DOCSLIB.ORG

North Korea: Can the Iron Fist Accept the Invisible Hand?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
North Korea: Can the Iron Fist Accept the Invisible Hand? NORTH KOREA: CAN THE IRON FIST ACCEPT THE INVISIBLE HAND? 25 April 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE NORTH KOREAN ECONOMY ......................................................................... 2 A. ORIGINS................................................................................................................................2 B. RISE AND FALL OF THE COMMAND ECONOMY ......................................................................2 C. COLLAPSE AND CHANGE.......................................................................................................3 D. INCIPIENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MARKETISATION ..........................................................5 E. TENTATIVE OPENING ............................................................................................................6 1. Trade..........................................................................................................................7 2. Direct investment.......................................................................................................8 3. Special Economic Zones..........................................................................................10 III. OBSTACLES TO REFORM....................................................................................... 12 A. THE RULING ELITE .............................................................................................................12 B. CAPITAL DECLINE...............................................................................................................14 C. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT .........................................................................................15 D. THE KNOWLEDGE DIVIDE ...................................................................................................15 E. CRONY CAPITALISM............................................................................................................16 IV. POLICY RESPONSES: COERCION OR COOPERATION?................................ 17 A. SANCTIONS? .......................................................................................................................17 B. FACILITATING REFORM.......................................................................................................19 1. Build a vanguard for change....................................................................................19 2. Support the market economy ...................................................................................21 3. Begin comprehensive needs assessments ................................................................21 V. PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE ............................................................................ 22 A. UNITED NATIONS................................................................................................................22 B. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS .........................................................................23 C. SOUTH KOREA ....................................................................................................................24 D. JAPAN .................................................................................................................................24 E. OTHERS ..............................................................................................................................24 F. CONSULTATIVE GROUP.......................................................................................................25 VI. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 25 APPENDICES A. MAP OF NORTH KOREA.......................................................................................................26 B. ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP ...........................................................................27 C. CRISIS GROUP REPORTS AND BRIEFINGS ON ASIA ..................................................................28 D. CRISIS GROUP BOARD MEMBERS........................................................................................30 Asia Report N°96 25 April 2005 NORTH KOREA: CAN THE IRON FIST ACCEPT THE INVISIBLE HAND? EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Despite the deepening nuclear confrontation between have little impact on the North Korean economy, North Korea and the world, the North is undergoing the particularly if its two largest trade partners, China and most profound economic changes since the founding of South Korea, were not to participate. The economic the state 57 years ago. It is unclear if the regime is changes underway are also unlikely to lead to the capable of fully embracing the market; the final outcome toppling of the regime any time soon, but as they take cannot be predicted, and no major new economic hold, the pressure for political change will increase. The engagement should be attempted until the nuclear issue international community can start to improve North is resolved. Nevertheless, the international community Korea's chances of making a successful transition by: has an opportunity to increase the chances that North taking advantage of the new opportunities to train Korea will make a successful transition from a Stalinist North Koreans in financial, technical and market command economy to one that is more market-driven economic skills, both inside and outside the and integrated into the global economy. Facilitating its country; economic reforms remains the best strategy for pushing the North towards more acceptable international conduct. addressing infrastructural constraints, particularly There are some important preliminary steps not involving in the power and transportation sectors; and the transfer of meaningful resources that ought to be undertaking comprehensive needs assessments to undertaken immediately both in order to prepare for prepare for the next stage of reform. what should be done if a nuclear deal is struck and to show Pyongyang why it needs to make that deal in its North Korea will not and should not receive significant own interest. international development assistance until it gives up its nuclear weapons, but it would be worthwhile trying The most important changes since July 2002 are that already to develop a better understanding of the gradual marketisation and incipient entrepreneurship are country's economy and what it will require in the way of creating semi-private markets, shops and small businesses help. Whether the regime survives or not, North Korea across the country; and economic ties with China and will need officials who are better versed in economic South Korea are deepening in unprecedented ways, matters and have a greater exposure to the world. giving a growing number of North Koreans their first Increasing knowledge about the economy would also unfiltered taste of the outside world. likely improve the prospect that any deal reached on the nuclear issue would lead to transformation of the Deeper institutional reform is still constrained by the economy and improved living standards rather than regime's overriding obsession with its survival. Economic simply channel resources to the elite. growth is also hindered by the degeneration of the industrial, transportation and energy infrastructure and Seoul/Brussels, 25 April 2005 the bureaucracy's lack of understanding of basic market economic concepts. Corruption is rampant, and many state officials have already learned how to tilt the market for their own enrichment. Even if the regime can overcome these obstacles, the reform process will ultimately fail unless it can proceed in an international environment that is conducive to providing the necessary technical and financial assistance. Economic sanctions, though they may well become necessary if the nuclear issue remains unresolved, would Asia Report N°96 25 April 2005 NORTH KOREA: CAN THE IRON FIST ACCEPT THE INVISIBLE HAND? I. INTRODUCTION Anecdotal evidence from the hundreds of foreign aid workers, diplomats and government officials who have been granted access to the North allows for corroboration North Korea's provocative behaviour makes it difficult of many details provided by North Korean officials and for countries seeking engagement to facilitate reform. It is the state-run media. North Korea has also allowed difficult to argue other than that most direct international international agencies and experts to conduct detailed in- assistance should remain unavailable until the nuclear country studies ranging from the state of the environment crisis is resolved. Moreover, if that crisis grows worse, it to nutritional standards and management techniques. may well become necessary to move in the opposite Interviews with refugees and defectors have been direction -- to sanctions -- as the only measure short of documented. The Bank of (South) Korea and the Korea force available to persuade Pyongyang to reverse Trade Promotion Agency (KOTRA) both produce data 2 course.1 However, resolving that crisis is only the first on the economy, and trade statistics can be extracted step. For North Korea eventually to become a more from those of North Korea's trade partners. stable and normal country, it also needs to complete the transition from a command economy to a market economy. It is unclear if
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Asia Pacific Executive Brief
    IMA Asia Asia Pacific Executive Brief May 2017 © IMA Asia Editor: Richard Martin ([email protected]) Asia economist: Veasna Kong ([email protected]) China economist: Matthew Li ([email protected]) Consulting economist: Kostas Panagiotou ([email protected]) CONTENTS Overviews Global Outlook Regional Outlook North Asia Japan CONFIDENTIAL China Hong Kong Taiwan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines PREVIEW Singapore Thailand Vietnam South Asia India Australasia Australia New Zealand EXCEL WORKBOOK: IMA Asia clients can also access a 14-page excel workbook with data and charts that can be used for reports and presentations. www.imaasia.com This report summarises the current business environment analysis and short-term forecasts of country directors running executive briefing programs across Asia. The Asia Pacific Executive Brief is owned and produced by International Market Assessment Asia Pty Ltd (IMA Asia). This report is issued by IMA Asia to clients only. It is for general informational purposes and is not guaranteed as to accuracy or completeness. The analysis and forecasts are subject to change without notice. IMA Asia does not accept any liability arising from the use of this report. For more information and press enquiries please contact [email protected]. Copyright 2017 IMA Asia. All rights reserved. Intended for recipient only and not for further distribution or web loading without the consent of IMA Asia. www.imaasia.com Asia Pacific Executive Brief May 2017 www.imaasia.com South Korea Political & policy issues to watch President Moon President Moon Jae-in took office on May 10 for a single six-year term, the day after takes over winning a snap poll triggered by his predecessor’s impeachment.
    [Show full text]
  • Far Eastern Studies
    2014–2015 ANNUAL REPORT The Institute for Far Eastern Studies KYUNGNAMKyungnam UniversityUNIVERSITY 2014–2015 ANNUAL REPORT The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam University Contents “IFES’s mission to promote peace on the Korean Peninsula, the region, and the world continues, as do our efforts to support scholarship and advance positive change for the improvement of inter-Korean relations and the promotion of Korean reunification.” 5 MESSAGE FROM 9 ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES 41 PUBLICATIONS 51 EDUCATION PROGRAMS 55 GLOBAL PROGRAMS & THE PRESIDENT International Conferences IFES Academy of Korean ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS Unification Economy International Seminars and Workshops SSPK 6 ABOUT IFES Hanma Unification Strategic Dialogues Domestic Conferences Leadership Unification Strategy Forum Academic Partnerships and Exchanges IFES Colloquium International Scholars Seminars he Institute for Far Eastern Studies (IFES) of Kyungnam University was established as an independent nonpartisan research institute T specializing in the study and analysis of economies and societies of the (former) communist countries and the Third World, including China and North Korea, and relations among actors in Northeast Asia, inter alia. For over four decades its mandate has been to promote peace and the unification of Korea through scholarly contributions that examine the critical history and current affairs of the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia. Through its com- mitment to promoting research and programs that improve our understand- ing of North Korea and how to enhance peace on the Korean Peninsula, IFES has continued its mission, working closely with its local and international partners and associates to search for ways in which we as a global commu- nity can best address the myriad complex challenges that Korea, Asia, and the world face.
    [Show full text]
  • Stabilizing Democracy and Human Rights Systems in South Korea
    Stabilizing Democracy and Human Rights Systems in South Korea Tae-Ung Baik* I. INTRODUCTION ................................ ...... 877 II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEMS INSOUTH KOREA...........880 III. SOUTH KOREA'S POLITICAL CHANGES AND THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY 889 IV. DEMANDS OF ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY ......................... 896 V. SOUTH KOREA'S DEATH PENALTY MORATORIUM ............................ 901 VI. CONCLUSION ....................................... 906 I. INTRODUCTION Democracy is defined as "a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives." Under this definition, South Korea is certainly considered a democratic country, and one may have little hesitation in praising the country as one of the few exemplary Asian states that have achieved both remarkable economic development and dramatic political democratization within a relatively short period of time.2 South Korea's economy in the last half century has jumped from being one of Asia's poorest to one of the region's leading developed countries.3 The notorious South Korean authoritarian military regimes gave way to democratic regimes during the 1980s and 1990s. These changes toward democracy and a human rights protection system in the country were strongly supported by the growth of civil society networks and people power movements. However, it is ironic to see Park Geun-hye, the daughter of former dictator Park Chung-hee, win the most recent South Korean presidential election in 2012.4 Park won the election as an icon of the conservative * Associate Professor of Law, William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai'i at Minoa. This article was first presented at the He Hali'a Aloha No Jon: Memories of Aloha for Jon Conference on February 1, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Tony Michell CEO - Korea Associates Business Consulting Managing Director - Euro-Asian Business Consultancy
    Mar15 Dr Tony Michell CEO - Korea Associates Business Consulting Managing Director - Euro-Asian Business Consultancy Advisor, Speaker Korea and North East Asia Business Strategy One of the most knowledgeable authorities on Korea, its political, economic and business development and the North East Asian region. Professional Experience Dr. Michell has over 34 years' experience working in, observing, analysing economic and political developments as well as the business operating environment in Korea and North East Asia. He is the Founder of both Euro-Asian Business Consultancy (EABC) and Korea Associates Business Consulting (KABC), Tony advises foreign companies on business strategy for Korea and also works with local Korean companies and government departments on international issues. Through KABC, he was also a research partner for several years with Doran Capital, a privately held diversified real estate investment management company. He is a leading authority on North Korea -- EABC was the first Western firm to set up a North Korea office, structuring the first foreign business deals. EABC coordinates associate offices in Vladivostok and Ulan Bator. EABC was the Economist Group’s Korea Associate for almost 10 years and still runs a senior business executive programme in Seoul, The Korea Business Group. Tony has organised and chaired a number of business investment forums including three Korean Government Roundtables under the Economist Conferences brand. Tony organises and chairs various business conferences and seminars in Seoul.
    [Show full text]
  • Korea's Economy
    6/3/2009 12:45:34 6/3/2009 12:45:34 PM6/3/2009 12:45:34 PM Korea’s Economy Korea’s 2009 ea’sea’sea’s Econo Econ Econ Korea’s Korea Economic Institute PRESORTED STANDARD 1800 K Street, N.W. Suite 1010 U.S. POSTAGE K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Washington D.C., 20006 PAID PERMIT #3777 WASHINGTON, DC co Eecoco 18002_COVER-N1-R2.indd 118002_COVER-N1-R2.indd 1 CONTENTS Part I: Overview and Macroeconomic Part V: north Korea’s Economic Issues Development and External Relations Korea’s Near-Term Economic Prospects and Engagement on the Margins: Capacity Building Challenges in North Korea Subir Lall and Leif Lybecker Eskesen . 1 Bernhard Seliger . 67 Global Financial Crisis and the Korean Economy: North Korea and International Financial Issues and Perspectives Organizations: Political and Economic Barriers Pyo Hak-kil . 8 to Cooperation Lee Sang-hyun . 76 Part II: Financial Institutions and Markets The Impact of U.S. Financial and Economic Distress on South Korea Thomas Cargill . 15 The Wall Street Panic and the Korean Economy Kim Dong-hwan . 25 Part III: Structural Reform Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration Tony Michell . 33 Tax Reform in Korea Randall Jones . 45 Part IV: External Issues U.S.-Korea Economic Relations: View from Seoul Han Dongman . 55 A Washington Perspective Jordan Heiber and Jennifer Schuch-Page . 64 000ix-x_TOC.indd 1 5/26/2009 10:30:09 AM STRUCTURAL REFORM ECONOMIC POLICY REFORMS IN THE LEE MYUNG-BAK ADMINISTRATION By Tony Michell Policy and Global Crisis February 2008 as America’s subprime problem and the export-led economy of Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Engagement & Empowerment Forum on Sustainable Development
    2018 GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT & EMPOWERMENT FORUM ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GEEF 2018 Report: Putting People and Planet at the Center Publisher : Kim Yong-Hak Editor-in-Chief : Sohn Myongsei Managing Editor : Chun Jee-in Editorial Assistants : Kim Ji Eun, Park Tae In, Lee Eunjin, Lee Jonghyuk Art Direction & Design : Yoo Sang Ah Copyright © 2018 by Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment B107 Underwood Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, whether electronic, photocopy or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Published in the Republic of Korea by Yonsei University Press. Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea E-mail: [email protected] http://press.yonsei.ac.kr ISBN 978-89-6850-209-5 (93060) GEEF 2018 PREFACE Toward a Future We Want A s IGEE’s signature annual event, the Global Engagement & Empowerment Forum on Sustainable Development (GEEF) is the cornerstone for fulfilling the mission and vision of the organization. GEEF will serve as a platform for world leaders, academics, practitioners, and the young generation to collaborate towards accomplishing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The GEEF 2018 Report provides a summary and outcome of the first Forum held at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea on February 7-8, 2018. IGEE has uploaded videos of the entire event (except the Sohn Myongsei Executive Director parallel sessions) on our official YouTube channel. You may Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment want to use the materials in your workplace, classroom, at Yonsei University and even at home to spread the word and foster excellence in sustainable development research, education, practice and advocacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport and Urban Activity Systems
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 848 ----- Transport and , Urban Activity Systems ~ITID TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1982 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Officers DARRELL V MANNING, Chairman LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Vice Chairman THOMAS B. DEEN, Executive Director Members RAY A. BARNHART, JR., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) WILLIAM J. HARRIS, JR., Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex officio) J. LYNN HELMS, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) THOMAS D. LARSON, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (ex officio, Past Chairman, 1981) RAYMOND A. PECK, JR., Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ARTHUR E. TEELE, JR., Administrator, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) CHARLEY V. WOOTAN, Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University (ex officio, Past Chairman, 1980) GEORGE J, BEAN, Director of Aviation, Hillsborough County (Florida) Aviation Authority JOHN R. BORCHERT, Professor, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota RICHARD P. BRAUN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation ARTHUR J. BRUEN, JR., Vice President, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Senior Vice President and Member, Board of Directors, Roadway Express, Inc. ALAN G. DUSTIN, President, Chief Executive, and Chief Operating Officer, Boston and Maine Corporation ROBERT E. FARRIS, Commissioner, Tennessee Department of Transportation ADRIANA GIANTURCO, Director, California Department of Transportation JACK R. GILSTRAP, Executive Vice President, American Public Transit Association MARK G.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Sales Extend Slump Despite Economic Strength
    TUESDAY, JULY 24, 2018 ~ VOL. CCLXXII NO. 19 WSJ.com HHHH $4.00 DJIA 25044.29 g 13.83 0.1% NASDAQ 7841.87 À 0.3% STOXX 600 384.88 g 0.2% 10-YR. TREAS. g 19/32 , yield 2.963% OIL $67.89 g $0.37 GOLD $1,224.00 g $5.50 EURO $1.1694 YEN 111.34 Housing Developments Google What’s Rising mortgage rates have ...while home values have ...due to low inventory. contributed to the drop in sales... continued to increase... 5 million units 30-year fixed-rate Median sales price of existing Available homes for sale, Blasts News mortgage rates homes, change from a year prior by months supply 4 Business&Finance 6% 10% 12 Through 3 oogle parent Alphabet Sales of previously Hurdles Gposted sales and profit 4 8 surpassing analysts’ esti- owned homes declined Parent Alphabet posts mates, a sign the company’s 2 in June for the third 0 strength in online ads will straight month. strong quarter despite help offset the impact of Existing-home sales, 2 4 $5 billion EU fine; new EU regulations. A1 1 seasonally adjusted shares keep rising Home sales slumped in annual rate the second quarter despite BY DOUGLAS MACMILLAN what was likely the strongest 0 0 –10 0 period for U.S. growth in years, 2010 2010 2010 2010 Google’s advertising ma- the latest sign that the ex- chine keeps racing ahead even pansion faces headwinds. A1 Sources: National Association of Realtors via Haver Analytics (sales); National Association of Realtors via Moody’s Analytics (prices, inventory); Freddie Mac (mortgage rates) THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of the Automotive Sector in Selected Countries of the Escap Region
    ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE ESCAP REGION Proceedings and country papers presented at the Regional Consultative Meeting on Promotion of Intraregional Trade and Economic Cooperation in the Automotive Sector UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE ESCAP REGION Proceedings and country papers presented at the Regional Consultative Meeting on Promotion of Intraregional Trade and Economic Cooperation in the Automotive Sector UNITED NATIONS New York, 2002 ST/ESCAP/2223 ESCAP works towards reducing poverty and managing globalization The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this study do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This document has been issued without formal editing. ii FOREWORD The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has been working to enhance industrial development and technological capability-building in member countries by undertaking various initiatives at regional/subregional levels and to promote cooperation among the economies in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reshaping of Korea
    The Reshaping of Korea November 2001 PACIFIC COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL POLICY T HE WESTERN PARTNER OF THE C OUNCIL ON F OREIGN R ELATIONS MISSION STATEMENT: The Pacific Council on International Policy aims to promote better understanding and more effective action, by private and public sector leaders alike, in addressing a rapidly changing world. It brings together leaders from diverse communities across the western United States and around the Pacific Rim. Its focus is the interaction of global trends and local effects as national borders become more porous, traditional concepts of “public” and “private” blur and what constitutes “policy” itself is changing. Pacific Council on International Policy Los Angeles, CA 90089-0035 Tel: (213) 740-4296 Fax: (213) 740-9498/9993 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.pacificcouncil.org The Reshaping of Korea November 2001 PACIFIC COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL POLICY T HE WESTERN PARTNER OF THE C OUNCIL ON F OREIGN R ELATIONS MAP OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA CONTENTS Summary 1 Preface 5 Introduction 7 Economic Restructuring 9 Politics: The Power of Personality and the Center 15 New Political Forces ... and Old 19 The Roles of Korean-Americans 24 Prospects for Rapprochement Between North and South 27 Understanding North Korea’s Economic Shift 30 Assessing Political Change in North Korea 34 Charting the Way Forward 36 The Regional Context 39 The Special Role of the United States 41 Conclusion 43 “Track II” — Private Action in Pursuit of Public Purpose 44 Endnotes 47 Korean Peninsula Timeline 48 Task Force Members and Advisors 52 Acknowledgments 54 SUMMARY hese are historic times in Korea, both North and South.
    [Show full text]
  • Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897
    Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:39987984 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897 A dissertation presented by John S. Lee to The Department of East Asian Language and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts June 2017 © 2017 John S. Lee All rights reserved. ii Dissertation Advisor: Professor Sun Joo Kim John S. Lee Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897 Abstract As the main fuel source and building material of almost every society before the Industrial Revolution, wood was a fundamental component of human life. In turn, wood’s primary source, the forest ecosystem, was a site of competing claims and usages. From the peasant’s fuel wood to the hunter’s habitat and the admiral’s timbers, the pre-industrial forest was a site of contestation and, accordingly, an accordant site of laws, edicts, and codes meant to prioritize certain claims, often those of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    1 The Life Cycle of Samsung Electronics The life of a man is short, but that of a corporation must never be. Lee Byung - chul 1 Courtship and infancy What did Lee Byung - chul, founder and chairman of the Samsung Group, think he was founding in January 1969? Globally, the electrical industry was at the end of its fi rst electronic transformation, from valves to diodes and transistors. The American and European electrical industry was under siege by the Japanese industry — Sony, Matsushita, Toshiba and Sanyo. The Italians were taking the European whitegoods market by storm. In Korea, American and Japanese companies — including Motorola, Signetics, Fairchild Semiconductor, Control Data, Victor, and Canon — were in the process of setting up ventures to take advantage of cheap labor costs and moderate - quality labor. In all probability, Lee mainly had his eye on his local competitorCOPYRIGHTED Goldstar Electronics (now LGMATERIAL Electronics). Founded in 1959, Goldstar was sweeping the local appliance market, as Korea ’ s high tariffs and cumbersome non - tariff barriers limited the supply of imported products to the domestic market. Goldstar ’ s found- ers, the Koos, had linked up with the founders of Lucky (at that time involved in clothing and chemicals), the Huhs, to form a new rival to Samsung called Lucky Goldstar. This would form a chaebol CCH001.inddH001.indd 1177 44/8/10/8/10 55:10:42:10:42 PPMM 18 Samsung Electronics and the Struggle for Leadership which could seek to challenge the Samsung Group in every fi eld. And Lee was not happy: unlike Lucky Goldstar, the Samsung Group was not then the favorite of Korea ’ s military rulers, led by President Park Chung - hee.
    [Show full text]