Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Piceae)

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Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceae) Why we care: Balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) is a sap-feeding insect that attacks true fir trees, including balsam fir and Fraser fir. Repeated attacks weaken trees, cause twig gouting, kill branches and, over the course of several years, cause trees to die. What is at risk? There are nearly 1.9 billion balsam fir trees in Michigan’s forests. And, as the third- largest Christmas tree-growing state in the country, Michigan produces nearly 13.5 million fir trees each year, grown on over 11,500 acres. True fir trees, including forest, landscape and Christmas trees, are susceptible. Small (less than 1/32 nd of an inch) purplish-black adults form white, waxy “wool” covering twigs, branches and stems of infested trees (see photo). Smaller, amber-colored crawlers hatch in mid- summer. This is the mobile stage, when risk of movement by wind and wildlife is highest. The threat: BWA could be introduced into Michigan in a number of ways, including infested nursery stock, firewood, logs and vehicles. Once here, wind, birds and animals can carry this insect for miles. What could happen in Michigan? Accidentally introduced to southeastern Canada from Europe around 1900, BWA is already established in, and continues to threaten, fir trees in the Pacific Northwest, several northeastern states and the Central Atlantic states. In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, for example, 95% of Fraser firs have been killed by BWA. What you can do? If you notice white, waxy material on twigs, branches or stems, or twig gouting on fir trees, do not move them! Take photos, note the location and report it! Balsam woolly adelgid-induced twig gouting on Fraser fir Balsam woolly adelgid -infested balsam fir twig William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org William M. Ciesla, Bugwood.org Email: [email protected] Phone: MDARD Customer Service Center (800) 292-3939 Midwest Invasive Species Information Network : www.misin.msu.edu Learn more: www.michigan.gov/exoticpests and http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/fidls/bwa.pdf February 2014 .

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Balsam Woolly Adelgid
A New Utah Forest Insect This fact sheet Pest: Balsam Woolly Adelgid introduces an invasive forest pest, the balsam By: Darren McAvoy, Extension Forestry Assistant Professor, woolly adelgid, and Diane Alston, Professor & Extension Entomologist, discusses its impacts on Ryan Davis, Arthropod Diagnostician, Utah forests, life cycle Megan Dettenmaier, Extension Forestry Educator traits, identifying characteristics, control Introduction methods, and steps that In 2017, the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Health Protection (FHP) group in Utah partners are taking Ogden, Utah detected and confirmed the presence of a new invasive forest to combat this pest. pest in Utah called the balsam woolly adelgid (BWA). First noticed in the mountains above Farmington Canyon and near Powder Mountain Resort, it has Dieback and decline of subalpine fir due to attack by balsam woolly adelgid. Photo credit: Darren McAvoy. 2017, forest health professionals visited Farmington Canyon on the ground and found branch node swelling (a node is where branch structures come together) and old deposits of woolly material on mature subalpine fir trees. Suspected to have originated in the Caucasus Mountains between Europe and Asia, BWA was first detected in North America in Maine, in 1908, and in California about 20 years later. It was detected in Idaho near Coeur d’Alene in 1983 and has since spread across northern Idaho. It is believed that separate invasions of subspecies or races of BWA may differentially impact tree host species. Dieback of subalpine fir, pacific silver (Abies amabilis) and grand fir (A. grandis) in Idaho is widespread. In the western Payette National Forest, north of Boise, an estimated 70% of subalpine fir trees are dead and falling down.
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Abstract Walker-Lane, Laura Newman
ABSTRACT WALKER-LANE, LAURA NEWMAN. The Effect of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestation on Water Relations of Carolina and Eastern Hemlock. (Under the direction of John Frampton.) In North America, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand) is an exotic insect pest from Asia that is causing severe decimation of native eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.). Extensive research has been committed to the ecological impacts and potential control measures of HWA, but the exact physiological mechanisms that cause tree decline and mortality are not known. Eastern and Carolina hemlock may be reacting to infestation in a manner similar to the response of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir.) to infestation by balsam woolly adelgid (BWA; Adelges picea Ratz.). It is known that Fraser fir produces abnormal xylem in response to BWA feeding. This abnormal xylem obstructs water movement within the trees, causing Fraser fir to die of water-stress. In this study, water relations within 15 eastern and Carolina hemlock were evaluated to determine if infestation by HWA was causing water-stress. Water potential, carbon-13 isotope ratio, stem conductivity, and stomatal conductance measurements were conducted on samples derived from those trees. In addition, branch samples were analyzed for possible wood anatomy alterations as a result of infestation. Pre-dawn branch water potential (Ψ) measurements were more negative in infested hemlock than in non-infested trees. Carbon isotope ratios (normalized δ13C vs. VPDB) of the branches were more positive for infested trees, while stomatal conductance (gs) was lower in infested trees. These results indicate that infested eastern and Carolina hemlock are experiencing drought-like symptoms.
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Population Isolation Results in Unexpectedly High Differentiation in Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga Caroliniana), an Imperiled Southern Appalachian Endemic Conifer
Tree Genetics & Genomes (2017) 13:105 DOI 10.1007/s11295-017-1189-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Population isolation results in unexpectedly high differentiation in Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana), an imperiled southern Appalachian endemic conifer Kevin M. Potter1 & Angelia Rose Campbell2 & Sedley A. Josserand3 & C. Dana Nelson3,4 & Robert M. Jetton5 Received: 16 December 2016 /Revised: 14 August 2017 /Accepted: 10 September 2017 # US Government (outside the USA) 2017 Abstract Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.) is a range-wide sampling of the species. Data from 12 polymor- rare conifer species that exists in small, isolated populations phic nuclear microsatellite loci were collected and analyzed within a limited area of the Southern Appalachian Mountains for these samples. The results show that populations of of the USA. As such, it represents an opportunity to assess Carolina hemlock are extremely inbred (FIS =0.713)andsur- whether population size and isolation can affect the genetic prisingly highly differentiated from each other (FST =0.473) diversity and differentiation of a species capable of long- with little gene flow (Nm = 0.740). Additionally, most popu- distance gene flow via wind-dispersed pollen and seed. This lations contained at least one unique allele. This level of dif- information is particularly important in a gene conservation ferentiation is unprecedented for a North American conifer context, given that Carolina hemlock is experiencing mortality species. Numerous genetic clusters were inferred using two throughout
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Identifying and Managing Christmas Tree Diseases, Pests, and Other Problems Luisa Santamaria Chal Landgren
PNW 659 ∙ April 2014 Identifying and Managing Christmas Tree Diseases, Pests, and Other Problems Luisa Santamaria Chal Landgren A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication Oregon State University ∙ University of Idaho ∙ Washington State University AUTHORS & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Luisa Santamaria, assistant professor, Extension plant pathologist in nursery crops; and Chal Landgren, professor, Extension Christmas tree specialist; both of Oregon State University. The authors thank the following peers for the review of these diagnostic cards and for their helpful comments and suggestions. In alphabetical order: • Michael Bondi–Oregon State University • Gary Chastagner–Washington State University • Rick Fletcher–Oregon State University • Alina Freire-Fierro–Drexel University • Carla Garzon–Oklahoma State University • Dionisia Morales–Oregon State University • Kathy Riley–Washington State University • Helmuth Rogg–Oregon Department of Agriculture • David Shaw–Oregon State University • Cathy E. Thomas–Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture • Luis Valenzuela–Oregon State University This project was funded by the USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant program (grant numbers ODA-2577-GR and ODA-3557-GR). TABLE OF CONTENTS Diseases Damage (Weather) Annosus Root Rot . .1-2 Frost Damage . 43 Phytophthora Root Rot . .3-4 Winter Injury . 44 Grovesiella Canker . .5-6 Drought . 45 Interior Needle Blight . .7-8 Heat Damage . 46 Rhabdocline Needle Cast . .9-10 Swiss Needle Cast . 11-12 Damage (Chemical) Melampsora Needle Rust . 13-14 2,4-D and triclopyr . 47 Pucciniastrum Needle Rust . 15-16 Fertilizer Burn . 48 Uredinopsis Needle Rust . 17-18 Glyphosate (Roundup) . 49 Triazines . 50 Insects Twig Aphid . 19-20 Damage (Vertebrate) Conifer Root Aphid . 21-22 Deer, Elk, Mice, & Voles . 51 Conifer Aphids . 23-24 Rabbits & Birds . 52 Balsam Woolly Adelgid .
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Biology and Management of Balsam Twig Aphid
Extension Bulletin E-2813 • New • July 2002 Biology and Management of Balsam Twig Aphid Kirsten Fondren Dr. Deborah G. McCullough Research Assistant Associate Professor Dept. of Entomology Dept. of Entomology and Michigan State University Dept. of Forestry Michigan State University alsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus MICHIGAN STATE aphids will also feed on other true firs, Koch) is a common and important UNIVERSITY including white fir (A. concolor) and B insect pest of true fir trees (Fig. 1). Canaan fir (A. balsamea var. phanerolepsis), This bulletin is designed to help you EXTENSION especially if they are growing near balsam recognize and manage balsam twig aphid in or Fraser fir trees. Christmas tree plantations. Knowing the biology of this aphid will help you to plan scouting and Biology control activities, evaluate the extent of damage caused by Balsam twig aphid goes through three generations every aphid feeding and identify the aphid’s natural enemies. year. The aphids overwinter as eggs on needles near the Using an integrated management program will help you to bases of buds. Eggs begin to hatch early in spring, typically control balsam twig aphid efficiently and effectively. around late March to mid-April, depending on temperatures and location within the state. Hatching is completed in one to two weeks. Recent studies in Michigan showed that egg Photo by M. J. Higgins. hatch began at roughly 60 to 70 degree-days base 50 degrees F (DD50) and continued until approximately 100 DD50 (see degree-days discussion under “Timing insecticide sprays” on p. 5). The newly hatched aphids are very small and difficult to see, but by mid- to late April, at approximately 100 to 140 DD50, they have grown enough to be easily visible against a dark background.
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2004A IE Reports
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Evaluating the Invasive Potential of an Exotic Scale Insect Associated with Annual Christmas Tree Harvest and Distribution in the Southeastern U.S
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Red Spruce–Fraser Fir Forest (Low Rhododendron Subtype)
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Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
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<I>Abies Fraseri</I>
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2015 Population Dynamics and Ecophysiology of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in the High Elevation Forests in the Southern Appalachian Mountains Steven Douglas Kaylor University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Forest Biology Commons Recommended Citation Kaylor, Steven Douglas, "Population Dynamics and Ecophysiology of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in the High Elevation Forests in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3431 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Steven Douglas Kaylor entitled "Population Dynamics and Ecophysiology of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in the High Elevation Forests in the Southern Appalachian Mountains." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Natural Resources. Jennifer A. Franklin,
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