DOCSLIB.ORG

Low Level Laser Therapy in Dermatology Fatma Abd Al Salam, MD, Wafaa Afify, MD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Low Level Laser Therapy in Dermatology Fatma Abd Al Salam, MD, Wafaa Afify, MD REVIEW ARTICLE Low Level Laser Therapy in Dermatology Fatma Abd Al Salam, MD, Wafaa Afify, MD Al-Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt BACKGROUND Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) refers to the use of a red-beam or near-infrared laser with a wave-length between 600 and 1000 nanometers and power from 5 to 500 millwatts. Other names for the therapy include low-power laser, soft laser, cold laser, biostimulation laser and therapeutic laser. As high-power lasers ablate tissue, low-power lasers stimulate it, en- couraging the cells to function. The laser photons are absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores. (cytochrome-c oxidase) stimulating oxidative phosphorylation to increase ATP production and reduce oxidative stress. This effects lead to improved tissue repair, reduces inflammation and reduces pain. LLLT has beneficial effects on many dermatologic disorders including wound healing, hypertrophic scars and burns, herpes simplex, acne and acne scars; wrinkles, vitiligo and psoriasis. LLLT is safe, simple, non invasive, painless, drugless therapy, easy to apply, with no reported side effect. Laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by 3- Optical Resonator: Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Consists of 2 specially designed mirrors, dia- gramatically opposed to each other. The high re- LASER COMPONENTS flectance mirror reflects 100% of the light which All lasers contain 3 primary components to oper- strikes it, while the other mirror (partially trans- ate: missive mirror) reflects less than 100% of the light 1-Active medium which strikes it. The small fraction of light which 2- Excitation mechanism and passes through the partially transmissive mirror is 3- The optical resonator the beam output.1 The therapeutic action of laser energy is based on 1- Active medium: the unique properties of laser light and laser tissue It is a collection of atoms, molecules, or ions interaction. which absorb energy from an outside source and generate laser light through atomic processes. The LASER PROPERTIES active medium may be solid, liquid or gas. 1. Monochromatic: The emitted light is of sin- gle, discrete wavelength that can be absorbed 2- Excitation Mechanism: by specific targets or chromophores. It is the input energy device, which could be an 2. Coherence: Laser light traveling in phase intense light source, an electrical current through with respect to both time and space. an active gas, or in the case of dye lasers, light 3. Collimation: Emission of a narrow, intense from another laser. beam of light in parallel fashion to achieve Correspondence: Dr. Fatma Abd Al Salam, Al-Azhar University , Cairo, Egypt E-mail: [email protected] The Gulf Journal of Dermatology and Venereology Volume 21, No.2, Oct. 2014 1 Low Level Laser Therapy in Dermatology Fig. 1 Primary laser components. its propagation across long distances without a specific wavelength of light, it may be endog- light divergence → so it can be focused into a enous as hemoglobin, melanin and water or exog- small spot size.2 enous as tattoo ink.4 Once laser energy is absorbed in the skin the possible, effects are: • Photothermal effects; occur when chromophore absorbs the specific wavelength of energy and destruction of the target results from the conversion of absorbed energy into heat. • Photochemical effects; derive from native Fig. 2 Characteristics of laser beam. or photo sensitizer effects, are related reac- Laser tissue interaction tion that serves as the basis of photo dynamic When lasers are used on the skin, the light may therapy. be absorbed, reflected, transmitted or scattered. • Photomechanical effects; the extremely rapid The light must be absorbed by tissue for a clini- thermal expansion can lead to acoustic waves cal effect to take place whereas transmitted or re- and subsequent photomechanical destruction flected light has no effect.3 The energy absorbed of the absorbing tissue. is measured in joules per square centimeter and • Photoablative causes photodissociation or is known as the energy density or fluence. The breaking of the molecular bonds in tissue.2 amount of absorption is determined by the chro- mophore present in the skin. The laser tissue interaction depends on the theory Chromophores are substances in tissue that absorb of selective photothermolysis. This theory de- The Gulf Journal of Dermatology and Venereology Volume 21, No.2, Oct. 2014 2 Fatma Abd Al Salam et al. scribes how controlled destruction of targeted le- Classification by active medium sion is possible without significant thermal dam- Table 1 Common Laser classification by wavelength 5 age to surrounding normal tissue. Type Wavelength To limit the amount of thermal energy deposited Nanometer Micron Ultraviolet (180 to 400mm) within the skin, the exposure duration of the tissue (nm) (µm) to light (pulse duration) must be shorter than the • Argon fluoride (ArF) 193 0.193 chromophores’ thermal relaxation time (the time required for the targeted site to cool to one half of • Krypton Chloride (KrCl) 222 0.222 its peak temperature immediately.5 • Krypton fluoride (KrF) 249 0.249 Optical properties of tissue and action spectra • Xenon-chloride (XeCl2) 308 0.308 Both the absorption and scattering of the light in the tissue are wavelength dependent (both much • Nitrogen (N2) 337 0.337 higher in the blue region of the spectrum than the • Helium- Cacmium 325 0.325 red). The principle tissue chromophores (hemo- (HeCd) globin and melanin) have high absorption bands Visible (400 to 700 rm) at wave lengths shorter than 600 nm. Water begins 0.543, to absorb infrared wavelength greater than 1150 543, 594, 0.594, • Helium- Neon (HeNe) nm wavelength. For this reasons there is so called 612, 633 0.612, 0.633 optical window in tissue covering the red and NIR • Krypton (Kr) 647 0.647 wavelengths where the effective tissue penetration of light is maximized. This optical window runs • Ruby 694 0.694 approximately from 650 nm to 1200 nm.3 (Fig. 3) 0.488 to • Argon (Ar) 488 to 515 0.515 • Nd: YAG (2 harmony) 532 0.532 Infrared (700nm to 1mm) • Gallium Arsenide (diode) 850 0.85 • Carbon Dioxide (Co2) 10.600 10.6 • Nd: YAG 1064 1.064 Fig. 3 Optical window in tissue. LASER CATEGORIES • Ho: YAG 2100 2.1 Lasers are classified either by their active medi- • Semi-conductor materials (diode): e.g. gal- um, their wavelength or maximum output power. lium/arsenide; gallium / aluminum / arsenide • Common Laser Solid crystalline materials: • Liquid dyes: utilize a flowing dye pumped by e.g. Ruby, Neodymium: YAG flash lamp of other lasers The Gulf Journal of Dermatology and Venereology Volume 21, No.2, Oct. 2014 3 Low Level Laser Therapy in Dermatology • Gaseous materials: e.g. Helium-Neon, CO2, 3. Relief of neurogenic pain and some neuro- Argon, Krypton logical problems. Common classification by maximum output power: I. High power lasers (Thermal lasers) They are used to cut, coagulate and evaporate tis- sues. These lasers are often called surgical lasers because they can replace the scalpel of the sur- geon as CO2, KTP (potassium- titanyl-phosphate) and argon pumped tunable dye (APTD). II. Low level lasers (Therapeutic lasers) Fig. 4 Schematic representation of the main areas of They can be used for the stimulation of cell func- application of LLLT. tion. Their biological effect is not thermal. Mechanisms of low level laser therapy: LLLT is the application of light (usually a low It was suggested in 1989 that the mechanism of power laser or light emitting diode (LED) in the LLLT at the cellular level was based on the absorp- range of 10 mw- 500 mw) to the tissue to promote tion of monochromatic visible and NIR radiation tissue regeneration, reduce inflammation and re- by components of the cellular respiratory chain. lieve pain. The light is typically of narrow spectral The inner mitochondrial membrane contains 5 width in the red or near infrared (NIR) spectrum. complexes of integral membrane proteins: NADH The reason why the technique is termed low level dehydrogenase (Complex I), succinate dehydro- is that optimum levels of energy density delivered genase (Complex II), cytochrome c reductase are low when compared to other forms of laser (Complex III), cytochrome c oxidase (Complex therapy as practiced for ablation, cutting, and IV), ATP synthetase (Complex V) and two freely thermal coagulation of tissue.6 LLLT also know diffusible molecules ubiquinone and cytochrome as cold laser, soft laser, biostimulation laser or c that shuttle electrons from one complex to the photobiomodulation laser, and therapeutic laser.7 next (Fig. 5). The respiratory chain accomplishes Biomodulations defined as changing the natural the stepwise transfer of electrons from NADH and biochemical response of cells or tissue within the FADH2 (produced in the citric acid or Krebs cy- normal range of its function. cle) to oxygen molecules to form (with the aid of The three main areas of medicine practice where protons) water molecules. The energy released by LLLT has a major role to play are as follows: this process of active transport forms a miniature (Fig. 4). battery.8 (Fig. 5). 1. Wound healing, tissue repair and prevention of tissue death; Cytochrome C oxidase (COX) hypothesis: 2. Relief of inflammation in chronic diseases and Cox is a subunit in the mitochondrial electron injuries with its associated pain and edema; transport chain. It is the primary photoacceptor of The Gulf Journal of Dermatology and Venereology Volume 21, No.2, Oct. 2014 4 Fatma Abd Al Salam et al. 2. Reverses the partial inhibition of the catalytic centre by nitric oxide, so increase O2 binding and respiration.13 • Nitric oxide (NO) hypothesis Mitochondria produce an enzyme that synthesizes NO that was identified as neuronal isoforms of NO synthase.14 Nitric oxide produced in the mitochondria can bind to Cox leading to inhibition of respiration which is explained by direct competition between Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • July 2020 Goal the Goal of the Residency Program Is to Develop Future Leaders in Both Research and Clinical Medicine
    Residency Training Program July 2020 Goal The goal of the Residency Program is to develop future leaders in both research and clinical medicine. Flexibility within the program allows for the acquisition of fundamental working knowledge in all subspecialties of dermatology. All residents are taught a scholarly approach to patient care, aimed at integrating clinicopathologic observation with an understanding of the basic pathophysiologic processes of normal and abnormal skin. Penn’s Residency Program consists of conferences, seminars, clinical rotations, research, and an opportunity to participate in the teaching of medical students. An extensive introduction into the department and the William D. James, M.D. Director of Residency Program clinic/patient care service is given to first-year residents. A distinguished clinical faculty and research faculty, coupled with the clinical and laboratory facilities, provides residents with comprehensive training. An appreciation of and participation in the investigative process is an integral part of our residency. Graduates frequently earn clinical or basic science fellowship appointments at universities across the country. Examples of these include: pediatric dermatology, dermatopathology, dermatologic surgery, dermatoepidemiology, postdoctoral and Clinical Educator fellowships. Additional post graduate training has occurred at the NIH and CDC. Graduates of our program populate the faculty at Harvard, Penn, Johns Hopkins, MD Anderson, Dartmouth, Penn State, Washington University, and the Universities of Washington, Pittsburgh, Vermont, South Carolina, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and the University of California San Francisco. Additionally, some enter private practice to become pillars of community medicine. Misha A. Rosenbach, M.D. Associate Director of Residency Program History The first medical school in America, founded in 1765, was named the College of Philadelphia.
    [Show full text]
  • General Dermatology Practice Brochure
    Appointments Our Providers David A. Cowan, MD, FAAD We are currently accepting • Fellow, American Academy of Dermatology new patients. • Associate, American College of Call today to schedule your appointment Mohs Micrographic Surgery Monday - Friday, 8:00am to 4:30pm Rebecca G. Pomerantz, MD 1-877-661-3376 • Board Certified, American Academy of Cancellations & “No Show” Policy Dermatology If you are unable to keep your scheduled Lisa L. Ellis, MPAS, PA-C appointment, please call the office and we will • Member, American Academy of Physician be more than happy to reschedule for you. Assistants Failure to notify us at least 48 hours prior to your • Member, PA Society of Physician Assistants Medical and appointment may result in a cancellation fee. • Member, Society of Dermatology Physician Prescription Refills Assistants Surgical Refill requests are handled during normal office Sheri L. Rolewski, MSN, CRNP-BC hours when our staff has full access to medical • National Board Certification, Family Nurse Dermatology records. Refills cannot be called in on holidays, Practitioner Specialty weekends or more than twelve months after your • Member, Dermatology Nurse Association last exam. Please have your pharmacy contact our office directly. Test Results SMy Dermatology Appointment You will be notified when we receive your Date/Day _____________________________________ pathology or other test results, usually within two weeks from the date of your procedure. If you Time _________________________________________ do not hear from us within three
    [Show full text]
  • Dermatology at the Berkeley Outpatient Center
    Dermatology Berkeley Outpatient Center Overview Encompassing both medical and cosmetic dermatology, our experts at the Berkeley Outpatient Center offer a full range of diagnostic, treatment and surgical services for patients with cutaneous conditions. Surgical Dermatology • Fellowship-trained expertise in • Close coordination with Plastic Surgery Mohs micrographic surgery for at the Berkeley Outpatient Center, treatment of skin cancers including allowing for streamlined treatment for basal cell carcinomas and squamous related procedures in one location cell carcinomas, as well as treatment of • Outpatient surgery for removal of melanoma in situ with MART-1 staining benign skin growths and skin cancers Medical Dermatology - Conditions Treated/Services Offered • Acne, rosacea and related conditions • Mole/Atypical nevus/Melanoma • Sun-damaged skin surveillance • Aesthetic/Cosmetic dermatology • Non-melanoma skin cancers • Eczema and atopic dermatitis • Pigmentation disorders • HIV/AIDS-related skin conditions • Psoriasis • Lumps under the skin • Rashes • Infections of the skin (bacterial, viral, • Skin checks for patients with fungal and other) concerning lesions • Melanoma • Warts When to see a Dermatologist For more information, please call Dermatology Services at (510) 985-5200. Dermatology Services Providing integrated care in the community. Our Dermatology Team Erin Amerson, MD Drew Saylor, MD, MPH UCSF Health UCSF Health Dermatologist Dermatologic surgeon To learn more about our doctors, visit ucsfhealth.org/find_a_doctor. Office location: Berkeley Outpatient Center 3100 San Pablo Avenue Berkeley, CA 94702 (510) 985-5200 To learn more about our Berkeley Outpatient Center, Adeline St visit johnmuirhealth.com/ September 2020 berkeleyopc..
    [Show full text]
  • Dermatology Patch Allergy Testing Post Service - Information Request Form
    Dermatology Patch Allergy Testing Post Service - Information Request Form Blue Cross NC will review associated claim(s) for services rendered on the patient listed below. In order to determine benefits are available for the reported condition, please answer the questions below. If you would prefer to send medical records, relating to the condition for the dates listed you may do so. In this case, all answers must be supported by documentation in the patient's medical record. Please submit the completed form to Blue Cross NC per the Medical Record Submission instructions found on the bcbsnc.com provider site (https://www.bcbsnc.com/assets/providers/public/pdfs/submissions/how_to_submit_provider_initiated_medical_records.pdf) or if requested by Blue Cross NC via a bar-coded coversheet, please fax the form/medical records to the number noted on the bar-coded cover sheet within 7-10 days to facilitate the claim payment. This form must be filled out by the patient's physician or their designee which may be any of the following: Physician Assistant (PA), Nurse Practitioner (NP), Registered Nurse (RN), or Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN). Note: Credentials must be provided with signature or the form will be returned. PROVIDER INFORMATION Requesting Provider Information Place of Service Provider Name Facility Name Provider ID Facility ID PATIENT INFORMATION Patient Name:_____________________________ Patient DOB :_____________ Patient Account Number______________ Patient ID:______________ CLAIM INFORMATION Date(s) of Service_____________ CPT_________ Diagnosis_______ Dermatology Patch Allergy Testing - Information Request Form Page 1 of 3 CLINICAL INFORMATION Did the patient have direct skin testing (for immediate hypersensitivity) by: Percutaneous or epicutaneous (scratch, prick, or puncture)? ________________ Intradermal testing? ___________________________________ Inhalant allergy evaluation? _________________ Did the patient have patch (application) testing (most commonly used: T.R.U.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Dermatology Describing Rashes and Lesions
    Dermatology for the Non-Dermatologist May 30 – June 3, 2018 - 1 - Fundamentals of Dermatology Describing Rashes and Lesions History remains ESSENTIAL to establish diagnosis – duration, treatments, prior history of skin conditions, drug use, systemic illness, etc., etc. Historical characteristics of lesions and rashes are also key elements of the description. Painful vs. painless? Pruritic? Burning sensation? Key descriptive elements – 1- definition and morphology of the lesion, 2- location and the extent of the disease. DEFINITIONS: Atrophy: Thinning of the epidermis and/or dermis causing a shiny appearance or fine wrinkling and/or depression of the skin (common causes: steroids, sudden weight gain, “stretch marks”) Bulla: Circumscribed superficial collection of fluid below or within the epidermis > 5mm (if <5mm vesicle), may be formed by the coalescence of vesicles (blister) Burrow: A linear, “threadlike” elevation of the skin, typically a few millimeters long. (scabies) Comedo: A plugged sebaceous follicle, such as closed (whitehead) & open comedones (blackhead) in acne Crust: Dried residue of serum, blood or pus (scab) Cyst: A circumscribed, usually slightly compressible, round, walled lesion, below the epidermis, may be filled with fluid or semi-solid material (sebaceous cyst, cystic acne) Dermatitis: nonspecific term for inflammation of the skin (many possible causes); may be a specific condition, e.g. atopic dermatitis Eczema: a generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin. Typically appears erythematous,
    [Show full text]
  • Concepts of Sliding and Lifting Tissue Movement in Flap Reconstruction
    HOW I DO IT/BACK TO BASICS This new feature will emphasize innovative and better ways to perform dermatologic surgery procedures. This ar- ticle should be based on some evidence-based literature, but may describe the author’s experience with a particular procedure without being a typical clinical research article. The Editor will consider ideas for topics. Any author who is considering writing an article should submit the title to Ronald L. Moy, MD, Editor-in-Chief, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 590, Los Angeles, CA 90024. Concepts of Sliding and Lifting Tissue Movement in Flap Reconstruction Timothy M. Johnson, MD,*†‡ Neil Swanson, MD,§ and Shan R. Baker, MD† Departments of *Dermatology, †Otorhinolaryngology, and ‡Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and §Department of Dermatology and Otolaryngology, Oregon Health Sciences, Portland Oregon background. The optimal design of a skin flap requires an the answer to three predictable events that result from tissue understanding of the concepts of tissue movement. transfer: Where is the tension? Where are the final incision objective. The purpose of this manuscript was to demon- lines? Where is the redundant tissue? strate concepts of sliding and lifting tissue movement for flap conclusion. A mental exercise assessing all available recon- reconstruction. struction options should be performed for each individual pa- methods. Six similar defects located in the forehead–temple– tient and defect. Both patient and defect considerations need to eyebrow region were repaired using a different skin flap. be assessed. A thorough understanding of both anatomy and tis- results. The specific flap design for a given defect is based on sue movement is necessary for optimal skin flap reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Surgical Treatment Options for Lower Eyelid Aging Joe Niamtu III, DMD
    COSMETIC TECHNIQUE Surgical Treatment Options for Lower Eyelid Aging Joe Niamtu III, DMD The lower eyelid and associated anatomy represent a complex structure that is key in facial aging and rejuvenation. There are numerous ways to address this region and some of the more common treat- ment options are discussed in this article. A review is presented of the diagnosis and popular treatment options to address the most common aspects of eyelid aging. The author has performed cosmetic lower eyelid surgery using transconjunctival blepharoplasty with skin resurfacing for the past 12 years, with pleasing results and low complications. Lower eyelid rejuvenation is one of the most commonly requested procedures in a cosmetic surgery practice. A firm understanding of the complex anatomy of this region is paramount to successful treatment. Although many methods exist for addressing this region, some techniques are more prone to postoperative complications. The author has had continued success with hundreds of patients by performing transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty with CO2 laser resurfacing, chemicalCOS peels, or skin-pinch DERM procedures. These procedures are safe, predictable, and have a place in theDo armamentarium Not of contemporary Copy cosmetic surgeons. ermatochalasis is the crepey, wrinkled, The basis of this article concerns skin aging and its loose, and sun damaged skin of the eye- surgical correction, but discussion of the periorbital fat is lids. Because age-associated changes to germane to the understanding of the aging process and its the upper face often present earlier than correction. The periorbital fat is an essential evolutionary age-associated changes to the lower face, system that serves in part to cushion the globe within its itD is not uncommon for the cosmetic surgery practitioner bony orbit.
    [Show full text]
  • Eyelid Surgery with Laser Resurfacing Around the Eyes to Erase the Bags, Excess Skin, and Wrinkles All at Once
    Meet Dr. Jennifer Reichel From The North Dr. Jennifer Reichel is the founder Take I-5 South and director of Pacific Dermatology Exit at Northgate Way (Exit 173) & Cosmetic Center. She is a board Take Northgate Way westbound ramp certified Dermatologist with Turn right at Northgate Way postgraduate advanced fellowship Turn right into parking garage just past training in Mohs Micrographic skin cancer surgery and cosmetic Meridian Ave. N. surgery. Dr. Reichel specializes in liposuction, eyelid and facial From The South rejuvenation. TakeI-5 North Dr. Reichel attended the University of Colorado for both Exit at Northgate Way (Exit 173) her undergraduate degree and her doctorate of Medicine. Turn left on 1st Avenue N. She completed medical school in 1997. She then underwent Turn left on Northgate Way residency training in Dermatology at the University of Washington followed by a postgraduate fellowship in Mohs Turn right into parking garage just past skin cancer and cosmetic surgery. Dr. Reichel trained with Meridian Ave. N. some of the best eye surgeons (occuloplastics) around the country to advance her skills in eyelid rejuvenation. Free parking is located under the building “I believe that an all encompassing approach to skin care is the key to radiant, healthy complexions. I like to combine eyelid surgery with laser resurfacing around the eyes to erase the bags, excess skin, and wrinkles all at once. Eyes are one of the most important features of the face. It is amazing how refreshed and natural your face can look Eyelid after eyelid rejuvenation.” With a passion for excellence, Dr. Reichel is dedicated to delivering custom-tailored results that are harmonious Surgery with patients’ goals and proud reflections of Pacific Dermatology & Cosmetic Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Dermatopathology Laboratory
    Dermatology Dermatopathology Laboratory Dermatopathology is an essential DERMATOPATHOLOGY TESTING SerVICES component for correct diagnosis and treat- Skin biopsy review ment of skin disorders. Our laboratory offers Professional dermatopathology laboratory services comprehensive microscopic diagnosis for Technical dermatopathology laboratory services nail, hair and skin conditions. Our team con- Consultative review (second opinion) of pathology slides sists of four Board Certified Dermatologists Special stains and Dermatopathologists, Anneli R. Bowen, Immunohistochemistry (extensive list of antibodies) M.D., Keith L. Duffy, M.D., Scott R. Florell, M.D., and David A. Wada, M.D., all of whom ENhaNCED CUStomer SerVICES are trained in clinical dermatology and evaluate patients at the University of Utah Timely reporting Health Care Dermatology Clinics in addition Local courier services and prepaid expedited shipping to interpreting dermatopathology speci- Complimentary test request forms, biopsy fixatives and shipping supplies mens. Their expertise covers a wide range of Laboratory services billing department neoplastic and inflammatory skin diseases. Extensive participating insurance list CONTACT US Our Dermatopathology Laboratory Client Services Office is open from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m., Mountain Time, Monday – Friday. We will return all calls and inquires received after business hours the next business day. Dermatopathology LABoratory Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Care 30 North 1900 East, 4A330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132 Phone: (801) 585-0221 Toll-Free: 1-844-988-7284 (1-844-9UU-PATH) University of Utah Dermatopathology Laboratory participates Fax: (801) 581-6484 in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Laboratory Email: [email protected] Accreditation Program and has Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certification through the Centers for dermatopathology.uofumedicine.org Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
    [Show full text]
  • Segmental Pigmentation Disorder with Congenital Heterochromia Iridis
    Open Journal of Pediatrics, 2015, 5, 213-217 Published Online September 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojped http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojped.2015.53032 Segmental Pigmentation Disorder with Congenital Heterochromia Iridis Carmen Madrigal Díez1*, Sara Rodríguez Prado2, José Héctor Fernández Llaca3 1Primary Paediatric Health Care, Centro de Salud Bezana, Servicio Cántabro de Salud, Spain 2Department of Opthalmology, Hospital de Sierrallana, Torrelavega, Cantabria, Spain 3Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain Email: *[email protected] Received 15 June 2015; accepted 25 August 2015; published 28 August 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract We report the case of a 10-year-old girl with congenital complete heterochromia iridis and seg- mental pigmentation disorder in its hyperpigmented form. We have found no publication that mentions the combination of these 2 disorders. Keywords Congenital Heterochromia Iridis, Segmental Pigmentation Disorder, Café-au-Lait Macules 1. Case Report During a routine checkup, a 10-year-old girl had noticeably different colors in her irises and had large hyper- pigmented spots on her skin. According to her mother, both irises were blue during the child’s first month of life; however, in the following months, the left iris remained blue while the right darkened until reaching its defini- tive brown color by 10 months of age. During her second year of life, two spots appeared on the child’s back that were darker brown than her normal skin, which progressively spread towards the front.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined Low Laser Light Phototherapy and Growth Factor Hair Formulationinfiltration Therapy in Androgenetic Alopecia
    Journal of Clinical and Cosmetic Dermatology SciO p Forschene n HUB for Sc i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h ISSN 2576-2826 | Open Access RESEARCH ARTICLE Volume 3 - Issue 2 | DOI: Combined Low Laser Light Phototherapy and Growth Factor Hair Formulation Infiltration Therapy in Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA Combo Treatment) Luigi Laino* Latuapelle Dermatologic Center, Rome, Italy *Corresponding author: Luigi Laino, Latuapelle Dermatologic Center, Rome, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 18 Apr, 2019 | Accepted: 03 May, 2019 | Published: 10 May, 2019 Citation: Laino L (2019) Combined Low Laser Light Phototherapy and Growth Factor Hair Formulation Infiltration Therapy in Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA Combo Treatment). J Clin Cosmet Dermatol 3(2): dx.doi.org/10.16966/2576-2826.140 Copyright: © 2019 Laino L. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Alopecia is a hair follicular disorder affecting more than half of the world’s population. Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) is the most common subtype of alopecia that affects over 50% of men aged over 40 and 75% of women aged over 65. Low-level Light therapy (Laser or LED) is a new technique for stimulating hair growth in men and women that has recently been approved by the US food and drug administration. It is assumed to stimulate anagen phase re-entry in telogen hair follicles, prolong the duration of anagen phase, increase rates of proliferation in active anagen hair follicles and prevent premature catagen development.
    [Show full text]
  • Dermatology Terminology Herbert B
    Dermatology Terminology Herbert B. Allen Dermatology Terminology Herbert B. Allen Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, PA USA ISBN 978-1-84882-839-1 e-ISBN 978-1-84882-840-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-840-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2009942259 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criti- cism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to the three teachers who have had the big- gest impact in my life in dermatology.
    [Show full text]