevik Party’s seizure of revolution itself could have ended very control in November 1917 and creation of the differently. Soviet Union. The revolution saw some of the most dramatic and dangerous political events the Major questions surround the Provisional world has ever known. It would affect much Government that struggled to manage the chaos more than Russia and the ethnic republics Russia after the Tsar’s abdication.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R
    STUDIA FORESTALIA SUECICA NR 39 1966 Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. An Analysis of Soviet Competitive Potentialities Skogsekonomi i Sovjet~rnionen rned en unalys av landets potentiella konkurrenskraft by KARL VIICTOR ALGTTERE SICOGSH~GSICOLAN ROYAL COLLEGE OF FORESTRY STOCKHOLM Lord Keynes on the role of the economist: "He must study the present in the light of the past for the purpose of the future." Printed in Sweden by ESSELTE AB STOCKHOLM Foreword Forest Economy in the U.S.S.R. is a special study of the forestry sector of the Soviet economy. As such it makes a further contribution to the studies undertaken in recent years to elucidate the means and ends in Soviet planning; also it attempts to assess the competitive potentialities of the U.S.S.R. in international trade. Soviet studies now command a very great interest and are being undertaken at some twenty universities and research institutes mainly in the United States, the United Kingdoin and the German Federal Republic. However, it would seem that the study of the development of the forestry sector has riot received the detailed attention given to other fields. In any case, there have not been any analytical studies published to date elucidating fully the connection between forestry and the forest industries and the integration of both in the economy as a whole. Studies of specific sections have appeared from time to time, but I have no knowledge of any previous study which gives a complete picture of the Soviet forest economy and which could faci- litate the marketing policies of the western world, being undertaken at any university or college.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dynamic Na/S Balance of a Kraft Pulp Mill
    A dynamic Na/S balance of a kraft pulp mill Modeling and simulation of a kraft pulp mill using WinGEMS En dynamisk Na/S balans av ett sulfatbruk Modellering och simulering av ett sulfatbruk i WinGEMS Per Andersson Faculty of Health, Science and Technology Department of Engineering and Chemical Science, Chemical Engineering, Karlstad University Master theisis, 30 credits Supervisors: Niklas Kvarnström (KAU), Maria Björk (Stora Enso), Rickard Wadsborn (Stora Enso) Examinat or: Lars Järnström (KAU) 2014 -01-08 Version : 2.0 Abstract The main scope of this thesis was to create a simulation model of a kraft pulp mill and produce a dynamic Na/S balance. The model was made in WinGEMS 5.3 and the method consisted of implementing a static Na/S balance from the mill and created a model that described this chemical balance. Input data from the mill was collected and implemented in the model. A number of different cases were simulated to predict the effects of different process changes over time, dynamic balances. The result from the static balance showed that the model can describes the mill case. The result from the dynamic simulation showed that the model can be used to predict the effect of process changes over shorter periods of time. Executive Summary In the kraft mill the chemical balance is of interest to minimize the production cost. Normally there is an excess of sulfur and low levels of sodium, compared to what the process requires. In the future, the pulp mill will most likely produce other products than just pulp. These new production processes will also most likely affect the sodium and sulfur balance and there is a need to be able to predict this change.
    [Show full text]
  • Odorless Pulp Mill in Operation
    Published May 26, 2017 Odorless Pulp Mill Odorless pulp mill in successful operation Executive Summary The sulphur in the cooking process can result in bad odor in the surroundings of a Kraft pulp mill. Together with the odor, sulphur compounds can also be an environmental problem since they are released to the atmosphere. Although emissions are becoming lower as mills are upgraded, odors have continued to be a problem for people living close to the mills, because of the very low odor threshold of sulphur compounds. Valmet has delivered a unique, practically odorless mill to CMPC Riograndese Ltda in Guaíba, Brazil. The design guidelines were to not vent odorous gases and to aim for zero smells. The gas handling system collects and controls odors from more than 100 sources and all process areas are included. Incineration of non-condensable gases is ensured through multiple, simultaneously available incineration locations. According to CMPC it can be said that the system availability is practically 100% and there is always a system ready to handle NCG and prevent gases from being emitted to the atmosphere. This paper describes the emphasis CMPC placed in the concept of the odorless mill in Guaíba and its surroundings and outlines the chosen technical solutions to achieve this target. The paper emphasizes the necessity of ensuring that odorous gases are treated also in shutdown and emergency situations, and explains how this has been achieved at the mill. © Valmet Page | 1 Published May 26, 2017 Odorless Pulp Mill Background No venting of odorous gases and a "zero smell" pulp mill.
    [Show full text]
  • Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise
    SOVIET STUDIES, Vol. 44, NO. 3, 1992, 37 1-402 Between Perestroika and Privatisation: Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise MICHAEL BURAWOY & KATHRYN HENDLEY INTHE CLASSIC STUDIES of the Soviet enterprise, the failures of central planning are attributed not to some traditional or 'non-economic' logic but to the enterprise's rational pursuit of its own interests.' Thus, enterprises bargain for loose plan targets by hiding resources, by not overfulfilling plans and by exaggerated underfulfilment of difficult targets. Enterprise performance is evaluated according to plan indicators which, if followed, lead to wasteful use of resources and the production of goods no one wants-heavy machinery, thin glass or large nak2So, the classic studies conclude, within a planned economy it is impossible to create an incentive system that stimulates the production of what is needed. The more recent literature on enterprises in the reformed economies of Eastern Europe, particularly the Hungarian economy, argues that pathologies persist when physical planning gives way to fiscal planning. Janos Kornai argues that soft budget constraints inevitably follow from state ownership of the means of production, and therefore enterprises seek to increase their bargaining power with the state by expanding as rapidly as p~ssible.~This results in a distribution of investment resources which is unrelated to enterprise efficiency or profitability. In a more elaborate bargaining model, Tamas Bauer shows how enterprises entice government sponsorship of new investment schemes by underestimating the costs of new project^.^ Once hooked, the government can be subjected to considerable pressure to continue financing the new project even as costs escalate.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction Health and Safety Manual: Pulp and Paper Mills
    PULP AND PAPER MILLS 33 PULP AND PAPER MILLS The two common forms of chemical pulping are 1) the dominant “alkaline” or “kraft” process, and Processes 2) the “acid pulping” or “sulphite” process. Acid pulping has generally declined but is still in use. The A number of processes, grouped by type as mechanical, digester liquor is a solution of sulphurous acid, H SO , chemical, and semi-chemical (or hybrid), are used in 2 3 mixed with lime (CaO) or other base (magnesium, the preparation of wood pulp. In 1990 (according to sodium, or ammonium) to form bisulphites. Lockwood’s Directory) the distribution of pulp mills in Ontario and Quebec was as follows: Mechanical processes produce the highest yield from the wood, but have high energy demands. Mechanical pulping Process Type generally incorporates thermal or chemical pre-softening Chemical Processes Semi-chemical Mechanical Total of the wood chips, resulting in lower energy requirements. Kraft Sulphite Some chemical processes include mechanical features. Ontario 94 2 15 30 The division is not distinct and is generally based on Quebec 10 8241 61 efficiency of production from dry wood. Figure 22.1: Number of pulp mills by type in Ontario and Quebec Figure 22.2 provides a flow diagram for a semi-chemical pulp mill. In chemical pulping, the wood chips are cooked, using heat and a chemical solution that depends on the type of Of the chemical processes , alkaline pulping – the kraft process being used. The lignin binder, a natural glue that or sulphite process – is the most common and is shown in holds the wood cells (fibres) together, is dissolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Counter-Intelligence in a Command Economy
    Counter-Intelligence in a Command Economy Mark Harrison* Department of Economics and CAGE, University of Warwick Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University Inga Zaksauskienė** Faculty of History, Vilnius University Abstract We provide the first thick description of the counter-intelligence function in a command economy of the Soviet type. Based on documentation from Soviet Lithuania, the paper considers the KGB (secret police) as a market regulator, commissioned to prevent the disclosure of secret government business and forestall the disruption of government plans. Where market regulation in open societies is commonly intended to improve market transparency, competition, and fair treatment of consumers and employees, KGB regulation was designed to enforce secrecy, monopoly, and discrimination. One consequence of KGB regulation of the labour market may have been adverse selection for talent. We argue that the Soviet economy was designed to minimize the costs. Keywords: communism, command economy, discrimination, information, loyalty, regulation, security, surveillance, Soviet Union. JEL Codes: N44, P21. * Mail: Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected]. ** Mail: Universiteto g. 7, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania. Email: [email protected]. First draft: 26 April 2013. This version: 11 December 2014. Counter-Intelligence in a Command Economy Data Appendix Table
    [Show full text]
  • A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy by CHOI, Jae
    A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2015 A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2015 Professor Chang-Yong Choi A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY Committee in charge: Professor Chang Yong CHOI, Supervisor Professor Jung Ho YOO Professor June Soo LEE Approval as of April, 2015 Abstract This research aims to demonstrate, through a stakeholder analysis, that the institutionalization of the second economy in the Soviet Union was a natural byproduct of the interaction among three major stakeholders of Soviet society: the state, the bureaucracy, and the people. The three stakeholders responded to the incentive structure of the socialist economic system, interacting with each other in order to enhance their own interests. This research argues that their interaction was the internal necessity or dynamics that formed this informal market mechanism and elevated it to a characteristic feature of Soviet society. i Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Monetary Legacy of the Soviet Union / Patrick Conway
    ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE are published by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics of Princeton University. The Section sponsors this series of publications, but the opinions expressed are those of the authors. The Section welcomes the submission of manuscripts for publication in this and its other series. Please see the Notice to Contributors at the back of this Essay. The author of this Essay, Patrick Conway, is Professor of Economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has written extensively on the subject of structural adjustment in developing and transitional economies, beginning with Economic Shocks and Structural Adjustment: Turkey after 1973 (1987) and continuing, most recently, with “An Atheoretic Evaluation of Success in Structural Adjustment” (1994a). Professor Conway has considerable experience with the economies of the former Soviet Union and has made research visits to each of the republics discussed in this Essay. PETER B. KENEN, Director International Finance Section INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION EDITORIAL STAFF Peter B. Kenen, Director Margaret B. Riccardi, Editor Lillian Spais, Editorial Aide Lalitha H. Chandra, Subscriptions and Orders Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Conway, Patrick J. Currency proliferation: the monetary legacy of the Soviet Union / Patrick Conway. p. cm. — (Essays in international finance, ISSN 0071-142X ; no. 197) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88165-104-4 (pbk.) : $8.00 1. Currency question—Former Soviet republics. 2. Monetary policy—Former Soviet republics. 3. Finance—Former Soviet republics. I. Title. II. Series. HG136.P7 no. 197 [HG1075] 332′.042 s—dc20 [332.4′947] 95-18713 CIP Copyright © 1995 by International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University.
    [Show full text]