A Critique of Phanerozoic Climatic Models Involving Changes in The
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(2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 77-90
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 2, 77-90 Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH RESEARCH ARTICLE LICHENOMETRIC DATING CURVE AS APPLIED TO GLACIER RETREAT STUDIES IN THE HIMALAYAS. Gaurav K. Mishra, Santosh Joshi and Dalip K. Upreti. Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow- 226001. Manuscript Info Abstract Manuscript History: The study critically favours the importance of lichens in estimating palaeoclimatic events and its use in depicting the future discretion regarding Received: 14 December 2015 Final Accepted: 19 January 2016 glacier retreat. Besides the various lichenometric studies carried out in Indian Published Online: February 2016 Himalayan region, the world-wide classical work of different glaciologist and geologist on different applications of lichenometry is also well focused. Key words: The study also highlights the benefits, restrains, and drawbacks associated Lichens, lichenometry,glacier with the lichenometry. Being a globally accepted biological technique retreat,India. particular emphasis is given on the need of innovative approach in implementation of lichenometry in Indian Himalayan region. *Corresponding Author Gaurav K. Mishra. Copy Right, IJAR, 2016,. All rights reserved. Introduction:- Lichens are slow growing organisms and take several years to get established in nature. Lichens are a unique group of plants, comprising of two micro-organisms, fungus (mycobiont), an organism capable of producing food via photosynthesis and alga (photobiont). These photobionts are predominantly members of the chlorophyta (green algae) or cynophyta (blue-green algae or cynobacteria). The peculiar nature of lichens enables them to colonize variety of substrate like rock, boulders, bark, soil, leaf and man-made buildings. -
Esa Publications
number 172 | 4th quarter 2017 bulletin → united space in europe European Space Agency The European Space Agency was formed out of, and took over the rights and The ESA headquarters are in Paris. obligations of, the two earlier European space organisations – the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) and the European Launcher Development The major establishments of ESA are: Organisation (ELDO). The Member States are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands. Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Slovenia is an Associate Member. Canada ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany. takes part in some projects under a cooperation agreement. Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia have cooperation agreements with ESA. ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. ESAC, Madrid, Spain. In the words of its Convention: the purpose of the Agency shall be to provide for and to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among European EAC, Cologne, Germany. States in space research and technology and their space applications, with a view to their being used for scientific purposes and for operational space applications ECSAT, Harwell, United Kingdom. systems: ESEC, Redu, Belgium. → by elaborating and implementing a long-term European space policy, by recommending space objectives to the Member States, and by concerting the policies of the Member States with respect to other national -
Timeline of the Evolutionary History of Life
Timeline of the evolutionary history of life This timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory Life timeline Ice Ages outlining the major events during the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes development of life on planet Earth. In P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs biology, evolution is any change across Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda successive generations in the heritable -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion characteristics of biological populations. o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ← Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity o Earliest animals ←Earliest plants at every level of biological organization, i Multicellular -1000 — c from kingdoms to species, and individual life ←Sexual reproduction organisms and molecules, such as DNA and – P proteins. The similarities between all present r -1500 — o day organisms indicate the presence of a t – e common ancestor from which all known r Eukaryotes o species, living and extinct, have diverged -2000 — z o through the process of evolution. More than i Huron ian – c 99 percent of all species, amounting to over ←Oxygen crisis [1] five billion species, that ever lived on -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Earth are estimated to be extinct.[2][3] Estimates on the number of Earth's current – Photosynthesis Pong ola species range from 10 million to 14 -3000 — A million,[4] of which about 1.2 million have r c been documented and over 86 percent have – h [5] e not yet been described. However, a May a -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen 2016 -
Studies of the Laboulbeniomycetes: Diversity, Evolution, and Patterns of Speciation
Studies of the Laboulbeniomycetes: Diversity, Evolution, and Patterns of Speciation The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40049989 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ! STUDIES OF THE LABOULBENIOMYCETES: DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND PATTERNS OF SPECIATION A dissertation presented by DANNY HAELEWATERS to THE DEPARTMENT OF ORGANISMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Biology HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2018 ! ! © 2018 – Danny Haelewaters All rights reserved. ! ! Dissertation Advisor: Professor Donald H. Pfister Danny Haelewaters STUDIES OF THE LABOULBENIOMYCETES: DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND PATTERNS OF SPECIATION ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: Laboulbeniales is one of the most morphologically and ecologically distinct orders of Ascomycota. These microscopic fungi are characterized by an ectoparasitic lifestyle on arthropods, determinate growth, lack of asexual state, high species richness and intractability to culture. DNA extraction and PCR amplification have proven difficult for multiple reasons. DNA isolation techniques and commercially available kits are tested enabling efficient and rapid genetic analysis of Laboulbeniales fungi. Success rates for the different techniques on different taxa are presented and discussed in the light of difficulties with micromanipulation, preservation techniques and negative results. CHAPTER 2: The class Laboulbeniomycetes comprises biotrophic parasites associated with arthropods and fungi. -
Large Sulfur-Isotope Anomaly in Nonvolcanic Sulfate Aerosol and Its Implications for the Archean Atmosphere
Large sulfur-isotope anomaly in nonvolcanic sulfate aerosol and its implications for the Archean atmosphere Robina Shaheena, Mariana M. Abaunzaa, Teresa L. Jacksona, Justin McCabea,b, Joël Savarinoc,d, and Mark H. Thiemensa,1 aDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; bPacific Ridge School, Carlsbad, CA 92009; cLaboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l’Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France; and dLaboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5183, F-38041 Grenoble, France † Edited by Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved July 18, 2014 (received for review April 8, 2014) Sulfur-isotopic anomalies have been used to trace the evolution of (1980–2002) have recently revealed how ENSO-driven changes oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere and to document past affect the global transport and transformation of sulfate aero- volcanic eruptions. High-precision sulfur quadruple isotope sols from the troposphere to the stratosphere and across hemi- measurements of sulfate aerosols extracted from a snow pit at spheres (10). the South Pole (1984–2001) showed the highest S-isotopic anoma- lies (Δ33S =+1.66‰ and Δ36S =+2‰) in a nonvolcanic (1998–1999) Results and Discussion period, similar in magnitude to Pinatubo and Agung, the largest 2- The highest SO4 concentration in snow [154 parts per billion volcanic eruptions of the 20th century. The highest isotopic anom- (ppb)] is observed after volcanic activity (Pinatubo, June 1991; aly may be produced from a combination of different stratospheric Cerro Hudson, August 1991). -
Conservation Strategy for Allotropa Virgata (Candystick), U.S
CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR ALLOTROPA VIRGATA (CANDYSTICK), U.S. FOREST SERVICE, NORTHERN AND INTERMOUNTAIN REGIONS by Juanita Lichthardt Conservation Data Center Natural Resource Policy Bureau October, 1995 Idaho Department of Fish and Game 600 South Walnut, P.O. Box 25 Boise, Idaho 83707 Jerry M. Conley, Director Cooperative Challenge Cost-share Project Nez Perce National Forest Idaho Department of Fish and Game Purchase Order No.:95-17-20-001 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to the following Forest Service sensitive plant coordinators and botanists who went out of their way to provide valuable consultation, maps, and data: Leonard Lake, Linda Pietarinen, Jim Anderson, Quinn Carver, Alexia Cochrane, and John Joy. These same people are largely responsible for our current level of knowledge about Allotropa virgata. Special thanks to Janet Johnson and Marilyn Olson who found the time to show me Allotropa sites on the Bitterroot and Payette National Forests, respectively. Steve Shelly, Montana Natural Heritage Program/US Forest Service, initiated this project and provided thoughtful review. I hope that this document provides both the practical guidance and theoretical basis needed for a coordinated effort by management agencies toward conservation of Allotropa virgata. i ABSTRACT This conservation strategy provides recommendations for management of National Forest lands supporting and adjoining populations of Allotropa virgata (candystick), a plant species designated as sensitive in Regions 1 and 4 of the US Forest Service. Allotropa virgata presents a special conservation challenge because it is part of a three-way symbiosis involving conifers and their ectomycorrhizal fungi. First, the current state of our knowledge of the species is summarized, including distribution, habitat, ecology, population biology, monitoring results, past impacts, and perceived threats. -
Lichen Life in Antarctica a Review on Growth and Environmental Adaptations of Lichens in Antarctica
Lichen Life in Antarctica A review on growth and environmental adaptations of lichens in Antarctica Individual Project for ANTA 504 for GCAS 08/09 Lorna Little Contents Antarctic Vegetation ...............................................................................................................................3 The Basics of Lichen Life .........................................................................................................................4 Environmental Influences .......................................................................................................................7 Nutrients .............................................................................................................................................7 Water Relations and Temperature .....................................................................................................7 UV‐B Radiation and Climate Change Effects.......................................................................................8 Variations in Lichen Growth and Colonisation......................................................................................10 Growth rate.......................................................................................................................................10 Case Studies of Antarctic Lichens .....................................................................................................13 Colonisation ......................................................................................................................................15 -
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2 State of the World’s Fungi State of the World’s Fungi 2018 2. Fungal tree of life Ester Gayaa , Pepijn W. Kooija , Bryn T. M. Dentingerb, Igor V. Grigorievc, László G. Nagyd, Jason Stajiche, Timothy Cokera, Ilia J. Leitcha a Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; b Natural History Museum of Utah & School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, USA; c U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, USA; d Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary; e University of California-Riverside, USA 12 Describing the world’s fungi Fungal tree of life How are different species of fungi related to each other? What do we know about the major steps in fungal evolution and when they occurred? What are we doing about filling the knowledge gaps in the fungal tree of life? stateoftheworldsfungi.org/2018/fungal-tree-of-life.html Fungal tree of life 13 DNA data are providing new insights into the major steps that have taken place over the last 1 BILLION YEARS of fungal evolution 14 Describing the world’s fungi phyla[5], which we follow in this volume. In addition, these HOW ARE DIFFERENT SPECIES RELATED data are providing new insights into the major steps that have TO EACH OTHER? THIS SIMPLE YET taken place over the last 1 billion years of fungal evolution[5–7] (see Figure 1). CRITICALLY IMPORTANT QUESTION, 1. The earliest fungi. The earliest fungi are thought to have WHICH IS ROUTINELY ASKED ABOUT evolved around 1 billion years ago and to have been simple, single-celled organisms living in water and reproducing using SPECIES IN ALL KINGDOMS OF LIFE, motile asexual spores (zoospores) propelled by a posterior IS ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT TO whip-like structure called the flagellum[8,9]. -
Diversity of Entomopathogens Fungi: Which Groups Conquered
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/003756; this version posted April 4, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Diversity of entomopathogens Fungi: Which groups conquered the insect body? João P. M. Araújoa & David P. Hughesb aDepartment of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. bDepartment of Entomology and Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. [email protected]; [email protected]; Abstract The entomopathogenic Fungi comprise a wide range of ecologically diverse species. This group of parasites can be found distributed among all fungal phyla and as well as among the ecologically similar but phylogenetically distinct Oomycetes or water molds, that belong to a different kingdom (Stramenopila). As a group, the entomopathogenic fungi and water molds parasitize a wide range of insect hosts from aquatic larvae in streams to adult insects of high canopy tropical forests. Their hosts are spread among 18 orders of insects, in all developmental stages such as: eggs, larvae, pupae, nymphs and adults exhibiting completely different ecologies. Such assortment of niches has resulted in these parasites evolving a considerable morphological diversity, resulting in enormous biodiversity, much of which remains unknown. Here we gather together a huge amount of records of these entomopathogens to comparing and describe both their morphologies and ecological traits. These findings highlight a wide range of adaptations that evolved following the evolutionary transition to infecting the most diverse and widespread animals on Earth, the insects. -
Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast United States Forest Service R10-RG-190 Department of Alaska Region July 2011 Agriculture WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasi ze or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cul vates ny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by conver ng carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combina on of two or some mes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribu on of the fungus is to provide a protec ve habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthe c layer is o en visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off . Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthe c partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite diff erent in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with frui ng bodies of various shapes and colors that can o en look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must fi nd the right photosynthe c partner in order to become a lichen. -
Insectivorous Plants”, He Showed That They Had Adaptations to Capture and Digest Animals
the Strange, the Ugly, and the Bizarre . carnivores, parasites, and mycotrophs . Plant Oddities - Carnivores, Parasites & Mycotrophs Of all the plants, the most bizarre, the least understood, but yet the most interesting are those plants that have unusual modes of nutrient uptake. Carnivore: Nepenthes Plant Oddities - Carnivores, Parasites & Mycotrophs Of all the plants, the most bizarre, the least understood, but yet the most interesting are those plants that have unusual modes of nutrient uptake. Parasite: Rafflesia Plant Oddities - Carnivores, Parasites & Mycotrophs Of all the plants, the most bizarre, the least understood, but yet the most interesting are those plants that have unusual modes of nutrient uptake. Things to focus on for this topic! 1. What are these three types of plants 2. How do they live - selection 3. Systematic distribution in general 4. Systematic challenges or issues 5. Evolutionary pathways - how did they get to what they are Mycotroph: Monotropa Plant Oddities - The Problems Three factors for systematic confusion and controversy 1. the specialized roles often involve reductions or elaborations in both vegetative and floral features — DNA also is reduced or has extremely high rates of change for example – the parasitic Rafflesia Plant Oddities - The Problems Three factors for systematic confusion and controversy 2. their connections to other plants or fungi, or trapping of animals, make these odd plants prone to horizontal gene transfer for example – the parasitic Mitrastema [work by former UW student Tom Kleist] -
Dorset and East Devon Coast for Inclusion in the World Heritage List
Nomination of the Dorset and East Devon Coast for inclusion in the World Heritage List © Dorset County Council 2000 Dorset County Council, Devon County Council and the Dorset Coast Forum June 2000 Published by Dorset County Council on behalf of Dorset County Council, Devon County Council and the Dorset Coast Forum. Publication of this nomination has been supported by English Nature and the Countryside Agency, and has been advised by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the British Geological Survey. Maps reproduced from Ordnance Survey maps with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence Number: LA 076 570. Maps and diagrams reproduced/derived from British Geological Survey material with the permission of the British Geological Survey. © NERC. All rights reserved. Permit Number: IPR/4-2. Design and production by Sillson Communications +44 (0)1929 552233. Cover: Duria antiquior (A more ancient Dorset) by Henry De la Beche, c. 1830. The first published reconstruction of a past environment, based on the Lower Jurassic rocks and fossils of the Dorset and East Devon Coast. © Dorset County Council 2000 In April 1999 the Government announced that the Dorset and East Devon Coast would be one of the twenty-five cultural and natural sites to be included on the United Kingdom’s new Tentative List of sites for future nomination for World Heritage status. Eighteen sites from the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories have already been inscribed on the World Heritage List, although only two other natural sites within the UK, St Kilda and the Giant’s Causeway, have been granted this status to date.