Balsam Woolly Adelgid
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Bridgeoporus Nobilissimus Is Much More Abundant Than Indicated by the Presence of Basidiocarps in Forest Stands
North American Fungi Volume 10, Number 3, Pages 1-28 Published May 29, 2015 Bridgeoporus nobilissimus is much more abundant than indicated by the presence of basidiocarps in forest stands Matthew Gordon1 and Kelli Van Norman2 1Molecular Solutions LLC, 715 NW Hoyt St., #2546, Portland, OR 97208, USA 2Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program, USDI Bureau of Land Management Oregon State Office & USDA Forest Service Region 6, 1220 SW 3rd Ave., Portland, OR 97204, USA Gordon, M., and K. Van Norman. 2015. Bridgeoporus nobilissimus is much more abundant than indicated by the presence of basidiocarps in forest stands. North American Fungi 10(3): 1-28. http://dx.doi:10.2509/naf2015.010.003 Corresponding author: Matt Gordon [email protected]. Accepted for publication May 4, 2015. http://pnwfungi.org Copyright © 2015 Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. All rights reserved. Abstract: The polypore Bridgeoporus nobilissimus produces large perennial basidiocarps on large diameter Abies stumps, snags and trees in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Despite the size and persistence of the basidiocarps, they are rarely observed, making the conservation of this species a concern. We determined that a genetic marker for this fungus could be detected in DNA extracted from wood cores taken from trees hosting basidiocarps. We then tested 105 trees and stumps that did not host B. nobilissimus basidiocarps in plots surrounding B. nobilissimus conks, and 291 trees and stumps in randomly located plots in four stands that contained at least one B. nobilissimus basidiocarp. We found that trees of all sizes throughout all of the stands hosted B. -
2004A IE Reports
Contents Introduction…………………………………….…………………………………1 Using GIS to predict plant distributions: a new approach (Amy Lorang)……………………………………………………………………...3 Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Canadian and Carolina Hemlock Forests (Josh Brown)………………………………………………..……………………19 Effects of Adelgid-Induced Decline in Hemlock Forests on Terrestrial Salamander Populations of the Southern Appalachians: A Preliminary Study (Shelley Rogers)………………………………………………………………….37 Riparian zone structure and function in Southern Appalachian forested headwater catchments (Katie Brown)…………………………………………………………………….60 Successional Dynamics of Dulany Bog (Michael Nichols)………………………………………………………………...77 Mowing and its Effect on the Wildflowers of Horse Cove Road on the Highlands Plateau ((Megan Mailloux)……………………………………………………………….97 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..114 1 Introduction In the Fall of 2004, twelve undergraduate students from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill had the opportunity to complete ecological coursework through the Carolina Environmental Program’s Highlands field site. This program allows students to learn about the rich diversity of plants and animals in the southern Appalachians. The field site is located on the Highlands Plateau, North Carolina, near the junction of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The plateau is surrounded by diverse natural areas which create an ideal setting to study different aspects of land use change and threats to biodiversity. The Highlands Plateau is a temperate rainforest of great biodiversity, a patchwork of rich forests, granite outcrops, and wet bogs. Many rare or interesting species can be found in the area, with some being endemic to a specific stream or mountaintop. Some of these are remnants of northern species that migrated south during the last ice age; others evolved to suit a particular habitat, with a slightly different species in each stream. -
Hybridization of the California Firs
Forest Science, Vol. 34, No. I, pp. 139-151. Copyright 1988 by the Society of American Foresters Hybridization of the California Firs William B. Critchfield Abstract. Four groups of firs (sections, in the most recent classification of Abies) are represented in California. Crossing within these sections is possible and even easy, and in two of the sections intergrading populations between highly crossable taxa are wide spread in California. An exception is A. amabilis, a Northwestern fir that has not been crossed with other species in the same section {Grandes: A. concolor, A. grandis) or in other sections (e.g., Nobiles: A magnified). Crossing species in different sections is usually difficult or impossible. The genetic isolation of A. bracteata, an endemic species classified as a monotypic subgenus or section, may be nearly complete: two probable hybrids with A. concolor died at a few years of age. A few putative hybrids from inter- sectional crosses between species in Grandes and Nobiles died within months of germi nation. Intersectional crosses with firs outside California (two Mexican and four Eur asian species) all failed except A. concolor x A. religiosa, which produced numerous healthy hybrids. The common occurrence of genetic barriers in Abies is at odds with the long-held view that it is easy to hybridize fir species. For. Sci. 34(1): 139-151. Additional key words. Abies, interspecific hybrids, crossability, classification. The ability of species to hybridize has not been explored as systemati cally in the genus Abies (true firs) as it has in other genera of Pinaceae such as Pinus and Pice a. -
Curtis/True Fir-Hemlock Trials
United States Department of Agriculture True Fir-Hemlock Forest Service Pacific Northwest Spacing Trials: Research Station General Design and First Results Technical Report PNW-GTR-492 May 2000 Robert O. Curtis, Gary W. Clendenen and Jan A. Henderson Authors Robert O. Curtis is an emeritus scientist and Gary W. Clendenen is a forester, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3625-93d Ave. SW, Olympia, WA 98512-9193; and Jan A. Henderson is an area ecologist, Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, 21905-64th Ave. West, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043. Abstract Curtis, Robert O.; Clendenen, Gary W.; Henderson, Jan A. 2000. True fir-hemlock spacing trials: design and first results. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-492. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 35 p. A series of 18 precommercial thinning trials was established in true fir-hemlock stands in the Olympic Mountains and along the west side of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon from 1987 through 1994. This paper documents estab- lishment of these installations and presents some preliminary observations and results. Substantial differences in growth rates in height and diameter were ob- served among Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, and noble fir. Diameter growth of all species increased as spacing increased, but height growth of silver fir and noble fir decreased at wider spacings in some areas. These installations will pro- vide a unique source of information on early development of managed stands of these species, for which little information now is available. Keywords: Abies, spacing, precommercial thinning, true firs. This page left blank intentionally. -
Arceuthobium Tsugense Subsp. Amabilae, a New Subspecies of Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe (Viscaceae) from Oregon
Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. amabilae, a New Subspecies of Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe (Viscaceae) from Oregon Robert L. Mathiasen School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, U.S.A. [email protected] Carolyn M. Daugherty Department of Geography, Planning, and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, U.S.A. ABSTRACT . The dwarf mistletoe severely parasitizing Hawksworth and Wiens (1972) only included white fir Pacific silver fir in Oregon is described as a new (Abies concolor Lindley & Gordon), grand fir (Abies subspecies of hemlock dwarf mistletoe. This classifi grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley), California red cation is based on morphological and host range fir (Abies magnifica A. Murray), and noble fir (Abies differences between hemlock dwarf mistletoe, Ar procera Rehder) as hosts of Arceuthobium abietinum in ceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G. N. Jones subsp. Oregon; they included only grand fir in Washington. tsugense, and the new subspecies, Pacific silver fir Hawksworth (1987) summarized the taxonomy of dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. am Arceuthobium tsugense and separated this species into abilae Mathiasen & C. Daugherty. three different races: a western hemlock race, a shore Key words: Arceuthobium, Hemlock dwarf mis pine race, and a mountain hemlock race. Hawksworth tletoe, IUCN Red List, mountain hemlock, noble fir, indicated that only the western hemlock race Oregon, Pacific silver fir, Viscaceae, western hem parasitized species of Abies. Hawksworth et al. lock. (1992) presented another interpretation for the classification of A. tsugense. They described the The taxonomic classification of the dwarf mistletoes western hemlock and mountain hemlock races pro severely parasitizing Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis posed by Hawksworth (1987) as subspecies of A. -
Pseudotsuga Menziesii)
120 - PART 1. CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS ON BIOLOGY OF TREES Section 4. Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1. Taxonomy Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco is generally called Douglas-fir (so spelled to maintain its distinction from true firs, the genus Abies). Pseudotsuga Carrière is in the kingdom Plantae, division Pinophyta (traditionally Coniferophyta), class Pinopsida, order Pinales (conifers), and family Pinaceae. The genus Pseudotsuga is most closely related to Larix (larches), as indicated in particular by cone morphology and nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA phylogenies (Silen 1978; Wang et al. 2000); both genera also have non-saccate pollen (Owens et al. 1981, 1994). Based on a molecular clock analysis, Larix and Pseudotsuga are estimated to have diverged more than 65 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene (Wang et al. 2000). The earliest known fossil of Pseudotsuga dates from 32 Mya in the Early Oligocene (Schorn and Thompson 1998). Pseudostuga is generally considered to comprise two species native to North America, the widespread Pseudostuga menziesii and the southwestern California endemic P. macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr (bigcone Douglas-fir), and in eastern Asia comprises three or fewer endemic species in China (Fu et al. 1999) and another in Japan. The taxonomy within the genus is not yet settled, and more species have been described (Farjon 1990). All reported taxa except P. menziesii have a karyotype of 2n = 24, the usual diploid number of chromosomes in Pinaceae, whereas the P. menziesii karyotype is unique with 2n = 26. The two North American species are vegetatively rather similar, but differ markedly in the size of their seeds and seed cones, the latter 4-10 cm long for P. -
Franklin 1966
VEGETATION AND SOILS IN THE SUBALPINE FORESTS OF THE SOUTHERN WASHINGTON CASCADE RANGE By JERRY FOREST FRANKLIN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 1966 INTRODUCTION Dense coniferous forests characterized by species of Abies nd Tsuga are found along the upper slopes and crest of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. These forests occupy the Tsuga mertensiana and Abies amabilis Zones which together are the least known of the major phytogeographic units in the Pacific Northwest. Forest composition and environments vary markedly within the Abies- Tsuga Zones. Fourteen tree species play the role of major components:Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) , western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) , mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) , noble fir (Abies procera) , subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) , Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) , western redcedar (Thuja pli- cata) , Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) , Shasta red fir (Abies magnif ies var. shastensis) , Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) , grand fir (Abies grandis) , western white pine (Pinus monticola), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) , and western larch (Larix occidentalis) . The diversity in environmental cond itions of these zones can easily be imagined for they extend through 7 degrees of latitude, cross the width of the Cascade Range, and range through as much as 5,000 feet of elevation. The wealth of tree species, a history of past disturbances, and a complex and diverse environmental mosaic have produced an apparently chaotic assemblage of forest types within the Abies-Tsuga Zones. It was apparent that these forests needed to be stratified into areas of essentially equivalent environment, i.e., habitat types, before meaningful autecological and 1 silvicultural research could be carried out. -
Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID TECHNICALCONTRIBUTORS: RICHARD REARDON FOREST HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE TEAM, USDA FOREST SERVICE, MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA BRAD ONKEN FOREST HEALTH PROTECTION, USDA FOREST SERVICE, MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA AUTHORS: CAROLE CHEAH THE CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION MIKE MONTGOMERY NORTHEASTERN RESEARCH STATION SCOTT SALEM VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY BRUCE PARKER, MARGARET SKINNER, SCOTT COSTA UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT FHTET-2004-04 U.S. Department Forest of Agriculture Service FHTET he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in T1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ On the cover Clockwise from top left: adult coccinellids Sasajiscymnus tsugae, Symnus ningshanensis, and Scymnus sinuanodulus, adult derodontid Laricobius nigrinus, hemlock woolly adelgid infected with Verticillium lecanii. For copies of this publication, please contact: Brad Onken Richard Reardon Forest Health Protection Forest Health Technology Enterprise Morgantown, West Virginia Team Morgantown, West Virginia 304-285-1546 304-285-1566 [email protected] [email protected] All images in the publication are available online at http://www.forestryimages.org and http://www.invasive.org Reference numbers for the digital files appear in the figure captions in this publication. The entire publication is available online at http://www.bugwood.org and http://www.fs.fed.us/na/morgantown/fhp/hwa. The U.S. -
Plant Association and Ggyst Management Guide for the Pacific
United States Department of Agriculture Plant Association and - Forest Service ggystPacific Management Guide ?6-Ecol-130a-1983 for the Pacific Silver Fir Zone Gifford Pinchot National Forest Plant Association and Management Guide for the Pacific Silver .Fir’Zone Gifford Pinchot National Forest By Dale G. Brockway, Forest Ecologist Christopher Topik, Assistant Forest Ecologist Miles A. Hemstrom, Area Ecologist William H. Emmingham, Extension Silviculture Specialist, Oregon State University R6-Ecoi-130a-1983 June 1983 Table of Contents LISTOFFIGURES .......................................... i LISTOFTABLES .......................................... ii INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 METHODS AND NOMENCLATURE ...................................... Methods Nomenclat;r;!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::: PLANT ASSOCIATIONS ......................................... An Overview 5 Ecological Inieip;eiaiib' : : : : 1 1 : : : : : : 1 : : : : : 1 : : : : : : : : 1 1 : : : : : : Management Considerations ................................... 15 KEY TO PLANT ASSOCIATIONS ..................................... UseoftheKey ......................................... f : TheKey .. .. 28 Species List and .................................Illustrations : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 29 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ASSOCIATIONS ................................ Pacific Silver Fir/Salal Association .............................. Pacific Silver Fir/Dwarf Oregon Grape Association Pacific Silver Fir/Vanillaleaf-Queencup Beadlily -
2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment
IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Great Smoky Mountains National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment Great Smoky Mountains National Park 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment SITE INFORMATION Country: United States of America (USA) Inscribed in: 1983 Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) Stretching over more than 200,000 ha, this exceptionally beautiful park is home to more than 3,500 plant species, including almost as many trees (130 natural species) as in all of Europe. Many endangered animal species are also found there, including what is probably the greatest variety of salamanders in the world. Since the park is relatively untouched, it gives an idea of temperate flora before the influence of humankind. © UNESCO SUMMARY 2020 Conservation Outlook Finalised on 04 Dec 2020 GOOD WITH SOME CONCERNS The Great Smoky Mountains National Park is inscribed on the World Heritage List for its scenery and biodiversity. The scenic vistas offered by the park are largely maintained, with incremental improvement in pollution legislation and practice in recent decades making marked improvements in air quality, which has reduced haze despite ongoing visitor management issues and the threats affecting forests which are such a feature of the scenery, most notably seen in the remnant dead pines protruding from forest canopies. The biological values are in variable condition across the wide range of ecosystems contained within the site. Mesic systems such as Cove forest, which covers the largest area of any ecological system in the site, are generally in good condition, whilst the more xeric systems such as low-altitude pine and dry oak forests are showing concerning departures from their natural state. -
Chapter 16. Evaluating Host Range of Laricobius Nigrinus for Introduction Into the Eastern United States for Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
ASSESSING HOST RANGES OF PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS _________________________________ CHAPTER 16. EVALUATING HOST RANGE OF LARICOBIUS NIGRINUS FOR INTRODUCTION INTO THE EASTERN UNITED STATES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID G. Zilahi-Balogh Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ontario, Canada [email protected] HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID IN NORTH AMERICA The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Homoptera: Adelgidae), is a serious threat to hemlock landscape and forest stands in the eastern United States (McClure, 1996). Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.) are very susceptible to HWA attack, and infested trees have died in as little as four years (McClure, 1991). DISTRIBUTION OF HWA HWA is believed to have originated in Asia (McClure, 1987), and was first observed in North America in the Pacific Northwest in the early 1920s, where Annand (1924) described it from specimens collected on western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent, in Oregon. An earlier description in 1922 identified the species as Chermes funitectus Dreyfus, also from west- ern hemlock in Vancouver, British Columbia (Annand, 1928). Annand (1928) reported that the two species were the same. HWA is exotic to eastern North America (McClure, 1987). First collected in the eastern United States in Virginia in 1951 in an ornamental setting (Stoetzel, 2002), it has spread to forests where it currently occurs in parts of 16 states along the eastern seaboard from North Carolina to New England (USDA FS, 2004). The main front of the HWA infestation is ad- vancing at approximately 25 km per year (McClure, 2001). There are nine recognized species of hemlock (Farjon, 1990). -
Abies Grandis), the Lovely Fir (Abies Amabilis) and Hemlock (Tsuga Heterophylla
WESTERN SPRUCE AND THE WAR Thirty thousand men are enlisted by the United States Govern ment in the Spruce Service here in the Pacific Northwest. The pur pose is to get an abundance of the best wood for the construction of airplanes to be used in the present Great World War. It has been known for a long time that Spruce is one of the best of woods for the long "spars" in the wings of the airplanes. When the United States declared war, in April, 1917, the need of thousands of fighting airplanes was recognized, and attention was instantly directed toward the large Spruce trees at the mouths of Puget Sound rivers and elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest. Development was rushed, and interest has been keen in this new lumber industry where lumbering enterprises had been familiar since the earliest arrival of white men. The history of this tree and the great coniferous forests of the Northwest will be of value at this time. Probably not less than nine tenths of the original forests of the Pacific Northwest were composed of one species of trees - Pseudotsuga faxifolia - commonly called Douglas Fir. It is one of the best of the American timber trees, and for many years was about the only one used by our millmen and shippers. The next in abundance and use was the Cedar - Thuja plicata or Thuja gigantea, as it is named in Sargent's Silva. The wood of this tree was used for finishings and more especially for shingles. In later years_ there have been developed some uses for White Fir (Abies grandis), the Lovely Fir (Abies amabilis) and Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).