Inpiù Storia E Ricerca 12.01.2019

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Inpiù Storia E Ricerca 12.01.2019 la Vocedel popolo DALLA CONFERENZA DI WANNSEE ALLA «SOLUZIONE FINALE» UN’INDAGINE SULLA FOLLIA DOTTRINARIA E OMICIDA DEL NAZISMO la Vocedel popolo storia www.edit.hr/lavoce Anno 15 • n. 120 sabato, 12 gennaio 2019 TASSELLI PATRIMONIO SPIGOLATURE Naufragar m’è dolce in queste terre L’antico castello di Piemonte d’Istria, Emigrazioni dalla Val Resia all’Istria Vedute di Pola, Istria e Dalmazia la struttura, i Contarini, il territorio le origini dell’odierna Unione europea Tre «perle ottocentesche» esposte dal Museo In cima al colle, assieme alla chiesa parrocchiale della Gruppi di resiani, genti appartenenti al gruppo archeologico dell’Istria: i volumi di Joseph Lavallée- Vergine Maria, si trovava l’importante struttura, sorta linguistico slavofono (secondo Baudouin de Courtenay), François Cassas, Thomas Allasone4|5 e Charles Yriarte sopra i resti di una statio militare6|7 romana si stabilirono anche a Pisino, Albona e Dignano8 del popolo 2 sabato, 12 gennaio 2019 storia&ricerca la Voce GIORNO DELLA MEMORIA – RIFLESSIONI COME I NAZISTI ORGANIZZARONO LA «SOLUZIONE FINALE» eter Longerich, professore di Storia della organizzato nella quiete di un ambiente sugge- nente il progetto globale di sterminio degli ebrei mente dall’intero Governatorato e alla metà di Germania moderna alla Royal Holloway stivo e in condizioni di estrema gradevolezza, e rivela esistesse una comunanza d’intenti che luglio del 1941 lo stesso Frank proibì di fondare Pe all’Università di Londra, nonché fonda- parteciparono mostrando zelo, pragmatismo investiva ogni segmento decisionale. Va sottoline- nuovi ghetti, asserendo che i territori sotto il suo tore del Royal Holloway’s Holocaust Research e competenza quindici funzionari pubblici tra ato che siffatto documento, come erroneamente controllo dovevano considerarsi solo una sorta di Centre, è ricordato per gli studi sul nazismo. cui dieci laureati: nove di loro erano giuristi e, si crede, non servì a deliberare il genocidio “campo di transito” (p. 21). Dopo aver pubblicato nel 2016 una corposa tra questi, otto potevano vantare un dottorato; ebraico. Gli assassinii erano in atto su larga scala Le deportazioni a oriente avvennero nell’au- ed attenta biografia su Joseph Goebbels, con pur sostenendo, nel dettaglio, punti di vista e in Unione Sovietica, nel distretto della Galizia tunno del 1941, cioè nel corso delle ostilità con la Einaudi, per lo stesso editore torinese nel ambizioni assai diverse, nessuno mise in dubbio (Governatorato generale), in Serbia e nel co- l’Armata Rossa. Si assistette ad un’anticipazione 2018 è uscita la versione italiana dello stu- il progetto complessivo, lo sterminio di undici siddetto Warthegau, cioè la parte della Polonia del piano delle deportazioni che dev’essere consi- dio prodotto due anni prima a Monaco di milioni di ebrei” (p. 4). I profili biografici pro- annessa al Terzo Reich, in cui era stato eretto il derata “nell’ottica di una radicalizzazione della Baviera, ossia Verso la soluzione finale. posti nel prosieguo, con particolare attenzione primo campo di sterminio (Chełmno), preceduto Judenpolitik che, dopo l’attacco tedesco ai terri- La conferenza di Wannsee (traduzione ai percorsi all’interno del nazionalsocialismo e da quello di Lublino nel Governatorato generale, tori sovietici, assunse rapidamente le dimensioni di Valentina Tortelli, “Einaudi Storia” 79, alle relative carriere, giovano a farsi un’idea sui mentre altrove erano in corso i preparativi per di un genocidio” (p. 21). Il colossale scontro pp. 205). Al centro, la conferenza che riunì il personaggi coinvolti alla conferenza medesima eliminare nel giro di breve tempo un numero bellico ebbe le caratteristiche di una campagna 20 gennaio 1942 quindici gerarchi di primo (pp. 48-71). quanto maggiore di persone utilizzando i gas militare razzista di conquista e distruzione. piano del nazionalsocialismo e delle SS in una letali. Finalità del volume è dimostrare “che l’O- La parola d’ordine era l’eliminazione di quella villa non lontana da Berlino, nella periferia Prove distrutte e fonti recuperate locausto non fu l’esito di un’unica decisione presa che era definita la classe dirigente “ebraico- occidentale, sul lago di Wannsee. L’invito fu La fonte oggetto di attenta disanima non ri- a livello centrale, ma – nel quadro di una politica comunista”. Nelle operazioni di eliminazione esteso da Reinhard Heydrich, capo dell’Uf- produce esclusivamente il cinismo e il disprezzo antisemita di lungo periodo sottoposta a continue sistematica furono impiegate le Einsatzgruppen, ficio centrale per la sicurezza del Reich. In assoluto per l’essere umano da parte di rilevanti modifiche – il risultato di un esteso processo che cioè le “unità operative” della Polizia di sicurezza quell’occasione furono stabiliti i criteri per la funzionari nazisti, ma è un documento di note- vide Hitler, istanza primaria del Terzo Reich, svi- e del Servizio di sicurezza, ma anche ventitre cosiddetta “soluzione finale della questione vole valore per cogliere e ricostruire i passaggi, luppare e avviare gradualmente, da una generica battaglioni della Polizia d’ordine, nonché tre di- ebraica”. “Oggi il verbale della conferenza di cioè il processo decisionale che determinò lo intenzione di distruggere gli ebrei, un programma visioni di SS “Testa di morto”. Wannsee è considerato sinonimo del genocidio sterminio degli ebrei nel vecchio continente. Lo di genocidio in stretta collaborazione con altre Entro la fine del 1941 il numero degli ebrei ci- degli ebrei d’Europa, di uno sterminio lucido, storico rammenta che le proposte, riunioni, or- componenti dell’apparato di potere” (p. 8). vili soppressi si aggirava intorno a non meno di burocratico, basato sulla divisione del lavoro: dinanze e gli accordi che videro coinvolti Hitler, Heydrich estese il primo invito il 29 novembre mezzo milione. Nell’autunno del 1941 i vertici un documento inconcepibile, il promemoria di Himmler, Heydrich e altri esponenti del partito 1941 e la riunione avrebbe dovuto tenersi l’8 di- del nazionalsocialismo condussero “la guerra come la follia dottrinaria e omicida del sistema furono essenzialmente verbali. Nei rari casi in cembre, successivamente rimandata a causa dei su tutti i fronti come una lotta ‘contro gli ebrei’. nazista, per ordine della principale autorità cui fu prodotto qualcosa di scritto ci si affrettò nuovi scenari bellici successivi all’attacco giappo- Soprattutto, la gerarchia si mostrò decisa a non del regime, si trasformò in azione concreta, in a distruggere le prove. Infatti, “il materiale do- nese a Pearl Harbor. Espellere, ossia allontanare farsi influenzare dall’andamento del conflitto e a intervento statale, in un piano portato a ter- cumentario giunto fino a noi, peraltro redatto gli ebrei dalla Germania fu uno degli obiettivi pro- perseverare nell’obiettivo perseguito sin dall’au- mine senza pietà” (p. 4). in una lingua cifrata con fine mimetico, non fessati dal nazionalsocialismo fin dalle origini, e fu tunno del 1939: deportare gli ebrei in un luogo Già nel prologo, “Incontro di lavoro e colazione”, si è conservato come fondo unitario, ordinato messo in pratica con la salita al potere nel 1933, isolato e abbandonarli al loro destino” (p. 29). l’autore evidenzia che dal verbale della confe- e organico. Gli artefici, gli organizzatori del dapprima con la discriminazione, l’oppressione, Il 18 novembre 1941 Alfred Rosenberg, ministro renza “era necessario determinare con esattezza genocidio cercarono di cancellare sistemati- l’intimidazione e l’esclusione dalla vita pubblica, per i Territori orientali occupati, nel corso di una la categoria di persone interessate dai provvedi- camente ogni traccia; perciò ricostruirne lo quindi con il loro sfruttamento economico e l’al- conferenza stampa dichiarata confidenziale af- menti, concordare la procedura per deportare svolgimento e le tappe decisive è un’opera la- lontanamento finale dallo Stato. Si trattava della fermò che l’obiettivo era spingere oltre gli Urali undici milioni di persone da destinare ai lavori boriosa che, pur potendo basarsi su migliaia cosiddetta Judenpolitik sostenuta sia dalle auto- gli ebrei d’Europa “o arrivare in qualche modo forzati in condizioni di vita dure e disumane di documenti, lascia aperti molti interrogativi rità statali sia dall’organizzazione del partito. Dal alla loro totale soppressione” (p. 40). Come av- e infine uccidere con ‘modalità’ non meglio e, dunque, uno spazio relativamente ampio 1937 il servizio d’intelligence del partito, diretto verte Longerich, malgrado il piano di deportare definite i sopravvissuti e gli inabili al lavoro” all’interpretazione” (pp. 4-5). da Reinhard Heydrich, mirava a delineare un nell’immediato tutti gli ebrei dai territori sotto oc- (pp. 3-4). “Dal verbale emerge che al dibattito, Il verbale, invece, palesa il dibattito concer- piano di espulsione integrale degli ebrei, evitando cupazione tedesca non esisteva un piano globale cioè fuggissero solo coloro che annoveravano un per il loro sterminio. Nell’autunno del 1941 non patrimonio di una certa entità. Allo scoppio del era stata ancora scartata l’intenzione di allonta- secondo conflitto mondiale, il regime aveva cac- nare, al termine del conflitto, gli ebrei rimasti nei ciato dalla Germania circa un quarto di milione territori sovietici occupati, “anche questo era un di ebrei; sebbene l’idea dell’”emigrazione” forzata piano di ‘soluzione finale’, di distruzione fisica non fosse stata accantonata, la guerra annullò degli ebrei d’Europa, ma da realizzarsi a lungo I partecipanti alla conferenza
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