(1) Ndma in Namakarana: Structures of Personal Names Ruled in the Grihyasutras

Shinye Iwasaki

I. Personal names in ancient India present valuable linguistic and chro- nological data, sometimes indicating; their father or mother, tribe or country or locality. For instance, in the we find names such as Sveta- ketu Aruneya, , Janaka Vaideha, Asvapati, Kaikeya and so on. Svetaketu Aruneya is a , son of Uddaraka (Brh. vi, 2; Chand. v, 3; vi, 1). In these two names of father and son, we see that Svetaketu is the personal name proper and Aruneya is the name derived from his father's name. Satyakama, a Brahmacarin, is given by his mother (3) a name Jabala for his name which is derived from her name Jabala, as she does not know of what family (gotra) he belongs (Chand. iv, 4, 1- 5). And also Janaka, king of Videha (Brh. iii, 1; iv, 4), and Asvapati, king of the Kekayas(4) (Chand. v, 11, 4), have the names derived from the name of the country or the tribe along with their personal names proper.(5) The linguistic materials to compose a personal name proper are men- tioned in the articles of Namakarana (NK, the rite of name-giving for a newborn child) in the Grhyasutras (GS). GS are regarded as one of the old

(1) The words 'nama or namadheya; namakarana or namakarman, namadheya, namadheyakarana' are found in the or in commentaries. (2) Cf. V. S. Agrawala, India as Known to Panini, 1953, p. 182. (3) The word 'gotra' denoted the ancestral family from which its members traced their descent. (4) A tribe 'Kaikeya' and the kingdom 'Kekaya' are found in the Mahabha- rata and the Purana. Cf. S. Sorensen, Index to . V. R. Ramachan- dra Dikshitar, Purana Index, 3 vols., Univ. of Madras 1951-55. (5) Four principal classes of names are known to Panini in his Astadhyayi: (1) gotra names, (2) patronymics, (3) names derived from localities and (4) personal names proper (manusya-nama, v, 3, 78-84). Agrawala, op. cit.

-341- Nama in Namakarana (S. Iwasaki) (39) stocks of knowledge concerning rituals, customs and manners in their household ceremonies (such as marriage, rite of birth, etc.), collected until around the Brahmana period. These are the articles of NK or its portions: - nama casmai dadyuh/ghosavadadyantarantastham (=gho) abhinistanan- tam (=abo) dvyaksaram (=dvyo)/caturaksaram (=cato) va/dvyo pratistha- kamas cato brahmavarcasakamah/yugmani tv eva pumsam/ayujani strinam/ Asvalayana i, 15, 4-9.(6) (7) ..... ity ante ca mantrasya gho dirghabo krtam nama dadyat/etad (8) ataddhitar/ayugdantam strinam/ Gobhiliya ii, 8, 14-16. dasamyam utthapya brahmanan bhojayitva pita nama karoti/dvyo va (9) cato va gho dirghabo krtam kuryan na taddhitam/ayujaksaram striyai tad- dhitam/sarma brahmanasya varma ksatriyasya gupteti vaisyasya/ Paraskara i, 17, 1-4.(10) dasamyam utthitayam snatayam putrasya nama dadhati pita mateti/ (11) dvyo cato va namapurvamakhyatottaram dirghabo gho/api va yasmin sv ity upasargas syat tad dhi pratisthitam iti hi brahmanarn/ayujaksaram (12) kumaryah/ Apastamba vi, 15, 8-11. II. The GS lay down the Jatakarman (ceremony of birth) to be performed at the birth of child and the NK on the tenth or twelfth days after the birth, or in the first half of the month under an auspicious Naksatra after the birth, etc. Two names were conf eyed on a child, a secret (guhya) name (13) and the name to be used in public (vyavaharika) The secret name is

(6) Ed. by V. S. S. Ranade with Narayana's Comm., Poona 1936. AnSS No. 59. (7,11) abhinisthanantam. (9) abhinisthanam. (8) Ed. by C. Tarkalankara with a Comm., 2nd ed., Calcutta 1908. (10) Ed. by G. Krsnadasa with Harihara's Comm., Bombay 1938. Cf. MnS. ii, 29-33. (12) Ed. by Cinnasvami Sastri with two Comm, Haradatta's Anakula and Sudar- sana's Tatparyadarsana, Benares 1928. KSS No. 59. (13) Kaus. i, 16, 15. Cf. abhivadaniyam namadheyam 'name to be used at respect- ful salutation (at the time of Upanayana etc.)' Gobh. ii, 10, 23-25: ao no - yitva/devatairayam va naksatrasrayam va/gotrasrayam apy eke/Cf. Mn. i, 18, 2. Hir. refers to three names in ii, 4, 12-15. Also see Chand. iv, 4, 1-5.

-340- (40) Nama in Namakarana (S. Iwasaki) not always given on the day of NK but immediately before (i.e. at the Sosyanti-) or after the birth. On the other hand the vyavaharika name is given at the NK. These two names are the personal names proper in GS. As far as the letters of the name are concerned, the personal names (14) proper are made up as follows, according to the Sutaras andthe scholia. The (15) name of a son is made of an even number of syllables, beginning with a sonant,having a semi-vowelin it,(17) and ending with a long vowel or a (18) (19) Visarga. And sometimes it must take a krt ending, and not a taddhita. As

for the name of a girl, many Sutras prescribe that it must consist of an odd numberof syllables,and endingin 'da' or 'a' and so (21)As stated above, GS have something common in their regulations on the letter () (22) of the name. The following is the result of analysis.

(14) Also I referred to the following. H. Oldenberg, The Grihya-Sutras, SBE xxix, xxx. Kamalabai Deshpande, The Child in Ancient India, 1936. V. M. Apte, Social and Religious Life in GS, 1954 (1st 1939). Ram Gopal, India of Vedic Kalpasutras, Delhi 1959. (15) Cf. Asv. i, 15, 8 etc. dve aksare yasya tat dvyo catvary aksarani yasya tac cato anayor vikalpah. Par. C. aksarani svarah. akaradayo dvadasasvarah. sistam vyanjanam. dve aksare tad dvyo. vyanjanam aparimitam. Asv. C. (16) ghosavadadi. varganam prathamadvitiyah sesasas caghosah, tad anye vya- njanavarna ghosavantah. ghosavadaksaram adi yasya namnah, 'tat gho. Gobh. C. Cf. Asv. C, Par. C (gho aksarani gaghanajajhanadadhanadadhanababhamaha ity etani), Ap. C-a (varganam trtiyacaturthau hakaras ca gho); Hir. C (gho sarvavargaprathamadvitiyebhyo 'nyad vyanjanam), Kaus. C (varganam pratha- madvitiya sasasahas caghosah, ghosavanto 'nya iti). (17) antarantastham. antasthayaralavah. anter madhye antastham aksarani yasya tad antarao. Gobh. C. Cf. Asv. C, Par. C, Ap. C; Kaus. C (yavarala antasthah. tesam eko varno madhye syad ityarthah), Hir. C. (18) dirghabo. dirgho dvimatro varnah, abhinisthanam visarjaniyam aksaram ...... dirghas cabhinisthanan ca dirghabhinisthane, to ante yasya tat dirghabo. Gobh. C. Cf. Par. C, Hir. C, Ap. C; Asv. C, Kaus. C. (19) krtam krtpratyayamtam kumarasya namadheyam kuryat. na taddhitam tad- dhitapratyayamtaM na kuryat. Par. C. (20) striya namni visesam aha ayujaksaram ayujani visamani tryadiny aksarani yasmin namni tad ayujaksaram...... taddhitam taddhitapratyayamtani striyai...... Par. C. Man. GS prescribes three syllables for a girl (i, 18, 1). -339- Nama in Namakarana (S. Iwasaki) (41)

GS belonging to the Rgveda Asvalayana...... G(1)...... A(2)...... Ab(3)...... 2, 4(5)...... Ay(9) (23) Kausitaka...... G...... A .....Ab ...... 2, 4, 6...... K(nT)(7)...... Ay (24) Safikhayana ...... G...... 2, 4, 6...... K(nT) (25) GS belonging to the Gobhiliya...... G ...... A .....D. Ab(4)...... K(aT)...... Ay GS belonging to the Sukla Paraskara ...... G ...... A ...... D. Ab...2, 4...... K(nT)T(8)(striyai). ....Ay GS belonging to the Krsna Yajurveda (26) Laugaksi...... G ...... A ...... 4 (27) ...... G ...... A ...... D. Ab...2, 4 (28) Hiranyakesin .....G ...... A ...... D. Ab...2, 4...... Su(6) (29) Baudhayana...... G ...... A ...... D. Ab...2, 4, 6...... Su Apastamba...... G ...... A ...... D. Ab...2, 4...... Su ...... Ay Notes: (1) ghosavat (2) antastha, antahstha (Sankh.) (3) abhinisthana, ostao (Asv., Bhar.) (4) dirghabhinisthana (Cf. (3)) (5) Number of syllables (for a son's name) (6) upasarga (7) krt, na taddhita, ataddhita (8) taddhita (9) Odd number of syllables for a girl's name

(21) Varaha GS lays down that the name of a girl should not be the name of a river, a Naksatra, the moon, the sun, or Pasan; nor should it end in 'datta' or 'raksita' preceded by the name of a deity etc (iii, 3). Ram Gopal, op, cit. According to the Ap. GS, girls who have names of a Naksatra, a river, a tree, or in which the last letter but one is 'r' or 'l' (rephalakaropanta) are not regarded to become good brides and therefore such names should be avoided (i, 3, 13-14). Such remarks are also found in MnS. iii, 9 and the Kamasutra. (22) Besides these Sutras, there are about eight kinds of the published GS being uninvestigated. They are Jaiminiya (SV), Baijavapa (SYV), Manava, - vesya, Vadhula, Vaikhanasa, Varaha (KYV) and Kausikasutra (AV). (23) Kaus. i, 16, 9-15. Ed. by T. R. Cintamani with Bhavatrata's Comm., Madras 1944. (24) S'ankh. i, 24, 2-6. Cf. R. Gopal's op. cit. p. 287, n. 55 and SBE xxix. (25) Khadira (ii, 2, 30-31; 3, 6-12: cf. SBE xxix) and Drahyayana (ii, 2, 31- 32: cf. Drah. GS-Vrtti, AnSS 74) (SV) made no mention of these matters. (26) Laug. 34, 1-3=Kathaka 34, 1-3. La.; ed. by M. Kaul Sastri with Devapala's Comm., Srinagar 1928, '34, KSTS 49. Ka.; ed by W. Caland, Lahore 1925. -338- (42) Nama in Namakazana (S. Iwasaki) III. In the regulations of name-making, each has its own character- istics relating to the Veda to which it belongs. Asvalayana and Kausitaka belonging to RV do not take a long vowel at the end of the name of a son and make contrast with other Sutras belonging to YV and SV. The deriv- ation of nouns by means of a krt affix and. not a taddhita for a son's name is laid down in Kausitaka, Sankhayana (RV), Gobhiliya (SV) and Paraskara (SYV). But in other six Sutras belonging to KYV, nothing was mentioned about it. And in the Sutras belonging to KYV, which are Apastamba, Baud- hayana and Hiranyakesin, we find the upasarga 'su'. On the contrary each Sutra has also the characteristics common to all, which are 'ghosavadadi (=gh0 adi)', 'antarantastham' and the number of syllables. These regulations are almost rightly applied to names exemplified (30) in scholia, but not in actual instances found in ancient documents. In the examples of scholia, the regulation of syllables and the prescri- ption of semi-vowel, is observed. However, the order of 'gho adi' is quite questionable, as in the examples beginning with a vowel, a semi-vowel, a sonant, a surd, or a sibilant excepting the name bearing 'su' and the name derived from the name of deity, against the commentaries on 'gho'. Many examples for girls have rather an aghosa 'not gho' at the beginning. Now, we are able to ascertain that four different kinds of names were in existence in ancient India, about 500 B.C. -200 A.D. when the GS were supposed to have been compiled in the field of literature, according to a interpretation that gho contains vowels, semi-vowels and sonant in the light of its literal meaning `having tone'. (1) Therefore

(27) Bhar. i, 26. Ed. by Henriette J. W. Salomons, Leiden 1913. (28) Hir. ii, 4, 10-11. Ed. by J. Kirste, Vienna 1889. (29) Baudh. ii, 1, 25-29. Cf. Ram Gopal's op. cit. p. 288, n. 63. (30) Some examples in scholia: -bhadrah, rudradattah, sivadattah, devasvami, vasusarma-, puramdarah; subhadra, savitri, satyada, vasuda. ASV. C. indrah, vasudevah, dhananjayah, amitavikramah, narayanadattah. Kaus. C. govindah, govindaiarma, gaurida. Gobh. C. viryadayi, malabhari, jayas. enah, visvamitrah, sudah, suvisakhah. Hir. C. dyutih, goprih, gosrih, hiranyadah, sudarsanah; sujatah, gauh, prthivi, , srih, bharati, kamala, patiballabha, Ap. C. -337- Nama in Namakarana (S. Iwasaki) (43) the names beginning with a surd (aghosa) and consisting of an uneven (31) number of syllables are quite irregular, (2) beginning with a gh and of (32) (33) an uneven, (3) beginning with an aghosa and of an even, (4) beginning (34) with a gho and of an even, to which the regulations are applied. Thus we find quite a few instances of the names in ancient India, which are suitable for this prescription. So it is hard to say that the regulations of name-making, especially on the point of beginning with a gho, were observed faithfully at those times. Later preserves the NK as one of the chief twelve Samskaras, but in this case, the regula- tions to compose a name will be perhaps ineffective for all the rite of NK. It must be true that the irregularity in examples and instances of names were brought about by contacts with many other peoples and customs. As for the prescription of gho ad i, I suppose the names derived from the names of deity etc. would also increase such irregularities. On this occasion, it will be necessary to consider the strength of prescription of NK. The (31) mood of the sentence of NK may become instrumental to the purpose. And we must remark essentially and commonly that the GS is a collection of house-hold ceremonies which were in practice at those times and handed (36) d own to them from ancestors, as a Sutrakara said himself too. Also the NK must have been collected under the same conditions. Though we must

go into more details on the subject to avoid a hasty conclusion, frequent irregularities of 'gho adi', in spite of each Sutra's prescription, are apt to make me have a view that the custom of composing a name beginning with a gho might be an old one of Indo-Aryan's or Aryan's.

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(31) Sandilya, Pippalada, Canakya or Kautilya, Pdnini, Kandda, , etc. (32) Janaka, Asoka, , , Gautama, Ajita etc. (33) Svetaketu, Satyakama, Pravdhana, Citra, Candragupta, Patafl jali etc. (34) Uddaraka, , Vardhamdna, Bimbisara, Vedehi etc. The above instances are shown in a stem form. (35) There are four optatives (dadyur, dadyat, dadhyat), a passive (dhiyate) and five indicatives (dadhati, karoti) in ten GS referred in above. (36) atha karmany acarad yani grhyante//Ap. i, 1, 1. -336-