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Introduction 1 Byron and Italy Notes Introduction 1. All translations of Italian titles my own unless otherwise indicated; all emphasis in original text unless otherwise noted; spelling and punctuation occasionally Americanized and regularized. 2. In writing this text, I confronted the common difficulty of what to call Italy before Italy as a nation existed. I frequently allude to pre- unification Italy as “the Italian peninsula” or “the pre-unification states,” or to specific regions by their particular names. To avoid exces- sive repetition, I occasionally simply use Italy, though readers should bear in mind the historical distinction. 3. For example, Gian Rinaldo Carli’s “Della patria degli Italiani,” Sebastiano Franci’s “Alcuni pensieri politici,” and Pietro Verri’s “Pensieri sullo spirito della letteratura d’Italia.” Gianni Francioni, ed., Il Caffè (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1998). 4. The first edition, published in Milan by Gaspare Trutti, formed part of a series of British literature that included Robinson Crusoe, Tom Jones, and Romeo & Juliet. Subsequent editions appeared in Piacenza in 1836 by Fratelli del Majno and in Milan by Alessandro Lombardi. Readers will find an insightful discussion of Byron, Nicolini,and translation in Giovanni Iamartino, “Giuseppe Nicolini traduttore di authori inglese,” Giuseppe Nicolini nel bicentenario della nascita 1789– 1989 (Brescia, 1991) 115–148, especially 122–148. 5. Those interested in Pellico should see Ilario Rinieri, Della vita e delle opere di Silvio Pellico (Torino: Streglio, 1898). 6. For more on Ryleev, see Patrick O’Meara, K. F. Ryleev: A Political Biography of the Decembrist Poet (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1984). 7. An extensive discussion of Byron’s international influence and repu- tation appears in Richard Cardwell, ed., The Reception of Byron in Europe, vols. 1 & 2 (London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004). 1 Byron and Italy 1. In 1547, Andrew Boarde wrote Grand Tour. The fyrts boke of the Introduction of knowledge, which Cesare de Seta characterizes as 188 Notes the first English book about secular, rather than religious, travel, followed a year later by an Italian travel diary by Thomas Hoby (de Seta, L’Italia 16), more famous for his English translation of Baldassare Castiglione’s Il Cortegiano (“The Courtier”). William Thomas published the first English language history of Italy in 1549 (Black 64), while Richard Rowlands’s Post of the World, which appeared in 1576, details logistics of travel (such as routes and rates of exchange). François Maximilien Misson’s Voyage d’Italie became a best seller, with eleven French editions, six in English, and one each in German and Dutch, between 1691 and 1743 (de Seta, L’Italia 15, 114). 2. A growing literature addresses travel and tourism, generally differen- tiating between travel for business, education, health, and religious observance, on the one hand, and tourism for leisure, on the other. The categories of travel and tourism remain fluid, however, though tourism, whose first appearance in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from the eighteenth century, often bears pejorative associations. See Sharon Bohn Gmelch, ed., Tourists and Tourism: A Reader (Long Grove, IL: Waveland, 2004); Alan Lew, ed., A Companion to Tourism (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004); and Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Schocken Books, 1976). 3. For more on female grand tourists, see also Brain Dolan’s Ladies of the Grand Tour: British Women in Pursuit of Enlightenment and Adventure in Eighteenth-Century Europe (New York: HarperCollins, 2001). 4. Benedict Anderson develops this provocative model of nationalism in Imagined Communities (New York: Verso Books, 2006). 5. Jürgen Habermas treats this topic in detail in, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992). 6. A similar anecdote appears in the October 15, 1816 diary of John Cam Hobhouse, who claims that Lodovico di Breme told Byron and him “that Beccaria did his utmost to hang his servant for stealing his snuff-box.” 7. For biographic information about Pepe, consult Agenore Gelli, Guglielmo Pepe (Firenze: M. Cellini, 1865). 8. Those interested in Italian expatriates in Britain can see Lucio Sponza, Italian Immigrants in Nineteenth Century Britain: Reality and Images (Leicester: Leicester UP, 1988). 9. These include an Italian and English Dictionary, Baretti’s Italian Dictionary, Graglia’s Guide to Italian, Veneroni’s Italian Grammar, and Zotti’s Italian Vocabulary (Munby). 10. She bore the title of Princess Louise Maximilienne Caroline Emmanuele of Stolberg-Gedern. Notes 189 11. For documents relating to surveillance of Byron, see Karl Brunner, Byron und die österreichische Polizei, Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen, 148 (1925): 32, pp. 28–41; Keats-Shelley House, Rome; papers of Harry Nelson Gay and Iris Origo; E. Rodocanachi, Notes Secrètes de la Police Autrichiènne de Venise sur Byron (Institut de France, Académie des Sciences morales et politiques, January–June 1918). 12. From a January 8, 1833 letter to Apponyi. 13. For more on Hobhouse’s biography and politics, see Peter W. Graham, ed., Byron’s Bulldog: The Letters of John Cam Hobhouse to Lord Byron (Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1984). See also Robert Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life, 1819–1852 (Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1973). 14. Translation from the dialect thanks to Paolo Borghi and the staff of the Istituto Friederich Schurr Romagna cultural center’s periodical, La ludla. 15. In 1812, in the wake of Spanish resistance to Napoleonic forces during the Peninsular War, liberals in Cadiz promulgated what came to be known as the “Spanish Constitution,” which served as a model for many revolutionary governments up to the 1848 revolts. It located sovereignty in the nation and structured government with separation of powers. 16. Scholars differ as to the exact relationship between the Masons and the Carbonari, some seeing close connections, others seeing only some shared membership, though most recognize at least similarities in their rituals. Moreover, as Angela Valente points out, many secret societies existed in Italy at the time; in the Naples area alone, they included the Calderari, the Trinitari, the Filadefli, the Fratelli patrioti, the Patrioti europei, and the Decisi (58). 17. For a discussion of this, see Maud Howe Elliott’s Lord Byron’s Helmet, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927. 18. John Ingamells identifies Ravenna as one of the stops of the Grand Tour (“Discovering Italy: British Travellers in the Eighteenth Century,” Grand Tour: The Lure of Italy in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Andrew Wilton (London: Tate Gallery, 1996) 22. John Hale, however, notes that most early travel guides ignore Ravenna, in part because renaissance and eighteenth-century travelers had little interest in medieval art and gothic architecture, though John Breval’s Remarks on Several Parts of Europe (1738) and Thomas Nugent’s Grand Tour (1749) do mention the city’s mosaics (Hale xx, 33). By the nineteenth century, interest had increased, but Ravenna still had not arrived as a major tourist destination. 190 Notes 19. For Christensen’s comments, see Lord Byron’s Strength: Romantic Writing and Commercial Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1993), especially pages 3–31. 2 Byron and the RISORGIMENTO 1. Balbo’s 1844 Delle speranze d’Italia offered a Catholic federalist plan. 2. Gioberti advocated not a federation, which held states subordinate to an overarching central authority, but confederation, a union of equals, in which states engaged in treaty-like obligations with each other, interpreting and enforcing any agreed-upon laws individually (Haddock 718). 3. Gioberti supports this strategy because “Italy contains within itself, above all by way of religion, all the requisite conditions for its national and political Risorgimento” (Gioberti 2: 81, qtd. in Haddock 716). As Bruce Haddock points out, during the medieval and early modern periods, the church—with the support and protection it provided— had allowed Italy to become a cultural, social, political, and theologi- cal hub of Europe. Under a neo-Guelph confederation, it hoped to do so again (Haddock 708–709). 3 Crimes and Punishments 1. For an extensive discussion of sources for stories of the insult, see Vittorio Lazzarini’s Marino Faliero (Firenze: Sansoni, 1993) 135–154. 2. In his drama, Byron alters the names of some historical figures; the Loredan family becomes Loradano, Jacopo Loredan becomes James Loredano, and Francesco Foscari becomes Francis Foscari. Maintaining these distinctions here simplifies comparisons between the historical and dramatic personalities. 3. E. P. Thompson’s The Making of the English Working Class provides extensive discussion of these events in the context of the campaign for parliamentary reform, as well as their influence on the develop- ment of class consciousness. 4 DON JUAN 1. The word “Galateo” has become synonymous with conduct manual, as exemplified by a Google search for a “ ‘Galateo’ of the internet,” which brings up various texts on net-etiquette. 2. This does not mean that Byron always remained on his best behavior. John Cam Hobhouse, for one, wrote of “the entire self-abandon- ment, the incautious, it might be said the dangerous sincerity of his private conversation.” 3. See William Wordsworth’s “Thanksgiving Ode”: “pure intent, / Is man arrayed for mutual slaughter; / Yea, Carnage is thy daughter!” Works Cited Abba, Giuseppe Cesare. The Diary of One of Garibaldi’s Thousand. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981. Acerbi, Giuseppe. “Proemio.” Biblioteca Italiana 3.9 (Gennaio, Febbraio e Marzo, 1818): iii–lvi. ———. “Proemio.” Biblioteca Italiana 4.13 (Gennajo, Febbrajo e Marzo, 1819). Angeletti, Gioia. “ ‘I Feel the Improvisatore’: Byron, Improvisation, and Romantic Poetics.” Laura Bandiera, ed. British Romanticism and Italian Literature: Translating, Reviewing, Rewriting. New York: Rodopi, 2005. 165–180. Avitabile, Grazia. The Controversy on Romanticism in Italy: First Phase 1816– 1823. New York: Vanni, 1959. Bacon, Francis. “Of Travel.” Francis Bacon: A Critical Edition of the Major Works. New York: Oxford UP, 1996.
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