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High Park Woodland & Savannah Management Plan, 2002

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HIGH PARK WOODLAND & SAVANNAH MANAGEMENT PLAN February 2002 The City of Toronto created the High Park Citizens’ Advisory Committee (HPCAC) in 1995. This group of interested citizens volunteer their time to help make High Park a better place for all. The purpose of the group is to provide the City of Toronto Parks and Recreation Division with an on-going source of public input and assistance in all matters concerning High Park. The Natural Environment Subcommittee (NESc) provides input and direction to the City regarding ecologically sound park management and operational practices. The NESc has developed a strong Volunteer Stewardship Program that supports restoration efforts. Through this program, many volunteers take part in weeding, planting and seed collection. Through this and other HPCAC programs, concerned citizens have made a significant contribution to restoring the health of High Park’s natural environment. Cover photos: (clockwise from left to right) Prescribed burning in High Park in spring of 2001; Cylindric Blazing Star; Black Oak leaves; volunteer assisting with native plant restoration in spring of 2000; Lupines in flower following a prescribed burn in High Park in spring of 2000. City of Toronto. 2002. High Park Woodland & Savannah Management Plan. Corporate Printing. Toronto, Ontario, 93 p. Available on the City of Toronto website at www.city.toronto.on.ca/trees HIGH PARK WOODLAND & SAVANNAH MANAGEMENT PLAN Urban Forestry Services Parks & Recreation Division Economic Development Culture and Tourism City of Toronto February 2002 Acknowledgements Many people have contributed to the High Park Woodland & Savannah Management Plan. The City Forester’s Office developed and wrote the plan making use of information provided by Park staff, volunteers and consultants. These contributions are identified in the references and /or the appendices. In addition, many people deserve thanks for their role in the development and review of the plan, and for supporting its implementation. Special thanks go to: • High Park Citizens’ Advisory Committee and Natural Environment Subcommittee (NESc). • Ron Luft, Chair, Adopt-a-Plot Program, NESc. • Fred Bruin, Fire Boss • Bob Yukich, Local Naturalist • Steve Varga, Ministry of Natural Resources • Charles Kinsley, Ontario Native Plants • Stephen Apfelbaum, Ecologist, Applied Ecological Sciences Ltd. • Jim Eccles and Dave Taylor, Lands and Forests Ltd. • Brian Henshaw, Biologist, Gartner Lee Ltd. • Margot Ursic, Research & Education Coordinator, Dougan & Associates Ecological Consulting Services Drawings by Judy Shore were generously provided by Tallgrass Ontario and are acknowledged individually. Many of the other black and white line drawings were provided by the City of Toronto with permission and are credited to Zile Zichmanis (trees and wild blue lupine) and Robert Dykstra (Night Heron, Snapping Turtle and Largemouth Bass). The City of Toronto provided all photographs and figures with permission, including the Grey Squirrel by Gera Dillon. HIGH PARK WOODLAND & SAVANNAH MANAGEMENT PLAN City of Toronto Table of Contents 1 Preface ….…………………………………………………………………………………………………...…...……. 4 2 Executive Summary ….……………………………………………………………………………………......… 5 3 Overview ..……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….. 6 3.1 Plan Rationale ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…...…..……….… 6 3.2 Goals & Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………..…..……………... 7 3.3 Summary of Actions & Strategies ……………………………………………..…….………..…..….………... 7 4 Site Context ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………..…... 12 4.1 Physical Setting ………………..………………………………………………….…………………………..………..…... 12 4.2 Classifying High Park’s Ecosystems ………………..…………………………………………..………..…... 12 4.3 Recognizing High Park’s Ecosystems: ANSI Designation ……………..………..…..………. 12 4.4 Natural History in Brief ……………………………………………….……………………………………...……….…. 15 5 Human History in Brief …..……………………..……………………………………………………….…... 16 6 Biophysical Setting …..……………………………………………………………...………………..…..……. 16 6.1 Topography & Soils ……………………………………………………………………………….…………….……..... 16 6.2 Hydrology …………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…..... 17 7 Description of Ecosites & Vegetation Types …..…………………………………..………………. 18 7.1 Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………. 18 7.2 Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems ……..………………………………………………………………………….... 18 7.3 Cultural Terrestrial Ecosystems ………………………………………………………...……………………..… 23 7.4 Aquatic Ecosystems …………………………………………………………………………………………..……….... 24 8 Description & Assessment of Wildlife Attributes …..……………………………………..…….. 25 8.1 Mammals …..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..….….. 25 8.2 Amphibians & Reptiles …..…………………………………………………………………………………………... 26 8.3 Current Breeding Birds ……………………………………………………………………………………..……….. 27 8.4 Migrant Birds …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……. 29 8.5 Butterflies …..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 30 8.6 Summary of Key Wildlife Attributes ……………………………………………………………………...…. 31 9 Threats & Stressors to Rare Terrestrial Ecosites & Wildlife ………………………………….. 32 9.1 Fire Exclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...… 32 9.2 Invasive Plant Species ……………………………………………………………………………………………….... 33 9.3 Reduction in Shrub Cover .………………………………………………………………………………………... 34 9.4 Trampling ..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35 9.5 Altered Hydrological Regimes …………………………………………………………………………………. 35 9.6 Loss of Species Diversity …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36 9.7 Overabundance of Grey Squirrels …..………………………………………………………………...……. 38 9.8 Climate Change …..………………………………………………………………………………………………….…... 38 9.9 Pollution …..…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………. 39 Page 1 HIGH PARK WOODLAND & SAVANNAH MANAGEMENT PLAN City of Toronto Table of Contents 10 Management Units & Target Plant Communities ..……………………………………………. 40 11 Summary of Restoration Activities 1991—2001 …..…………………………………………... 42 12 Restoration in 2001 – 2010: Techniques & Guidelines …...…………………...…………. 44 12.1 Prescribed Burning Activities, Impacts & Mitigation ………………….…………………….. 44 12.2 Controlling Invasive Plant Species ……..……………………………………………………………….… 52 12.3 Re-establishing Native Plant Communities & Species …….……………………….…..….. 55 12.4 Restoring Rare Native Plant Populations ….………………………………………………………….. 58 12.5 Restoring Tall Shrub Habitat for Migrant Songbirds …………………….………………….. 59 12.6 Increasing Abundance of Cavity Trees & Woody Debris …….……………………...… 60 12.7 Reducing Trampling Damage ………………….…………………………………………………………... 61 12.8 Restoring Hydrology …………………………….…………………………………………………………….…….. 62 12.9 Managing Grey Squirrel Populations ….………………………………………………….………..….. 63 12.10 Monitoring Pollution & Climate Change …….…………………………………………….……...… 63 13 Ongoing Monitoring Activities …………………………………………..……………………………… 64 13.1 Monitoring Prescribed Burn Effects ………………………………………………………………...……. 64 13.2 Monitoring Invasive Plants ……….………………………………………………………………………...…... 64 13.3 Monitoring Native Plant Re-introductions …………………………………………………………... 65 13.4 Monitoring Wildlife Re-introductions …………………………………………………………….……... 65 14 Ongoing Stewardship Activities …………………………………………….………………………... 66 14.1 Data Collection & Resource Inventory .………………………………………………………………... 66 14.2 Native Plant Propagation Program ….………………………………………………………….………... 66 14.3 “Adopt a Plot” Program ……………………………………………………………………………………..……. 66 15 Glossary ……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………... 68 16 References …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. 70 16.1 Literature Cited …………………………………………………………………………………………….….……….…. 70 16.2 Personal Communications Cited .………………………………………………………….…..…….……. 72 Page 2 HIGH PARK WOODLAND & SAVANNAH MANAGEMENT PLAN City of Toronto Table of Contents FIGURES FIGURE 1. Site location map ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….………………… 13 FIGURE 2. Air photo of High Park and immediate surroundings, 1999 ..…………………………..…………… 14 FIGURE 3. ELC Mapping for High Park ..……………………………………………………………….…...……………………………. 19 FIGURE 4. Management Units & Target Vegetation Communities for High Park ….…………………... 41 FIGURE 5. High Park Volunteer Stewardship Program (VSP) Activities 1994—2001 …………………... 43 FIGURE 6. Prescribed Burn Areas 2000—2001 ………………….…………………………….…..……………………………..….. 45 TABLES TABLE 1. Common and scientific names of plants listed in this document .…………………….……….…… 20 TABLE 2. Mammals currently on record in High Park ……………..………....……………………………………..……….. 25 TABLE 3. Amphibians and reptiles currently on record in High Park ……………………………………………… 26 TABLE 4. Summary of current breeding birds recorded in High Park ……………………………….…..…...….. 28 TABLE 5. Breeding butterflies of conservation concern at High Park …..…………………………………….…... 30 TABLE 6. Summary of key wildlife attributes at High Park ….………………………………………………...….………… 31 TABLE 7. Regionally uncommon plants currently on record in High Park ………………..…..………..….... 36 TABLE 8. Provincially and regionally rare plant species currently on record in High Park …..….... 37 TABLE 9. Potential effects of prescribed burns on species of conservation concern ……...……….…. 49 TABLE 10. Potential mitigative actions and anticipated results ...…………….…………………………………….……. 50 APPENDICES APPENDIX A. High Park botanical inventory (based on 1989—2001 data) ……………...…………………….. 75 APPENDIX B. Bird species recorded at High Park …..…………………….…………………………...……………..……….…. 79 APPENDIX C. Butterfly species recorded at High Park .………..…………………………………………….…………….…… 82 APPENDIX D. Plan of survey, High Park, 1864 ………………………………………………………………………………………..
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  • Investigations of the Forgotten Geum: Genetic Diversity and Population Biology of Geum Geniculatum Michaux, Bent Avens

    Investigations of the Forgotten Geum: Genetic Diversity and Population Biology of Geum Geniculatum Michaux, Bent Avens

    INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FORGOTTEN GEUM: GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY OF GEUM GENICULATUM MICHAUX, BENT AVENS. A Thesis by MARIETTA DAY SHATTELROE Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies at Appalachian State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2019 Department of Biology INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FORGOTTEN GEUM: GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY OF GEUM GENICULATUM MICHAUX, BENT AVENS. A Thesis by MARIETTA DAY SHATTELROE December 2019 APPROVED BY: Matt C. Estep Chairperson, Thesis Committee Jennifer Rhode Ward Member, Thesis Committee Ray Williams Member, Thesis Committee Zack Murrell Chairperson, Department of Biology Mike McKenzie, Ph.D. Dean, Cratis D. Williams School of Graduate Studies Copyright by Marietta Day Shattelroe 2019 All Rights Reserved Abstract INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FORGOTTEN GEUM: GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY OF GEUM GENICULATUM MICHAUX, BENT AVENS. Marietta Day Shattelroe A.S. Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College B.S. University of North Carolina Asheville Chairperson: Matt C. Estep Geum geniculatum Michx. (Roseaceae), bent avens, is a perennial herb restricted to the high elevations (>1200 m) of three mountaintops between North Carolina and Tennessee (Weakley, 2015). Because of its limited geographic distribution and affinity for high elevations, it is thought to belong to a group of plants endemic to the southern Appalachians that are considered post-Pleistocene relicts along with other rare species: Geum radiatum (spreading avens), Liatris helleri (Heller’s blazing star), Solidago spithamea (Blue Ridge goldenrod) and Calamagrostis cainii (Cain’s reedgrass; Wiser, 1994). It is an erect plant growing to almost 1 meter in height, with a basal rosette of trifoliate, pinnately compound, or simple leaves and the cauline leaves on the flowering stems have varying leaf shape from simple to trifoliate (Oakley, 1991).