DOCSLIB.ORG

Urban Transportation in Korea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Urban Transportation in Korea 8 Transportation Research Record 848 allocation of the spatial distribution of dwelling­ grated Transportation and Land Use Package. unit opportunities input to the household-allocation Transportation, Vol. 3, 1974, pp. 193-224. model. These dwelling-unit allocation functions 5. M, Ayeni. A Predictive Model of Urban Stock showed that the locations of apartments were more and Activity: 1, Theoretical Considerations. sensitive to employment accessibility than those of Environment and Planning A, Vol. 7, No. 8, the detached dwelling units. The household-alloca­ 1975, pp. 965-980. tion submodel also has a tendency to overallocate 6. M. Ayeni. A Predictive Model of Urban Stock household growth to the peripheral locations, which and Activity: 2, Empirical Development. Envi­ is also a zone size effect. ronment and Planning A, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1976, The spatial distribution of the growth in service pp. 59-78. employment is influenced by the size of the retail 7. R. Mackett. A Dynamic Integrated Activity Al­ shopping area and travel deterrence, the factors location-Transportation Model for West York­ incorporated in most allocation functions. shire. School of Geography, Univ. of Leeds, The model described in this paper may be used to Leeds, England, Rept. WP 40, 1976. support strategic planning studies at the regional B, R. Mackett. The Theoretical Structure of a Dy­ scale. It seems to be capable of capturing the namic Urban Activity and Stock Allocation major influences on development in growing areas. Model. School of Geography, Univ. of Leeds, The allocation functions have plausible structures, Leeds, England, Rept. WP 135, 1976, and the response of the model to changes in parame­ 9. M. Florian and s. Nguyen. An Application and ter magnitudes suggests that the initial calibration Validation of Equilibrium Trip Assignment Meth­ strategy and internal structure of the model were ods. Centre de Recherche sur les Transport, satisfactory. The major deficiency of the model, as Univ. de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in all models of this type, is that it relies 1975. heavily on the exogenous input of many of the 10. G.M. Said. An Urban Systems Model for the supply-related variables. Toronto Region. Department of Civil Engineer­ ing, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, REFERENCES Canada, Ph.D. thesis, 1979. 11. J.W. Simmons. Patterns of Residential Movement 1, M. Batty. Dynamic Simulation of an Urban Sys­ in Metropolitan Toronto. Univ. of Toronto tem. In Pattern and Process in Urban and Re­ Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1974. gional Systems (A.G. Wilson, ed.), Pion, Lon­ 12. D. Seidman. The Construction of an Urban don, 1972. Growth Model. Delaware Valley Regional Plan­ 2. M. Batty. Urban Modelling. Cambridge Univ. ning Commission, Philadelphia, Tech. Supplement Press, Cambridge, England, 1976. PRl, Vol. A, 1969. 3. S.H. Putman. The Interdependence of Transpor­ 13. A.G. Wilson. Urban and Regional Models in tation Development and Land Development. In­ Geography and Planning, Wiley, New York, 1974. stitute of Environmental Studies, Department of City and Regional Planning, Univ. of Pennsyl­ vania, Philadelphia, 1973. Publication of this paper sponsored by Committee on Transportation and 4 . S.H. Putman. Preliminary Results from an Inte- Land Development. Urban Transportation 1n l(orea: Lesson for the World or a Passing Phase? TONY MICHELL Research into Korean urban transportation prospects conducted in 1979 and which strategy is adopted, the achievements in holding down the growth of 1980 is summarized. This paper identifies unusually low automobile owner­ private cars is a lesson that might be considered in other developing countries. ship during a period of rapid growth as the distinctive feature of Korean cities and traces the fiscal, financial, and utilitarian reasons for this phenomenon. It is argued that the low number of automobiles has benefited both existing Automobile ownership in South Korea has remained at automobile owners and users of public transportation. The public transporta­ an unusually low level during a period of rapid tion system is described ~nd evaluated. Future plans for Korean cities are economic growth that spans more than 20 years. This based on the assumption that rapid motorization will occur. It is argued that paper presents a summary of research conducted in the plans contain contradictory policies about decentralization and fail to 1979 and 1980 into the results of restricting such consider viable alternatives. These consist of increasing the efficiency of the an important variable in the urban transportation existing transportation system while retaining the full set of policies for con­ system and the prospects for the future (1-!l . It straining the growth of automobile ownership and use. It is suggested that is argued that the effect has been beneficial to the this strategy would maintain the efficiency and equitability of the existing city majority of urban Koreans, but that a combination of while minimizing investment. If this alternative strategy is adopted, then Korean cities will become the scene for important experiments in urban trans­ forces is now working to reverse past policies and portation, comparable to the Singapore area licensing scheme. In this case, accelerate the growth of automobile ownership. The Korea might become a lesson to the world. However, if existing constraints short- and medium-term consequences of this growth on automobile ownership are relaxed, then the present system will prove only will be to destroy the existing system. Alterna­ a passing phase and Korea will experience the problems of adjustment to the tives exist that would allow sufficient time to motorcar faced by European and Japanese cities in the past. Irrespective of experiment to preserve many of the beneficial fea- Transportation Research Record 848 9 Table 1. Major indicators of principal Korean cities. Item Seoul Pusan Daegu Inchon Kwangju Daejon Populiltion , 1979 (000 OOOs) 8.1 3.0 1.57 1.04 0.73 0.61 Area (km2 ) 627 436 178 200 213.4 87 .5 Urban area8 252.6 132.4 64.8 66 34 33.7 Urban density 32 066 22 652 24 228 15 740 21 479 18 085 Private cars 77 008 14 126 8239 3135 2214 2025 Official cars 2131 377 288 110 226 209 Taxis 26 960 20 051 3297 1866 1360 1053 Buses 6411 1915 1712 679 1279 596 Minibuses 600 Trucks 50 688 18 838 12 849 5048 4323 3593 Total vehiclesb 167 101 45 114 27 118 12 877 9734 7616 Cars per 1000 people 9.8 4.9 5.5 3.35 3.2 3.48 Bus companies 90 30 30 NA 4 14 Bus linesc 193 110 43 NA NA NA Per capita incomed (1975 $) 1099 900 883 NA 462 705 a £licludlng. mo~ntain, agricultural land, rivers, and lakes; in several cities these act as pa.rks and recreational areas. btnclud lng special vehicles, private buses, etc. C£xcludlna minibus lineJ, ,co1b uses, etc. dcalcul1ted by RORJ :and Kot~an Institute for Science and T echnology from Bank of Korea data for J 978 at t 975 prices, · Table 2. Sample comparisons of national levels of automobile ownership. fastest-growing economies, with an average annual gross national product (GNP) growth rate of 9.9 GDP per Capita percent between 1963 and 1978. Population growth (1975 or 1976 Cars per I 000 has also been rapid, al though slowing from around 3 Count ry Year U.S. dollars) Inhabitants percent/year at the beginning of the 1960s to about Pakistan 1976 200 2.7 1.6 percent during much of the 1970s. Urban growth Thailand 1975 379 6.2 has been even faster. Most cities have grown by Philippines 1976 407 8.82 about 5-6 percent/year, but several cities around Colombia 1975 574 16.4 Seoul have experienced an annual growth rate of well Ivory Coast 1976 610 12.8 over 10 percent. The basic ingredients of urban Ecuador 1976 640 13.7 Paraguay 1976 640 9.9 transportation demand--population and income--are Korea 1976 707 2.7 therefore extremely dynamic, and the potential 197 9 817" 6.8 rapidity of change compounds the problem of appro­ Tunisia 197 6 840 21.3 priate action. Turkey 1975 900 11.5 Brazil 1975 1158 46.1 Koreans do not think their cities function well, Japan 1976 4937 164.0 but few outside observers can fail to be impressed West Germany 1976 7249 307.6 by the way such high-density cities function. For United States 1976 7912 504.0 example, average car journey speeds in 1978 in Notes: GDP = gross domestic product. crosstown journeys at peak times were in the region The vagaries of national in com~ calculations in different countries mean of 29 km/h, nearly twice that of most large cities that GD P per capita figures cannot be precisely compared without spt!cific country information. in the Western world. When it is remembered that 3 1976 constant prices; all other figures current. the actual distances involved are short by European standards, and very short in American terms, it appears that the average Korean is spending much tures of the present system. If conducted, such less time per day in traveling than his or her Amer­ experiments could be of great interest to Western ican or European counterpart (6; 7, pp. 21-22). planners, and the future progress of the Korean Public transportation also has a high-average speed. urban system should prove deserving of closer atten­ That traffic and people move as well as they do tion. Regardless of the future, the Korean experi­ in this situation is chiefly the result of Korean ence offers a useful lesson to developing countries success at holding down the number of automobiles. with lower per capita incomes. As can be seen from Table 2 (§.,.2.), Korea had until very recently a level of car ownership approximately THE KOREAN CITY four times lower than countries with comparable per capita incomes, and only 5 percent of households own South Korea is the fourth most densely populated motorcars at the present time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Asia Pacific Executive Brief
    IMA Asia Asia Pacific Executive Brief May 2017 © IMA Asia Editor: Richard Martin ([email protected]) Asia economist: Veasna Kong ([email protected]) China economist: Matthew Li ([email protected]) Consulting economist: Kostas Panagiotou ([email protected]) CONTENTS Overviews Global Outlook Regional Outlook North Asia Japan CONFIDENTIAL China Hong Kong Taiwan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines PREVIEW Singapore Thailand Vietnam South Asia India Australasia Australia New Zealand EXCEL WORKBOOK: IMA Asia clients can also access a 14-page excel workbook with data and charts that can be used for reports and presentations. www.imaasia.com This report summarises the current business environment analysis and short-term forecasts of country directors running executive briefing programs across Asia. The Asia Pacific Executive Brief is owned and produced by International Market Assessment Asia Pty Ltd (IMA Asia). This report is issued by IMA Asia to clients only. It is for general informational purposes and is not guaranteed as to accuracy or completeness. The analysis and forecasts are subject to change without notice. IMA Asia does not accept any liability arising from the use of this report. For more information and press enquiries please contact [email protected]. Copyright 2017 IMA Asia. All rights reserved. Intended for recipient only and not for further distribution or web loading without the consent of IMA Asia. www.imaasia.com Asia Pacific Executive Brief May 2017 www.imaasia.com South Korea Political & policy issues to watch President Moon President Moon Jae-in took office on May 10 for a single six-year term, the day after takes over winning a snap poll triggered by his predecessor’s impeachment.
    [Show full text]
  • Far Eastern Studies
    2014–2015 ANNUAL REPORT The Institute for Far Eastern Studies KYUNGNAMKyungnam UniversityUNIVERSITY 2014–2015 ANNUAL REPORT The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam University Contents “IFES’s mission to promote peace on the Korean Peninsula, the region, and the world continues, as do our efforts to support scholarship and advance positive change for the improvement of inter-Korean relations and the promotion of Korean reunification.” 5 MESSAGE FROM 9 ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES 41 PUBLICATIONS 51 EDUCATION PROGRAMS 55 GLOBAL PROGRAMS & THE PRESIDENT International Conferences IFES Academy of Korean ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS Unification Economy International Seminars and Workshops SSPK 6 ABOUT IFES Hanma Unification Strategic Dialogues Domestic Conferences Leadership Unification Strategy Forum Academic Partnerships and Exchanges IFES Colloquium International Scholars Seminars he Institute for Far Eastern Studies (IFES) of Kyungnam University was established as an independent nonpartisan research institute T specializing in the study and analysis of economies and societies of the (former) communist countries and the Third World, including China and North Korea, and relations among actors in Northeast Asia, inter alia. For over four decades its mandate has been to promote peace and the unification of Korea through scholarly contributions that examine the critical history and current affairs of the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia. Through its com- mitment to promoting research and programs that improve our understand- ing of North Korea and how to enhance peace on the Korean Peninsula, IFES has continued its mission, working closely with its local and international partners and associates to search for ways in which we as a global commu- nity can best address the myriad complex challenges that Korea, Asia, and the world face.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea: Can the Iron Fist Accept the Invisible Hand?
    NORTH KOREA: CAN THE IRON FIST ACCEPT THE INVISIBLE HAND? 25 April 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE NORTH KOREAN ECONOMY ......................................................................... 2 A. ORIGINS................................................................................................................................2 B. RISE AND FALL OF THE COMMAND ECONOMY ......................................................................2 C. COLLAPSE AND CHANGE.......................................................................................................3 D. INCIPIENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MARKETISATION ..........................................................5 E. TENTATIVE OPENING ............................................................................................................6 1. Trade..........................................................................................................................7 2. Direct investment.......................................................................................................8 3. Special Economic Zones..........................................................................................10 III. OBSTACLES TO REFORM....................................................................................... 12 A. THE RULING
    [Show full text]
  • Stabilizing Democracy and Human Rights Systems in South Korea
    Stabilizing Democracy and Human Rights Systems in South Korea Tae-Ung Baik* I. INTRODUCTION ................................ ...... 877 II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEMS INSOUTH KOREA...........880 III. SOUTH KOREA'S POLITICAL CHANGES AND THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY 889 IV. DEMANDS OF ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY ......................... 896 V. SOUTH KOREA'S DEATH PENALTY MORATORIUM ............................ 901 VI. CONCLUSION ....................................... 906 I. INTRODUCTION Democracy is defined as "a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives." Under this definition, South Korea is certainly considered a democratic country, and one may have little hesitation in praising the country as one of the few exemplary Asian states that have achieved both remarkable economic development and dramatic political democratization within a relatively short period of time.2 South Korea's economy in the last half century has jumped from being one of Asia's poorest to one of the region's leading developed countries.3 The notorious South Korean authoritarian military regimes gave way to democratic regimes during the 1980s and 1990s. These changes toward democracy and a human rights protection system in the country were strongly supported by the growth of civil society networks and people power movements. However, it is ironic to see Park Geun-hye, the daughter of former dictator Park Chung-hee, win the most recent South Korean presidential election in 2012.4 Park won the election as an icon of the conservative * Associate Professor of Law, William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai'i at Minoa. This article was first presented at the He Hali'a Aloha No Jon: Memories of Aloha for Jon Conference on February 1, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Tony Michell CEO - Korea Associates Business Consulting Managing Director - Euro-Asian Business Consultancy
    Mar15 Dr Tony Michell CEO - Korea Associates Business Consulting Managing Director - Euro-Asian Business Consultancy Advisor, Speaker Korea and North East Asia Business Strategy One of the most knowledgeable authorities on Korea, its political, economic and business development and the North East Asian region. Professional Experience Dr. Michell has over 34 years' experience working in, observing, analysing economic and political developments as well as the business operating environment in Korea and North East Asia. He is the Founder of both Euro-Asian Business Consultancy (EABC) and Korea Associates Business Consulting (KABC), Tony advises foreign companies on business strategy for Korea and also works with local Korean companies and government departments on international issues. Through KABC, he was also a research partner for several years with Doran Capital, a privately held diversified real estate investment management company. He is a leading authority on North Korea -- EABC was the first Western firm to set up a North Korea office, structuring the first foreign business deals. EABC coordinates associate offices in Vladivostok and Ulan Bator. EABC was the Economist Group’s Korea Associate for almost 10 years and still runs a senior business executive programme in Seoul, The Korea Business Group. Tony has organised and chaired a number of business investment forums including three Korean Government Roundtables under the Economist Conferences brand. Tony organises and chairs various business conferences and seminars in Seoul.
    [Show full text]
  • Korea's Economy
    6/3/2009 12:45:34 6/3/2009 12:45:34 PM6/3/2009 12:45:34 PM Korea’s Economy Korea’s 2009 ea’sea’sea’s Econo Econ Econ Korea’s Korea Economic Institute PRESORTED STANDARD 1800 K Street, N.W. Suite 1010 U.S. POSTAGE K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Washington D.C., 20006 PAID PERMIT #3777 WASHINGTON, DC co Eecoco 18002_COVER-N1-R2.indd 118002_COVER-N1-R2.indd 1 CONTENTS Part I: Overview and Macroeconomic Part V: north Korea’s Economic Issues Development and External Relations Korea’s Near-Term Economic Prospects and Engagement on the Margins: Capacity Building Challenges in North Korea Subir Lall and Leif Lybecker Eskesen . 1 Bernhard Seliger . 67 Global Financial Crisis and the Korean Economy: North Korea and International Financial Issues and Perspectives Organizations: Political and Economic Barriers Pyo Hak-kil . 8 to Cooperation Lee Sang-hyun . 76 Part II: Financial Institutions and Markets The Impact of U.S. Financial and Economic Distress on South Korea Thomas Cargill . 15 The Wall Street Panic and the Korean Economy Kim Dong-hwan . 25 Part III: Structural Reform Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration Tony Michell . 33 Tax Reform in Korea Randall Jones . 45 Part IV: External Issues U.S.-Korea Economic Relations: View from Seoul Han Dongman . 55 A Washington Perspective Jordan Heiber and Jennifer Schuch-Page . 64 000ix-x_TOC.indd 1 5/26/2009 10:30:09 AM STRUCTURAL REFORM ECONOMIC POLICY REFORMS IN THE LEE MYUNG-BAK ADMINISTRATION By Tony Michell Policy and Global Crisis February 2008 as America’s subprime problem and the export-led economy of Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Engagement & Empowerment Forum on Sustainable Development
    2018 GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT & EMPOWERMENT FORUM ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GEEF 2018 Report: Putting People and Planet at the Center Publisher : Kim Yong-Hak Editor-in-Chief : Sohn Myongsei Managing Editor : Chun Jee-in Editorial Assistants : Kim Ji Eun, Park Tae In, Lee Eunjin, Lee Jonghyuk Art Direction & Design : Yoo Sang Ah Copyright © 2018 by Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment B107 Underwood Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, whether electronic, photocopy or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Published in the Republic of Korea by Yonsei University Press. Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea E-mail: [email protected] http://press.yonsei.ac.kr ISBN 978-89-6850-209-5 (93060) GEEF 2018 PREFACE Toward a Future We Want A s IGEE’s signature annual event, the Global Engagement & Empowerment Forum on Sustainable Development (GEEF) is the cornerstone for fulfilling the mission and vision of the organization. GEEF will serve as a platform for world leaders, academics, practitioners, and the young generation to collaborate towards accomplishing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The GEEF 2018 Report provides a summary and outcome of the first Forum held at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea on February 7-8, 2018. IGEE has uploaded videos of the entire event (except the Sohn Myongsei Executive Director parallel sessions) on our official YouTube channel. You may Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment want to use the materials in your workplace, classroom, at Yonsei University and even at home to spread the word and foster excellence in sustainable development research, education, practice and advocacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport and Urban Activity Systems
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 848 ----- Transport and , Urban Activity Systems ~ITID TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1982 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Officers DARRELL V MANNING, Chairman LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Vice Chairman THOMAS B. DEEN, Executive Director Members RAY A. BARNHART, JR., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) WILLIAM J. HARRIS, JR., Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex officio) J. LYNN HELMS, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) THOMAS D. LARSON, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (ex officio, Past Chairman, 1981) RAYMOND A. PECK, JR., Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ARTHUR E. TEELE, JR., Administrator, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) CHARLEY V. WOOTAN, Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University (ex officio, Past Chairman, 1980) GEORGE J, BEAN, Director of Aviation, Hillsborough County (Florida) Aviation Authority JOHN R. BORCHERT, Professor, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota RICHARD P. BRAUN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation ARTHUR J. BRUEN, JR., Vice President, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Senior Vice President and Member, Board of Directors, Roadway Express, Inc. ALAN G. DUSTIN, President, Chief Executive, and Chief Operating Officer, Boston and Maine Corporation ROBERT E. FARRIS, Commissioner, Tennessee Department of Transportation ADRIANA GIANTURCO, Director, California Department of Transportation JACK R. GILSTRAP, Executive Vice President, American Public Transit Association MARK G.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Sales Extend Slump Despite Economic Strength
    TUESDAY, JULY 24, 2018 ~ VOL. CCLXXII NO. 19 WSJ.com HHHH $4.00 DJIA 25044.29 g 13.83 0.1% NASDAQ 7841.87 À 0.3% STOXX 600 384.88 g 0.2% 10-YR. TREAS. g 19/32 , yield 2.963% OIL $67.89 g $0.37 GOLD $1,224.00 g $5.50 EURO $1.1694 YEN 111.34 Housing Developments Google What’s Rising mortgage rates have ...while home values have ...due to low inventory. contributed to the drop in sales... continued to increase... 5 million units 30-year fixed-rate Median sales price of existing Available homes for sale, Blasts News mortgage rates homes, change from a year prior by months supply 4 Business&Finance 6% 10% 12 Through 3 oogle parent Alphabet Sales of previously Hurdles Gposted sales and profit 4 8 surpassing analysts’ esti- owned homes declined Parent Alphabet posts mates, a sign the company’s 2 in June for the third 0 strength in online ads will straight month. strong quarter despite help offset the impact of Existing-home sales, 2 4 $5 billion EU fine; new EU regulations. A1 1 seasonally adjusted shares keep rising Home sales slumped in annual rate the second quarter despite BY DOUGLAS MACMILLAN what was likely the strongest 0 0 –10 0 period for U.S. growth in years, 2010 2010 2010 2010 Google’s advertising ma- the latest sign that the ex- chine keeps racing ahead even pansion faces headwinds. A1 Sources: National Association of Realtors via Haver Analytics (sales); National Association of Realtors via Moody’s Analytics (prices, inventory); Freddie Mac (mortgage rates) THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of the Automotive Sector in Selected Countries of the Escap Region
    ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE ESCAP REGION Proceedings and country papers presented at the Regional Consultative Meeting on Promotion of Intraregional Trade and Economic Cooperation in the Automotive Sector UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE ESCAP REGION Proceedings and country papers presented at the Regional Consultative Meeting on Promotion of Intraregional Trade and Economic Cooperation in the Automotive Sector UNITED NATIONS New York, 2002 ST/ESCAP/2223 ESCAP works towards reducing poverty and managing globalization The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this study do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This document has been issued without formal editing. ii FOREWORD The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has been working to enhance industrial development and technological capability-building in member countries by undertaking various initiatives at regional/subregional levels and to promote cooperation among the economies in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reshaping of Korea
    The Reshaping of Korea November 2001 PACIFIC COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL POLICY T HE WESTERN PARTNER OF THE C OUNCIL ON F OREIGN R ELATIONS MISSION STATEMENT: The Pacific Council on International Policy aims to promote better understanding and more effective action, by private and public sector leaders alike, in addressing a rapidly changing world. It brings together leaders from diverse communities across the western United States and around the Pacific Rim. Its focus is the interaction of global trends and local effects as national borders become more porous, traditional concepts of “public” and “private” blur and what constitutes “policy” itself is changing. Pacific Council on International Policy Los Angeles, CA 90089-0035 Tel: (213) 740-4296 Fax: (213) 740-9498/9993 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.pacificcouncil.org The Reshaping of Korea November 2001 PACIFIC COUNCIL ON INTERNATIONAL POLICY T HE WESTERN PARTNER OF THE C OUNCIL ON F OREIGN R ELATIONS MAP OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA CONTENTS Summary 1 Preface 5 Introduction 7 Economic Restructuring 9 Politics: The Power of Personality and the Center 15 New Political Forces ... and Old 19 The Roles of Korean-Americans 24 Prospects for Rapprochement Between North and South 27 Understanding North Korea’s Economic Shift 30 Assessing Political Change in North Korea 34 Charting the Way Forward 36 The Regional Context 39 The Special Role of the United States 41 Conclusion 43 “Track II” — Private Action in Pursuit of Public Purpose 44 Endnotes 47 Korean Peninsula Timeline 48 Task Force Members and Advisors 52 Acknowledgments 54 SUMMARY hese are historic times in Korea, both North and South.
    [Show full text]
  • Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897
    Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:39987984 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897 A dissertation presented by John S. Lee to The Department of East Asian Language and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts June 2017 © 2017 John S. Lee All rights reserved. ii Dissertation Advisor: Professor Sun Joo Kim John S. Lee Protect the Pines, Punish the People: Forests and the State in Pre-Industrial Korea, 918-1897 Abstract As the main fuel source and building material of almost every society before the Industrial Revolution, wood was a fundamental component of human life. In turn, wood’s primary source, the forest ecosystem, was a site of competing claims and usages. From the peasant’s fuel wood to the hunter’s habitat and the admiral’s timbers, the pre-industrial forest was a site of contestation and, accordingly, an accordant site of laws, edicts, and codes meant to prioritize certain claims, often those of the state.
    [Show full text]