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曾根崎心中 Sonezaki Shinjū?

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FOUR MAJOR PLAYS OF CHIKAMATSU the lavish dowry the uncle provided, some two kamme (a unit of measure for silver. Two The Love Suicides at Sonezaki kamme would be a significant amount; writing in the 1960s, Donald Keene stated that two kamme would then be equivalent to $1000). The Love Suicides at Sonezaki ( 曾 根 崎 心 中 Sonezaki Shinjū?) is a love-suicide Bunraku play This agreement remains wholly unknown to by Chikamatsu Monzaemon. While not his first Tokubei until his uncle tries to force him into the one (which was probably the puppet play The marriage. Tokubei makes his refusal categorical Soga Successors in 1683) nor his most popular and absolute this time. The uncle is infuriated. (which would be The Battles of Coxinga), it is He fires Tokubei from the firm, demands the probably the most popular of his "domestic return of the two kamme which Tokubei does tragedies" or "domestic plays" (sewamono) as not have, and says he will exile Tokubei from Donald Keene characterizes the non-historical Osaka. plays. Tokubei goes to his village and eventually with It was first performed 20 June 1703. It was the villagers' aid, forces the silver out of his revived in 1717, with additional scenes added stepmother and returns to Osaka. by Chikamatsu, such as the punishment of the villain, but the version typically translated and On his return, Tokubei is collared by his close performed is the 1703 version. friend of many years, "Kuheiji the oil merchant", who tells Tokubei that he desperately needs a loan of two kamme or else he will not be able to Plot meet his monthly bills and will go bankrupt. Scene one Since Tokubei is so kind-hearted and does not The Love Suicides at Sonezaki is a short play in actually need to return the two kamme until three scenes, staged over a day and a night. several days after Kuheiji promises to return the The two central characters are a young orphan money, he loans it to Kuheiji. merchant clerk named Tokubei (whose firm deals in oil or possibly soy) and the courtesan Here Tokubei finishes recounting the events that with whom he is in love, Ohatsu. have taken place before the start of the play. Just as he finishes, none other than the very In the first scene, Tokubei and an apprentice to Kuheiji he was speaking of enters the temple their "firm of Hirano in Uchihon Street" are grounds at the head of a band of revelers and making the rounds of the firm's customers, rowdies. Tokubei seizes the chance to ask delivering their wares and collecting on the bills, Kuheiji to repay the now-overdue loan. when, on the grounds of the Ikutama Shrine (in Osaka), Tokubei encounters his beloved Ohatsu, Kuheiji flatly denies the existence of any such who berates him for his coldness in not visiting debt. When Tokubei produces the promissory or writing her for some time now, and also for note Kuheiji had stamped with his seal, Kuheiji not confiding in her his troubles. dismisses it as an extortion attempt, revealing that before he had stamped the promissory Moved by her plea, Tokubei tells her everything. note, he had reported the seal as lost. The owner of the firm is Tokubei's uncle. Tokubei's scrupulously honest and steady Tokubei realizes that he has been perfectly performance has impressed him; he wants swindled and attacks Kuheiji. He is trounced and Tokubei to marry his wife's niece. Because beaten by Kuheiji and his followers. Tokubei loves Ohatsu, he had tried to politely Scene two refuse. The uncle did not relent but continued to try to convince Tokubei to agree to the match. While Tokubei is recovering from his beating and He proposed the match to Tokubei's stepmother, returning dejectedly to Ohatsu's place of who must assent; she immediately agreed and employment, the Temma House, Kuheiji is returned to her home village - taking with her headed there to boast of his new wealth and 1 successful scam, after having been busy (based on the adventures of the real historical spreading the story that Tokubei had tried to figure Koxinga; as the play is loosely based on extort money from Kuheiji. real history, it is a jidaimono play, not a domestic play) in restoring the rightful dynasty Ohatsu has no sooner hidden Tokubei under her of China and features effects uniquely suited for robes than Kuheiji and some friends arrogantly the puppet theater, such as the villain Ri Tō ten stride in. While Kuheiji boasts of how Tokubei is gouging out an eye (ostensibly to prove his sure to be executed or exiled and how he will loyalty); in addition, Donald Keene suggests that then possess Ohatsu for himself, Ohatsu and the adventures in exotic China played well in Tokubei communicate through their hands and isolationist Tokugawa Japan. While generally not feet. They resolve to die within the day considered as great in terms of literary quality together. as some of Chikamatsu's domestic tragedies like The Love Suicides at Sonezaki, it is Scene two ends with them sneaking past the generally agreed to be his best historical play. sleeping servant guarding the exit. Scene three A memorial Plot Act 1 Scene three begins with a long and poetic Scene 1 dialogue between the two lovers (into which the narrator injects the occasional lamenting The plot begins in the exceedingly luxurious and comment). The two travel to the "Wood of profligate court of the Chinese Emperor Tenjin" (Tenjin being Sugawara no Michizane), Shisō retsu (seventeenth ruler of the Ming and by an unusual tree in the Shonezaki shrine dynasty), in May 1644. His wife is nearly ready which has both a pine and palm tree growing to give birth to their first son and future heir, out of the same trunk (this tree has since died), and Ryū kakun, wife of the loyal and sagacious decide that this is the place they will do the counselor Go Sankei, has just given birth so she grim deed. can be the imperial heir's wet nurse. Tokubei binds Ohatsu to the tree. So dreadful is The Great King of Tartary (the Manchus) sends the deed that his first stabs with the razor all go Prince Bairoku as his emissary to the court. The awry, but one blow strikes home in Ohatsu's emissary's demand is that the emperor's wife throat, and she slowly begins dying. But before be sent to him, to become his consort. The she does, Tokubei thrusts the razor into his own minister and General of the Right, Ri Tō ten throat and the two die together. reveals that the reason that the Great King believes he can make this demand is because in See also 1641, Ri Tō ten had sought ten million bushels of grain to relieve the famine gripping the land. In Sonezaki Shinjū , a 1978 film based on the exchange, Ri Tō ten had given them his promise same story. that later they could ask for anything they wished. ------------------ Go Sankei opposes making good on Ri Tō ten's The Battles of Coxinga promise, pointing out the immorality and outright foolishness of sending away the The Battles of Coxinga ( 国姓 爺合 戦 Kokusen'ya Empress with the heir. The envoy is deeply Kassen?) is a puppet play by Chikamatsu. It was offended and rises to leave, uttering promises of his most popular play: first staged on November war, when Ri Tō ten takes his dagger and gouges 26, 1715, in Osaka, it ran for the next seventeen out his left eye and presents it to the prince, months, far longer than the usual few weeks or who is thereby mollified when he leaves. months. Its enduring popularity can largely be Scene 2 attributed to its effectiveness as entertainment: its many scenes over a period of more than The emperor, favorably impressed by Ri Tō ten's seven years follow the adventures of Coxinga sacrifice decides to marry his younger sister, 2 the lovely Princess Sendan to him. She is realizes that the rightful heir to the throne may opposed to any marriage so the emperor forces yet be salvaged. With his sword, he performs a her to wager her assent on the outcome of a Caesarean section and removes the still living mock battle between 200 court ladies wielding prince. However, would not the enemy forces plum or cherry branches. At the Emperor's realize that the prince lived when they saw the previous instruction, the plums lose, dooming empty womb and redouble their pursuit? Sendan to the marriage. Stoically, Go Sankei kills his own infant son and places the corpse in the womb to gain time and Alarmed by the commotion of battle, Go Sankei fool the enemy. apparels for war and rushes in. When he discovers the "senselessness" of the mock Go Sankei does not meet up with Ryū kakun and battle, he reproaches the emperor at length for the princess. Ryū kakun ambushes one of Ri alarming the palace, for setting a bad example, Toten's henchmen, seizing his boat and sword. and more generally for his extravagances, his She puts the princess in the boat, pushes it off, dislike of governance, and for being such a trusting in the elements to deliver the princess careless ruler that he didn't even know that it to an old loyal courtier exiled to Japan, "Ikkan" was Ri Tō ten who was responsible for that or "Tei Shiryū R ō ikkan". famine by stealing rice from the Imperial storehouses and using his ill-got proceeds to Ryū kakun remains on the shore and perishes bribe and corrupt people throughout the fighting the Mongols; they leave satisfied that country, and last (but not least) for not everyone (including the prince) is dead, except recognizing that Ri Tō ten gouging out his eye for Go Sankei—although he does not worry was in fact a message to the Tartars that they them.
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