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Was the Cold War Necessary? the Revisionist Challenge to Consensus History Norman M
was the cold war necessary? the revisionist challenge to consensus history norman m. wilensky Nearly ten years ago, seventy-five distinguished students of American history participated in a poll measuring the performance of thirty-one presidents from George Washington to Dwight Eisenhower. Each par ticipant in the poll helped to place the presidents into five general categories: "Great/' "Near Great," "Average," "Below Average," and "Failure." One of the surprise rankings was the "Near Great" mark accorded to Harry Truman, ninth on the list. Only the five "Great" presidents—Lincoln, Washington, Franklin Roosevelt, Wilson and Jeffer son—and three "Near Great" executives—Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt and Polk—preceded Truman. John Adams and Grover Cleveland, who immediately followed Truman, completed the "Near Great" group. What qualities and achievements elevated Truman above many other presidents? He was, according to these historians, a strong executive who acted masterfully and farsightedly in foreign affairs. Summarizing the poll for his fellow historians, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. noted that Tru man "discharged impressively the awesome obligations devolving on the United States as the leader of the free world in the cold war with Soviet Imperialism." The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, the Point Four program and the intervention in Korea "all con stituted landmarks in an assumption of global responsibilities undreamed of only a few years before." Yet, less than a decade after the poll, this estimate is being dramatically challenged by historians of the cold war.1 A recent book sharply critical of cold war policies as well as Truman's role is Rexford G. -
Complete Tape Subject
1 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log (rev. Mar-02) Conversation No. 140-1 Date: August 14, 1972 Time: 7:55 pm Location: Camp David Study Table The Camp David operator talked with the President. Request for a call to John D. Ehrlichman -Ehrlichman’s location Conversation No. 140-2 Date: August 15, 1972 Time: Unknown between 8:43 pm and 9:30 pm Location: Camp David Study Table The President talked with the Camp David operator. [See Conversation No. 202-12] Request for a call to Julie Nixon Eisenhower Conversation No. 140-3 Date: August 15, 1972 Time: 9:30 pm - 9:35 pm Location: Camp David Study Table The President talked with Julie Nixon Eisenhower. [See Conversation No. 202-13] 2 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log (rev. Mar-02) ***************************************************************** BEGIN WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 1 [Personal returnable] [Duration: 4m 57s ] END WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 1 ***************************************************************** Conversation No. 140-4 Date: August 16, 1972 Time: Unknown between 8:15 am and 8:21 am Location: Camp David Study Table The President talked with the Camp David operator. [See Conversation No. 202-14] Request for a call to Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Conversation No. 140-5 Date: August 16, 1972 Time: 8:21 am - 8:29 am Location: Camp David Study Table The President talked with Alexander M. Haig, Jr. [See Conversation No. 202-15] Paul C. Warnke -George S. McGovern's statement -Possible briefing of Warnke -Security clearance process -Questions on Pentagon Papers 3 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log (rev. Mar-02) -The President’s instructions -Report by Richard M. -
NAPF Report to UN Secretary General on Disarmament Education
Report to UN Secretary-General on NAPF Disarmament Education Activities The Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) has been educating people in the United States and around the world about the urgent need for the abolition of nuclear weapons since 1982. Based in Santa Barbara, California, the Foundation’s mission is to educate and advocate for peace and a world free of nuclear weapons, and to empower peace leaders. The following document was submitted to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. It will make up a portion of the “Report of the Secretary-General to the 69th Session of the General Assembly on the Implementation of the Recommendations of the 2002 UN Study on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Education.” Websites www.wagingpeace.org NAPF’s primary website, www.wagingpeace.org, serves as an educational and advocacy tool for members of the public concerned about nuclear weapons issues. During this reporting period, there were over 700,000 unique visitors to this site. The Waging Peace site covers current nuclear weapons policy and other relevant issues of global security. It includes information about the Foundation’s activities and offers visitors the opportunity to participate in online advocacy and activism. The site additionally offers a unique archive section containing hundreds of articles and essays on issues ranging from nuclear weapons policy to international law and youth activism. The site is updated frequently. www.nuclearfiles.org The Foundation’s educational website, www.nuclearfiles.org, details a comprehensive history of the Nuclear Age. It is regularly updated and expanded. By providing background information, an extensive timeline, access to primary documents and analysis, this site is one of the preeminent online educational resources in the field. -
Racing the Enemy Roundtable, Alperovitz on Hasegawa -1
H-Diplo Roundtable- Racing the Enemy Roundtable , Alperovitz on Hasegawa Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005) Roundtable Editor: Thomas Maddux , CSU Northridge Roundtable Participants: Michael D. Gordin, Gar Alperovitz, Richard Frank, Barton Bernstein, David Holloway Commentary by Gar Alperovitz, University of Maryland, College Park Tsuyoshi Hasegawa’s new book Racing the Enemy is subtitled “Stalin, Truman and the Surrender of Japan,” and the author clearly believes a central contribution to be the emphasis he gives to the concept of a “race” between Truman and Stalin as World War II in the Pacific drew to a close. Hasegawa does offer important new insights in connection with this issue, much of which will be of particular interest to specialists (especially information drawn from Soviet materials). However, by far the most important contribution of the book has to do with our understanding of a related but different matter-namely, how, precisely, Japan came to surrender, and what the critical factors were which led to the final decision. Non-specialists are not always aware of the difficulties which have faced historians concerned with this question. For almost half a century after World War II American scholars have been seriously handicapped by their lack of Japanese language skills and by the paucity of Japanese documents. Robert Butow’s 1954 book Japan’s Decision to Surrender was the primary and often only source of basic information on Japanese decision-making. In recent years this has begun to change. Herbert Bix, a researcher with language sophistication and knowledge of modern Japanese scholarship, offered his analysis in his 2000 Pulitzer Prize-winning Hirohito . -
NATO Expansion: Benefits and Consequences
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2001 NATO expansion: Benefits and consequences Jeffrey William Christiansen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Christiansen, Jeffrey William, "NATO expansion: Benefits and consequences" (2001). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8802. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8802 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ■rr - Maween and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of M ontana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission X No, I do not grant permission ________ Author's Signature; Date:__ ^ ^ 0 / Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. MSThe»i9\M«r«f»eld Library Permission Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NATO EXPANSION: BENEFITS AND CONSEQUENCES by Jeffrey William Christiansen B.A. University of Montana, 2000 presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The University of Montana 2001 Approved by: hairpers Dean, Graduate School 7 - 24- 0 ^ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
A New Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War
SOSHUM Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora [Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities] Volume 9, Number 2, 2019 p-ISSN. 2088-2262 e-ISSN. 2580-5622 ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/SOSHUM/ A New Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War Adewunmi J. Falode 1 and Moses J. Yakubu 2 1 Department of History & International Studies, Lagos State University, Nigeria 2 Department of History & International Studies, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria Lasu, Ojo Campus Ojo Local Government, 102101, Lagos, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Article Info ABSTRACT ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ History Articles The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an Received: international political and historical event. As an international political event, Jan 2019 the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions Accepted: June 2019 and the high-stakes brinksmanship that has been part of the international Published: political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a July 2019 historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in ________________ human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Keywords: Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political Cold War, Historiography, experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Structuralist School, Its end signalled the end of a potent social and political force that is still Revisionist School, st Orthodox School shaping the course of the political relations among states in the 21 century. ____________________ The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. -
Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008
Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Paul Harold Rubinson certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War Committee: —————————————————— Mark A. Lawrence, Supervisor —————————————————— Francis J. Gavin —————————————————— Bruce J. Hunt —————————————————— David M. Oshinsky —————————————————— Michael B. Stoff Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War by Paul Harold Rubinson, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Acknowledgements Thanks first and foremost to Mark Lawrence for his guidance, support, and enthusiasm throughout this project. It would be impossible to overstate how essential his insight and mentoring have been to this dissertation and my career in general. Just as important has been his camaraderie, which made the researching and writing of this dissertation infinitely more rewarding. Thanks as well to Bruce Hunt for his support. Especially helpful was his incisive feedback, which both encouraged me to think through my ideas more thoroughly, and reined me in when my writing overshot my argument. I offer my sincerest gratitude to the Smith Richardson Foundation and Yale University International Security Studies for the Predoctoral Fellowship that allowed me to do the bulk of the writing of this dissertation. Thanks also to the Brady-Johnson Program in Grand Strategy at Yale University, and John Gaddis and the incomparable Ann Carter-Drier at ISS. -
The American War in Indochina: Injustice and Outrage Revista De Paz Y Conflictos, Núm
Revista de Paz y Conflictos E-ISSN: 1988-7221 [email protected] Universidad de Granada España Gray, Truda; Martin, Brian The American War in Indochina: Injustice and Outrage Revista de Paz y Conflictos, núm. 1, 2008, pp. 6-28 Universidad de Granada Granada, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=205016386002 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto issn: 1988-7221 Th e American War in Indochina: Injustice and Outrage. número 1 año 2008 número La guerra del Vietnam: Injusticia y Ultraje Truda Gray and Brian Martin School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication, University of Wollongong, Australia. Resumen Muchas de las acciones del ejército de los Estados Unidos durante la guerra de Indo- china, en las que se utilizó la capacidad de disparo en una escala sin precedentes, eran potenciales generadores de indignación en Indochina, en los Estados Unidos y en otros lugares. El examen de tres aspectos interconectados de las operaciones militares de los Estados Unidos en la guerra de Indochina (los bombardeos, el Programa Phoenix y la masacre de My Lai) proporciona numerosos ejemplos de cómo trató el gobierno esta- dounidense de impedir que sus acciones generaran indignación. Los métodos usados se pueden clasifi car en cinco categorías: ocultamiento de la acción; minusvaloración del objetivo; reinterpretación de la acción; uso de canales ofi ciales para hacer parecer justa la acción; fi nalmente, intimidación y soborno de personas implicadas. -
Adam Yarmolinsky Interviewer: Daniel Ellsberg Date of Interview: November 28, 1964 Place of Interview: Length: 29 Pp
Adam Yarmolinsky Oral History Interview –JFK #2, 11/28/1964 Administrative Information Creator: Adam Yarmolinsky Interviewer: Daniel Ellsberg Date of Interview: November 28, 1964 Place of Interview: Length: 29 pp. Biographical Note Yarmolinsky, Adam; Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (1961-1965). Yarmolinsky discusses his role in converting the Civil Defense program into the Department of Defense. He discusses the Kennedy Administration’s concern for nuclear war, Robert S. McNamara’s involvement, and McNamara’s position regarding nuclear war, among other issues. Access Restrictions No restrictions. Usage Restrictions According to the deed of gift signed July 14, 1967, copyright of these materials has been assigned to the United States Government. Users of these materials are advised to determine the copyright status of any document from which they wish to publish. Copyright The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excesses of “fair use,” that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. The copyright law extends its protection to unpublished works from the moment of creation in a tangible form. -
Bibliography
Bibliography [I] Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: nry Years in the State Department (New York, 1969). An elegantly written account by Truman's last Secretary of State, who was the chief architect of containment. [2] G.M. Alexander, The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British Policy in Greece 1944-1947 (Oxford, 1982). The Truman Doctrine was the first overt expression ofAmerican support for Western security. This book examines the background of Britain's intervention in the Greek civil war. [3] Richard A. Asiano, American Defense Policy from Eisenhower to Kennedy: the Politics of Changing Military Requirements (Ohio, 1975). A comprehensive account ofthe vicissitudes ofAmerican defence policy from Sputnik to the presidential election of John F. Kennedy. [4] Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965). A 'New Left' historian who believes that the atomic bomb was intended as much to blackmail the Soviet Union into making concessions as to serve as an instrument to defeat Japan. [5] Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy 193~1970 (Baltimore, 1970). A useful textbook by one of the leading historians of the Cold War. [6] Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: the President 1952-1969, vol. II (London, 1984). An account ofEisenhower's internal and foreign policy based on his letters and papers. This is a sympathetic approach to the President's achievements. [7] Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: 1913-1962 (New York, 1982). The first volume of a biography of Richard M. Nixon dealing with his earlier years as US Senator and Vice-President of the USA. It tries hard to be objective and to show that Nixon was not as black as he was painted by his contemporaries. -
Read the Guidelines for Chapters
Sponsors Titles for identification only Philip Anderson Coalition for Peace Action Nobel Laureate in Physics Harry Belafonte Over 30 Years of Peacemaking Singer and Performer Balfour Brickner* 40 Witherspoon Street, Princeton, New Jersey, 08542-3208 Rabbi, Stephen Wise Free Synagogue, New York Telephone: (609) 924-5022 Noam Chomsky Professor of Linguistics, MIT [email protected] www.peacecoalition.org William Sloane Coffin* President Emeritus National Peace Action George Councell Episcopal Bishop GUIDELINES FOR CHAPTERS OF Diocese of New Jersey Harvey Cox Professor, Harvard Divinity School THE COALITION FOR PEACE ACTION Sudarshana Devadhar Bishop, NJ Area United Methodist Church Freeman Dyson Below are guidelines for the relationship between chapters and the regional office Professor Emeritus of Physics Institute of Advanced Studies (headquarters) of the Coalition for Peace Action (CFPA). They are intended as guidelines Marian Wright Edelman President, Children’s Defense Fund only, not strict rules. There is flexibility in particular arrangements with each chapter. Bob Edgar Executive Director Common Cause Daniel Ellsberg What the Chapter receives from CFPA Former Pentagon Analyst Richard Falk Professor of International Law 1. Affiliation with long-term organization (32 years old) with track record and Princeton University Val Fitch reputation throughout the region. Nobel Laureate in Physics John Kenneth Galbraith* 2. Prestigious list of sponsors Professor Emeritus of Economics Harvard University 3. Access to high quality speakers and other resources. Thomas Gumbleton Roman Catholic 4. Access to database of supporters and members who already exist. Each of the Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit W. Reed Gusciora chapters formed recently has begun with lists provided by the Princeton office of Assemblyman, NJ Legislature George Kennan* members and supporters already in that town/area. -
The Pentagon Papers Case and the Wikileaks Controversy: National Security and the First Amendment
GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works Faculty Scholarship 2011 The Pentagon Papers Case and the Wikileaks Controversy: National Security and the First Amendment Jerome A. Barron George Washington University Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation 1 Wake Forest J. L. & Pol'y 49 (2011) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. V._JB_FINAL READ_NT'L SEC. & FA (DO NOT DELETE) 4/18/2011 11:10 AM THE PENTAGON PAPERS CASE AND THE WIKILEAKS CONTROVERSY: NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT JEROME A. BARRON † INTRODUCTION n this Essay, I will focus on two clashes between national security I and the First Amendment—the first is the Pentagon Papers case, the second is the WikiLeaks controversy.1 I shall first discuss the Pentagon Papers case. The Pentagon Papers case began with Daniel Ellsberg,2 a former Vietnam War supporter who became disillusioned with the war. Ellsberg first worked for the Rand Corporation, which has strong associations with the Defense Department, and in 1964, he worked in the Pentagon under then-Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.3 He then served as a civilian government employee for the U.S. State Department in Vietnam4 before returning to the United † Harold H. Greene Professor of Law, The George Washington University Law School (1998–present); Dean, The George Washington University Law School (1979– 1988); B.A., Tufts University; J.D., Yale Law School; LL.M., The George Washington University.